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1.
目的 检测趋化因子受体CXCR4在胶质瘤细胞的表达。建立侵袭迁移模型,分析CXCR4在CXCL12作用下对U251细胞迁移的影响机制。方法 间接免疫荧光法检测CXCR4在U251的表达。流式细胞术(flow cytometry,FCM)检测不同病理级别胶质瘤CXCR4的表达。建立琼脂糖下细胞迁移(Under-agarose cell migration assay)模型,研究U251在不同浓度CXCL12下的侵袭能力。设空白组与实验组,实验组以CXCL12浓度分5组。计算趋化系数(chemotaxis coefficient,cc)。结果 ①CXCR4表达于U251细胞。②Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级别胶质瘤CXCR4表达率分别为21.36±2.70%、26.39±4.27%、52.59±2.37%、56.23±1.24%。四个级别胶质瘤CXCR4的阳性率均有显著差异(P<0.05)。③对照组细胞迁移距离为40.85±5.16μm,实验组细胞迁移距离分别为49±2.26μm、105.6±3.82μm、165.3±3.89μm、245.4±5.94μm、161.45±3.18μm。因子浓度为200~500ng/ml时与阴性组相比细胞发生明显迁移(P<0.05)。结论 ①胶质瘤细胞U251表达CXCR4。②胶质瘤的病理级别越高CXCR4的阳性率越大。③成功建立了胶质瘤细胞琼脂糖下侵袭模型,为研究肿瘤细胞迁移提供新的方法;CXCL12对胶质瘤有明显的趋化作用,肿瘤细胞顺因子浓度梯度定向迁移。 相似文献
2.
目的 探讨沉默信息调节因子 1(SIRT1)在癫痫中对小胶质细胞及炎症因子的影响及作
用机制。方法 建立氯化锂 - 匹罗卡品致痫大鼠模型,免疫组化观察各组(对照组和癫痫组)大鼠脑组
织内小胶质细胞活化;采用脂多糖(LPS)建立小胶质细胞活化模型,构建 pcDNA-SIRT1 和 si-SIRT1 载
体,转染至大鼠小胶质细胞中。定量即时聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)测定大鼠海马组织及小胶质细胞中
SIRT1 表达,Western blot 检测小胶质细胞的活化标志物 Iba1 和核因子 -κB(NF-κB)通路相关蛋白(p65
和 IκBα)的蛋白表达水平,酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测促炎因子[白细胞介素 1β(IL-1β)、白细
胞介素 6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)]的表达水平。结果 与 Control 组比较,癫痫大鼠海马组织中
SIRT1 mRNA 表达量显著降低(P< 0.05),Iba1 蛋白表达量显著增加(P< 0.05),且对照组 CA1、CA2 区
Iba1 阳性细胞数分别为(180±21)、(190±18)/mm2
,癫痫组 CA1、CA2 区 Iba1 阳性细胞数分别为(412±35)、
(470±37)/mm2
,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(均P< 0.05)。同样,与 Mock 组比较,LPS 活化小胶质细
胞中 SIRT1 表达水平显著降低, Iba1 蛋白表达水平显著增加,差异均有统计学意义(均P< 0.05)。转染
pcDNA-SIRT1及si-SIRT1至LPS活化的小胶质细胞中, LPS+pcDNA-SIRT1组IL-1β[(50.0±3.3)ng/L]、IL-6
[(55.0±3.2)ng/L]和TNF-α[(56.1±3.0)ng/L]表达水平显著低于LPS组和LPS+pcDNA-NC组(均P< 0.05);
LPS+si-SIRT1 组中 IL-1β[(98.2±4.3)ng/L]、IL-6[(108.1±4.5)ng/L] 和 TNF-α[(124.5±4.1)ng/L]表达
水平显著高于 LPS 组和 LPS+si-NC 组(均P< 0.05);同时 LPS+pcDNA-SIRT1 组 NF-κB p65 的表达水平
显著低于 LPS 组和 LPS+pcDNA-NC 组(均P< 0.05),IκBα 的表达水平显著高于 LPS 组和 LPS+pcDNANC 组(均P< 0.05);而 LPS+si-SIRT1 组 NF-κB p65 的蛋白表达水平显著高于 LPS 组和 LPS+si-NC 组(均
P< 0.05),IκBα 的表达水平显著低于 LPS 组和 LPS+si-NC 组(均P< 0.05)。加入 NF-κB 通路激活剂
Aconine 后,与 LPS+pcDNA-SIRT1 组比较,LPS+pcDNA-SIRT1+Aconine 组大鼠中Iba1表达水平显著升高
(P<0.05);LPS+pcDNA-SIRT1+Aconine组大鼠中IL-1β[(72.2±4.3)ng/L]、IL-6[(80.1±4.0)ng/L]和TNF-α
[(87.2±4.5)ng/L]表 达 水 平 显 著 高 于 LPS+pcDNA-SIRT1 组 的[(50.1±2.3)]ng/L、[(55.0±3.4)]ng/L 和
[(56.3±4.9)ng/L](均P< 0.05)。结论 SIRT1 可能通过抑制 NF-κB 通路活性来抑制癫痫大鼠小胶质
细胞的作用。 相似文献
3.
4.
银杏叶提取物抑制同型半胱氨酸诱导的家兔粘附分子表达的实验研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
目的观察银杏叶提取物对同型半胱氨酸诱导的家兔动脉内皮细胞粘附分子表达的影响.方法健康雄性家兔24只,随机分为对照组(4只),模型组(12只),干预组(8只).采用皮下注射蛋氨酸法建立高同型半胱氨酸血症模型;干预组同时给予口服银杏叶提取物;对照组注射生理盐水.采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度;比色法测定血浆超氧化物歧化酶活力、活性氧浓度;免疫组织化学方法观察动脉内皮细胞粘附分子和核因子-κB的表达.结果(1)模型组与干预组血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度明显高于对照组(25.01±6.80比16.85±1.64μmol/L,P<0.05;26.71±2.36比16.85±1.64μmol/L,P<0.05).(2)与对照组相比,模型组血浆超氧化物歧化酶活力较低(311.56±44.28比368.32±38.50U/ml,P<0.05),而活性氧水平较高(2.92±0.19比2.43±0.20U/ml,P<0.05);干预组较对照组前者增高(436.18±12.39比368.32±38.50U/ml,P<0.05),后者无显著差异(2.41±0.23比2.43±0.20U/ml,P>0.05).(3)对照组血管内皮细胞少量表达粘附分子和核因子-κB,模型组显著增多而干预组表达亦较少.结论银杏叶提取物可抑制同型半胱氨酸诱导的家兔血管内皮细胞粘附分子的表达,此效应可能与其对活性氧的清除作用有关. 相似文献
5.
Kyong Nyon Nam Jae-Hong Kim Hoon-Ji Jung Jung-Mi Park Sang-Kwan Moon Young-Suk Kim Insug Kang Eunjoo H. Lee Sun Yeou Kim 《中国神经再生研究》2010,5(18):1384-1390
BACKGROUND: Microglia, the central effector cells in immune and inflammatory responses of the central nervous system (CNS) play important roles under pathological conditions to restore CNS homeostasis. Chronic microglial activation endangers neuronal survival through the release of various proinflammatory and neurotoxic factors. Berberine found in Coptidis Rhizoma and Cortex Phellodendri has been considered for treatment of various disorders in traditional oriental medicine. Berberine has a wide range of pharmacological functions, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, and anti-cancer effects. Moreover, neuroprotective potential of berberine has previously been demonstrated.
OBJECTIVE: To examine whether berberine could repress microglial activation and can be considered as potential therapeutic candidates to target neurodegeneration, such as that in Alzheimer’s diseases.
METHODS: Rat brain microglial cells and BV2 microglial cells were cultured and stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Crocin and crocetin were pretreated before LPS was added. Measurements of nitrite, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, interleukin (IL)-1, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), NF-B activity were performed at proper time points.
RESULTS: Berberine was effective at inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) release from cultured rat brain microglial cells when cells were exposed to the compound prior to LPS or simultaneously with LPS. It also reduced the LPS-stimulated production of TNF-, IL-1, PGE2, intracellular ROS and NF-B activation. In addition, berberine reduced NO release from microglia stimulated with interferon- and amyloid-.
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that berberine provide neuroprotection by reducing the production of various neurotoxic molecules from activated microglia. 相似文献
6.
目的 探讨脂多糖(LPS)对星形胶质细胞凋亡和活力的影响,建立活化星形胶质细胞模
型。方法 取刚出生1 d 大鼠(P1)大脑进行细胞培养、传代,获得高纯度星形胶质细胞,接种于培养板,
进行LPS(1 μg/ml)干预,设立对照,继续培养24~72 h。按实验要求,细胞凋亡检测分组:LPS-24 h 组、
对照-24 h 组、LPS-72 h 组、对照-72 h 组,使用TUNNEL 法检测各组星形胶质细胞凋亡,并计算凋亡
率;细胞活力检测分组:LPS-0 h组、LPS-24 h组、LPS-72 h组,使用MTT法测定各组星形胶质细胞活力;
LPS 干预分组:LPS 干预组和对照组,星形胶质细胞行GFAP免疫组化染色。结果 LPS-24 h 组星形胶
质细胞凋亡率为(7.00±2.23)%,对照-24 h 组为(3.26±1.22)%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);
LPS-72 h 组星形胶质细胞凋亡率为(36.40±5.32)%、对照-72 h 组为(4.00±1.59)%,两组比较差异有统
计学意义(P< 0.05);LPS-0 h组星形胶质细胞活力为(100.23±5.34)%,LPS-24 h组星形胶质细胞活力为
(91.42±9.88)%,LPS-72 h 组星形胶质细胞活力为(51.21±4.58)%,LPS-72 h 组与其余两组比较差异有
统计学意义(P< 0.05)。LPS 干预24 h,星形胶质细胞增生、肥大,突起增多。结论 LPS(1 μg/ml)干预
24 h,星形胶质细胞没有出现明显细胞凋亡和下降的细胞活力,但是形态上出现活化特征,建立了一种
星形胶质细胞活化模型。 相似文献
7.
目的 探讨IL-33 在颈动脉低灌注导致的认知障碍中的可能作用。方法 36 只成年雄
性SD 大鼠随机分为3 组:假手术(S)组,模型2 周(L2w)组,模型4 周(L4w)组。Morris水迷宫测试各组大
鼠学习记忆能力;免疫组化法检测海马区cleaved-caspase-3 表达水平;Western-blot 法检测海马区IL-33
表达水平。结果 水迷宫测试、cleaved-caspase-3 表达和IL-33 表达,3 组之间比较差异均有统计学意
义(F=64.201,P < 0.05;F=233.558,P < 0.05;F=51.498,P < 0.05)。与S 组(20.32±6.30)s 比较,L2w 组
(46.67±9.49)s逃逸潜伏期显著延长(t=-4.902,P< 0.05);L4w 组(81.51±14.67)s与L2w 组比较,逃逸潜伏
期显著延长(t=-6.397,P< 0.05)。与S 组(1.31±1.19)比较,L2w 组(6.56±1.32)海马区cleaved-caspase-3
表达显著增加(t=-6.328,P< 0.05);与L2w 组比较,L4w 组(18.78±5.83)海马区cleaved-caspase-3 表达显
著增加(t=-14.733,P< 0.05)。与S 组(0.26±0.02)比较,L2w 组(0.3±0.04)海马区IL-33 表达有增加趋势,
但结果无统计学意义(t=-1.530,P=0.147);与L2w 组比较,L4w 组(0.49±0.06)海马区IL-33 表达显著增加
(t=-7.924,P< 0.05)。结论 IL-33 可能在脑组织低灌注导致的认知障碍中起作用。 相似文献
8.
精神分裂症患者致炎性细胞因子和酪氨酸羟化酶mRNA表达水平的研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
目的探讨精神分裂症的外周神经免疫机制及其与临床症状的关系。方法检测精神分裂症患者致炎性细胞因子白介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF—α)以及酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的mRNA表达水平,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应及半定量检测技术,分别检测39例精神分裂症患者(患者组)、25例同胞(同胞组)及30名正常对照(对照组)外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)IL-1β、TNF-α及TH基因表达水平,同时应用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定精神分裂症患者临床症状。结果患者组、同胞组及对照组IL-1β的mRNA表达水平分别为1.52±1.01、1.52±1.09和0.74±0.38;TNF—α的mRNA表达水平分别为1.18±0.99、1.01±0.87和0.70±0.29;TH的mRNA表达水平分别为0.55±0.33、0.61±0.32和0.28±0.20。患者组和同胞组的IL-1β、TNF—α、TH的mRNA表达水平均明显高于对照组(P〈0.05或P〈0.01)。患者组IL-1β(r=0.420)、TNF—α(r=0.430)的mRNA表达水平与PANSS的-般病理症状分呈正相关(P〈0.01)。同胞组与对照组合并统计,IL-1β与TNF-α的mRNA表达水平呈正相关(r=0.847,P〈0.01);IL-1β与TH的mRNA表达水平呈正相关(r=0.666,P〈0.01)。患者组仅IL-1β与TNF—α的mRNA表达水平呈正相关(r=0.942,P〈0.01)。结论精神分裂症患者PBMC细胞TH、IL-1β和TNF—α的mRNA表达水平高于正常,且与精神分裂症的-般病理症状显著相关。 相似文献
9.
目的探讨P2X4嘌呤受体和NLRP3炎性小体对炎症反应时小胶质细胞释放白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)的影响。方法采用脂多糖(LPS)和三磷酸腺苷(ATP)双信号干预建立小胶质细胞激活模型,将处于对数生长期生长分化状态良好的小胶质细胞用于实验,按不同干预方法分为8组:正常对照组、ATP组、LPS组、LPS+ATP组、5-BDBD组、ATP+5-BDBD组、LPS+5-BDBD组和LPS+ATP+5-BDBD组。Real time PCR检测各组NLRP3、P2X4 mRNA表达水平;Western blot技术测定半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-1(caspase-1)蛋白表达水平;酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测上清液中IL-1β释放水平。结果 2 mmol·L~(-1)ATP能够上调小胶质细胞P2X4 mRNA的表达水平,差异有统计学意义(P0.001);用低浓度(1μg·m L~(-1))LPS初始刺激后,ATP分子能够诱导小胶质细胞中NLRP3 mRNA水平升高(P0.001)、caspase-1蛋白水平表达上调(P0.001)、促进IL-1β释放(P0.01),而P2X4的特异性受体阻断剂5-BDBD抑制上清液中IL-1β水平的上调(P0.05),差异有统计学意义。结论小胶质细胞中IL-1β的释放有赖于P2X4/NLRP3炎性小体途径。 相似文献
10.
目的 探讨二肽基肽酶-Ⅳ(DPP-4)抑制剂沙格列汀对糖尿病并发抑郁症(DD)大鼠认知
功能的影响,以及可能的机制。方法 48 只无特定病原体级健康雄性SD 大鼠随机分为对照组、模型
组、阳性药组和沙格列汀组,每组12 只。采用高脂乳剂灌胃14 d+经尾静脉注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)+28 d
慢性刺激制备DD 模型,在接受慢性刺激的同时,阳性药组大鼠给予二甲双胍+氟西汀胶囊灌胃,沙格
列汀组大鼠给予沙格列汀灌胃,模型组和对照组则给予等量的生理盐水,每天1 次,连续28 d。旷场实
验和Morris水迷宫实验检测大鼠对周围陌生环境探索能力和学习记忆能力,苏木素-伊红染色观察大
鼠海马组织形态变化,脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)染色检测海马组织
中神经细胞凋亡,酶联免疫吸附试验检测海马组织中IL-1β、IL-6 和TNF-α 水平。结果 与对照组比
较,模型组、阳性药组和沙格列汀组大鼠水平穿越格数[(62.25±5.53)、(85.92±4.58)、(78.25±6.02)个
比(104.75±6.11)个]和直立次数[(7.33±1.97)、(11.17±1.34)、(9.33±2.27)次比(17.50±1.68)次]均减
少(均P < 0.01),逃避潜伏期延长[(51.75±8.01)、(29.58±5.14)、(35.42±3.48)s 比(18.17±3.43)s;均P <
0.01],而目标象限记忆时间缩短[(15.00±3.52)、(26.08±5.88)、(21.25±4.35)s 比(34.42±5.28)s;均P <
0.01],大鼠海马组织中神经细胞凋亡指数[ (74.66±4.62)%、(47.23±6.24)%和(39.22±2.80)% 比
(9.22±0.87)%]升高(均P< 0.01),IL-1β[(41.26±5.82)、(21.01±3.84)、(29.89±7.42)ng/g比(12.22±5.02)ng/g]、
IL-6[(80.792±3.59)、(50.73±7.18)、(61.69±6.29)ng/g 比(31.90±4.79)ng/g]和TNF-α[(90.94±8.72)、
(66.57±9.93)、(77.70±6.96)ng/g 比(49.88±5.24)ng/g]水平升高(P < 0.05 或P < 0.01);与模型组比
较,阳性药组和沙格列汀组大鼠水平穿越格数和直立次数均升高(均P < 0.01),逃避潜伏期缩短(均
P< 0.01),而目标象限记忆时间延长(均P< 0.01),大鼠海马组织中神经细胞凋亡指数降低(均P <
0.01),IL-1β、IL-6 和TNF-α水平降低(均P< 0.01)。结论 沙格列汀可改善DD 大鼠认知功能损伤,其
机制可能是通过减轻海马组织炎性反应,从而减轻海马损伤有关。 相似文献
11.
Aarsland D Kvaløy JT Andersen K Larsen JP Tang MX Lolk A Kragh-Sørensen P Marder K 《Journal of neurology》2007,254(1):38-45
Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated
with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim
of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of
age.
Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups
of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed
for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological
and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore
the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables.
Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to
develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased
relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls.
Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects
with PD.
Received in revised form: 22 December 2005 相似文献
12.
BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation. 相似文献
13.
2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。 相似文献
14.
目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。 相似文献
15.
《Clinical neurophysiology》2020,131(1):243-258
Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized. 相似文献
16.
目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。 相似文献
17.
18.
Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath. 相似文献
19.
Introduction: An important consideration in treating acute mania is the promptness with which a chosen therapy can bring symptom amelioration. This article reviews the available published data from controlled, blinded studies regarding the latency of responses to antipsychotics in patients with acute mania.
Methods: Articles for this review were obtained from a search of the Medline database (1966–1999), using the following keywords and phrases: antipsychotic, atypical, bipolar disorder, mania, neuroleptic, typical. The bibliographic sections of articles gleaned from this search were used to direct further inquiries.
Results: Although information regarding the onset of action of antipsychotics is limited, we discovered data for four typical and three atypical antipsychotics. Drugs with the fastest onsets include haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine, with onsets appearing in 2–6 days. Chlorpromazine and thiothixene were at the slowest end of the continuum, with onsets of 2 weeks or longer. Data regarding pimozide are mixed, with some studies showing an onset equivalent to that of the 'fast' compounds and others showing one similar to that of the 'slow' compounds.
Conclusions: Choice of therapy should consider not only efficacy and safety, but also onset speed. Atypical antipsychotics appear to offer safer, faster, and more effective therapies. 相似文献
Methods: Articles for this review were obtained from a search of the Medline database (1966–1999), using the following keywords and phrases: antipsychotic, atypical, bipolar disorder, mania, neuroleptic, typical. The bibliographic sections of articles gleaned from this search were used to direct further inquiries.
Results: Although information regarding the onset of action of antipsychotics is limited, we discovered data for four typical and three atypical antipsychotics. Drugs with the fastest onsets include haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine, with onsets appearing in 2–6 days. Chlorpromazine and thiothixene were at the slowest end of the continuum, with onsets of 2 weeks or longer. Data regarding pimozide are mixed, with some studies showing an onset equivalent to that of the 'fast' compounds and others showing one similar to that of the 'slow' compounds.
Conclusions: Choice of therapy should consider not only efficacy and safety, but also onset speed. Atypical antipsychotics appear to offer safer, faster, and more effective therapies. 相似文献
20.
Zvonimir Vrselja Hrvoje Brkic Stefan Mrdenovic Radivoje Radic Goran Curic 《Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism》2014,34(4):578-584
Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress. 相似文献