共患不宁腿综合征对偏头痛患者情绪和睡眠的影响

目的探讨偏头痛患者的不宁腿综合征(RLS)的发病率及其对情绪和睡眠的影响。方法对200例偏头痛患者(偏头痛组)和100名正常成人(对照组)进行RLS发病率、严重程度、睡眠质量和焦虑及抑郁程度评分,比较偏头痛人群与对照组之间的差异。并对共患有RLS的偏头痛患者的情绪和睡眠情况进行分析。结果成人慢性偏头痛组的RLS发病率(16.25%)较对照组(5%)高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);发作性偏头痛组的RLS发病率(12.5%)与对照组(5%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。共患RLS的偏头痛患者较单纯偏头痛者的睡眠质量差、焦虑及抑郁评分高,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。头痛频率及RLS为抑郁、焦虑及睡眠障碍的影响因素(均P0.05)。偏头痛患者的汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评分及匹茨堡睡眠质量量表(PSQI)评分与国际RLS评估量表(IRLS)的相关系数分别为rHAMD=0.397、rHAMA=0.434和rPSQI=0.500;RLS严重程度与抑郁、焦虑及睡眠障碍的严重程度呈正相关关系(均P0.05)。结论慢性偏头痛患者的RLS发病率更高,且RLS症状更严重。RLS的严重程度与抑郁、焦虑和睡眠障碍程度呈正相关关系。     

加巴喷丁治疗不安腿综合征的疗效观察

目的：探讨加巴喷丁治疗不安腿综合征（RLS）的疗效。方法：回顾性分析10例应用加巴喷丁治疗RLS患者的临床资料，以2RLS病情严重程度评定量表（IRLS）及匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）评估疗效。结果：RLS患者用药前后IRLS及PSQI评分差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；在主观睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠效率、日间功能障碍及总分评定差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），疗效与病程成正相关（P〈0．05）。结论：加巴喷丁用于治疗RLS有效。     

缺血性脑血管病合并不宁腿综合征患者的睡眠质量和神经功能的特点

目的 探讨缺血性脑血管病(ICVD)合并不宁腿综合征(RLS)患者的睡眠质量和神经功能特点.方法 收集连续登记入院的首发ICVD患者临床资料,根据国际RLS研究组制定的4条基本诊断标准诊断RLS.比较ICVD合并RLS(观察组)和不合并RLS(对照组)患者的主观睡眠质量及神经功能评估结果.结果 共纳入ICVD患者370例,45例合并RLS,检出率12.2%.与对照组比较,观察组匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)总分、睡眠质量、睡眠效率、睡眠障碍和催眠药物得分高;体重指数(BMI)高且少数民族所占比例高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).发病后美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、改良Rankin量表(mRS)和Barthel指数(BI)两组比较差异无统计学意义.Logistic回归分析显示睡眠障碍和少数民族为ICVD合并RLS的危险因素.结论 RLS在ICVD患者中检出率高;合并RLS的ICVD患者的睡眠质量差;睡眠障碍和少数民族为ICVD合并RLS的危险因素.     

不安腿综合征患者伴发的抑郁和焦虑分析

目的了解不安腿综合征（restless legs syndromes,RLS）患者伴发抑郁、焦虑的发病率并分析其相关因素。方法采用抑郁自评量表（SDS）和焦虑自评量袁（SAS）对45例RLS患者和45例对照者进行评定,以国际不安腿综合征评估量表（IRLS）进行评分,评定病情严重程度。结果RLS组抑郁程度明显高于对照组,焦虑标准分明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．001）;RLS组抑郁发生率明显高于对照组,焦虑发生率明显高于对照组,且差异显著（P〈0．01）;RLS组抑郁与焦虑共病发生率明显高于对照组,且差异显著（P〈0．05）;经回归分析发现RLS患者伴发的抑郁、焦虑与年龄呈负相关,与IRLS评分呈正相关,与患者的性别、学历、病程无相关性。结论RI。S患者易伴发抑郁和焦虑,应及时发现,尽早干预。     

血液透析患者不宁腿综合征的患病率及相关因素分析

目的调查血液透析患者中不宁腿综合征(RLS)的患病率,了解相关影响因素对睡眠、生活质量的影响。方法对194例血液透析患者进行横断面调查,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、健康状况调查简表(SF-36)对睡眠和生活质量进行评估。结果 194例血液透析患者分为:RLS组31例和无RLS组163例。RLS患病率为16.0%。RLS组与无RLS组在年龄、性别、透析时间及生化指标等方面比较,均差异无统计学意义。RLS组睡眠质量与无RLS组比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);生活质量比较差异无统计学意义。结论伴有RLS的血液透析患者睡眠质量明显下降,与RLS严重程度有关,对患者生活质量无明显影响。     

卒中后抑郁患者匹兹堡睡眠量表与多道睡眠图研究

目的 探讨卒中后抑郁（PSD）患者的主观睡眠和客观睡眠情况,比较两种评估结果是否一致.方法 使用匹兹堡睡眠量表指数（PSQI）对PSD组和对照组患者的主观睡眠状况进行评估,并应用多道睡眠仪（PSG）对PSD组患者的客观睡眠状况进行记录,比较PSD组主客观睡眠的各项指标.结果 PSD组与对照组比较,PSQI各因子分及总分值偏高,差异有显著性;PSD组患者主观睡眠比客观睡眠障碍更加严重,差异有显著性.结论 PSD患者存在睡眠障碍,且PSD患者主观睡眠障碍比客观睡眠障碍更加严重.     

不同睡眠障碍类型对帕金森病患者生活质量的影响

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者不同睡眠障碍类型对其生活质量的影响,为临床干预提供依据。方法应用中文版39项帕金森病生活质量问卷(PDQ-39)评定92例PD患者生活质量。采用Epworth嗜睡评分量表、香港版REM睡眠行为异常问卷(RBDQ-HK)、PD非运动症状问卷(NMSQuest)第4项和第6项、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表中第10项分别评定患者白天过度嗜睡(EDS)、快速动眼睡眠行为障碍(RBD)、失眠、不宁腿综合征(RLS)、睡眠呼吸暂停(SDB)等情况。分析不同睡眠障碍类型对PD患者生活质量的影响。结果伴睡眠障碍的PD患者PDQ-39评分明显高于不伴睡眠障碍的PD患者(P0.05)。在各类睡眠障碍中,失眠为PD患者生活质量最强的预测因子(r2=0.138,P=0.000),其次是RLS(r2=0.040,P=0.000),H-Y分级亦有预测作用,3者对PDQ-39总分的影响占决定作用的52%。RBD、EDS、SDB对PD患者生活质量的影响不明显。结论睡眠障碍可明显降低PD患者生活质量,其中失眠影响最显著,RLS次之。     

普拉克索治疗原发性不安腿综合征疗效观察

目的观察普拉克索治疗原发性不安腿综合征（RLS）的临床疗效及安全性。方法将66例原发性RLS患者随机分为普拉克索组与美多巴组,应用国际不安腿综合征评估量表（IRLS）和汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）分别于治疗前及治疗后6周进行病情评估,观察比较2组治疗前后各量表评分情况,并记录2组患者出现的药物不良反应。结果2组患者治疗后IRLS与HAMD评分较治疗前均明显下降（P〈0．05）,相比美多巴组,普拉克索组治疗后IRLS评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但HAMD评分下降更为明显（P〈0．01）,2组药物不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论普拉克索能有效缓解原发性RLS症状,且药物不良反应较小,相比美多巴其抗抑郁的优势更为明显。     

抑郁症患者抗抑郁药治疗前后主客观睡眠质量的变化

目的:探究抑郁症患者抗抑郁药治疗前后主客观睡眠质量的变化。方法:对30例抑郁症患者治疗前及治疗第6周末进行睡眠质量的对比,使用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)评估主观睡眠质量,汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评估抑郁情绪,多导睡眠监测仪监测客观睡眠质量。结果:治疗前,抑郁症患者主观睡眠总时间(TST)(t=-3.85,P=0.000)及睡眠效率(SE)(t=-3.34,P=0.000)均低于客观检查。治疗后,主观睡眠总时间接近客观检查(t=-1.52,P=0.066),主观睡眠效率高于客观检查(t=5.46,P=0.000)。多导睡眠监测快速眼球运动(REM)睡眠潜伏期、时间、比例在治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:抑郁症患者经抗抑郁药治疗后主客观睡眠质量均有改善,其中REM睡眠在治疗前后没有明显变化。     

睡眠个人信念及态度与主观和客观睡眠的相关分析

目的探讨睡眠个人信念及态度与主观睡眠和客观睡眠的相关性。方法连续入组48例就诊于深圳市康宁医院符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)的失眠症患者,采用睡眠个人信念与态度量表(DBAS-16)测评其睡眠信念与态度,采用阿森斯失眠量表(AIS)、Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)及睡眠问卷(SQ)测评其睡眠质量和嗜睡状况等主观睡眠,采用多导睡眠监测仪监测客观睡眠,并进行相关分析。结果 DBAS-16评分与患者主观睡眠总时间呈正相关(r=0.347,P0.05),与AIS评分呈负相关(r=-0.508,P0.01),与客观睡眠总时间无线性相关(P0.05);失眠恐惧评分与N1期睡眠时间呈正相关(r=0.360,P0.05),害怕失眠后果评分与N3期睡眠时间呈正相关(r=0.366,P0.05),失眠恐惧评分与微觉醒(r=-0.354,P0.05)和微觉醒指数(r=-0.338,P0.05)呈负相关。结论错误的睡眠个人信念及态度与主观总睡眠时间减少、日间嗜睡增加、客观微觉醒增多相关,但与客观睡眠总时间无关。     

Clinical characteristics of restless legs syndrome in end‐stage renal failure and idiopathic RLS patients

This study was done to identify the clinical characteristics of uremic restless legs syndrome (RLS). Consecutive uremic RLS patients (n = 15) and idiopathic RLS patients (iRLS; n = 20) were evaluated. The groups were compared with respect to their clinical course, subjective symptoms [using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the International Restless Legs Syndrome Severity Scale (IRLS)], polysomnographic (PSG) variables, the results of the suggested immobilization test (SIT), and the drug doses used to treat RLS. The duration of the disorder was significantly shorter in the uremic RLS group than in the iRLS group. The PSQI and IRLS scores before treatment were higher in the uremic RLS group than in the iRLS group. The periodic leg movement index (PLM index) on PSG and the SIT index were also higher in the uremic RLS group (P < 0.001, respectively). The bromocriptine equivalent dose of dopaminergic agonists used to treat RLS was significantly higher in the uremic RLS group (P < 0.001). Uremic RLS appears to deteriorate faster and to become more severe than iRLS. Moreover, uremic RLS patients appear to have a decreased response to dopaminergic agonists. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society     

Relationship of periodic leg movements and severity of restless legs syndrome: a study in unmedicated and medicated patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship of the severity of restless legs syndrome (RLS) as assessed by a subjective, patient-rated scale (International RLS Study Group Rating Scale, IRLS), and of periodic leg movements in sleep (PLMS) as an objective parameter, in two different patient populations. METHODS: Data of 200 unmedicated patients with idiopathic RLS were evaluated. Group 1 (n=100) consisted of selected patients participating in the Pergolide European Australian RLS (PEARLS) study. Group 2 (n=100) represented an outpatient RLS population investigated in a Sleep Disorders Center. Additionally, Group 1 was also evaluated after a 6 week double-blind treatment period, where 47 patients received pergolide and 53 patients placebo. RESULTS: In unmedicated patients, IRLS scores correlated with the PLMS-arousal index (r=0.22, p=0.033) but not with the PLMS index in Group 1 while no correlation was found in Group 2. The change of the IRLS score under treatment in Group 1 correlated significantly both with the change of the PLMS index (r=0.42, p<0.001) and the change of the PLMS-arousal index (r=0.38, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The IRLS adequately reflects treatment changes of PLMS indices. In unmedicated patients, the IRLS correlates with PLMS indices probably only in selected RLS populations with predefined PSG criteria and high PLM activity. SIGNIFICANCE: The IRLS is an appropriate subjective rating scale for measuring treatment effects in RLS.     

Correlation between rating scales and sleep laboratory measurements in restless legs syndrome

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to test the external validity of the International Restless Legs Scale (IRLS) by assessment of the correlation between IRLS scores and objective measures of severity such as polysomnography (PSG) and Suggested Immobilization Test (SIT). DESIGNS: Correlation analysis between rating scales for RLS (IRLS and Johns Hopkins RLS Scale--JHRLSS) and sleep laboratory measurements in untreated RLS patients. METHODS: The study included 30 untreated patients diagnosed with RLS according to the criteria of the International RLS Study Group. Diagnostic procedures included physical exam, laboratory analysis, PSG and a nocturnal SIT. Statistical analysis was performed by means of Spearman's correlations and Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: IRLS correlated significantly with Periodic Leg Movement of Sleep-index (PLMS), and PLMS-arousal index during PSG as well as with Periodic Leg Movement of Wakefulness (PLMW) during SIT (SIT-PLMW) (all r=0.4; p<0.01). There was no correlation between IRLS and the number of PLMW in PSG (PSG-PLMW) or any other sleep variable during PSG. Nor was any correlation found between IRLS scores and ferritin, age, duration of illness or any other clinical variables. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the first demonstration of a correlation between IRLS and objective parameters of motor dysfunction such as PLMS-index or SIT. This finding is particularly relevant for the design of future clinical trials. Furthermore, the association between PLMS and SIT-PLMW supports the view that both PLMS and PLMW might share a common mechanism.     

Ropinirole for the treatment of restless legs syndrome

Dopaminergic agents, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, opiates, and iron supplementation comprise the classes of medications commonly used to treat restless legs syndrome (RLS), which is a disorder that is estimated to affect about 1 in 10 individuals worldwide and impacts an affected patient’s sleep, mood, daytime function, and quality of life. RLS is characterized by an urge to move the legs that is worse at bedtime and at rest; the symptoms are temporarily relieved by leg movement. It is frequently accompanied by periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS), which may independently disrupt sleep and may cause daytime drowsiness. Dopaminergic agents are considered to be first-line therapy in the management of RLS as well as PLMS. Ropinirole (Requip^®, GlaxoSmithKline) is a dopamine agonist that was the first medication approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe primary RLS. Based on several large-scale clinical trials and open-label clinical series, this medication has been demonstrated to be effective and safe in treating the motor symptoms of RLS and improving sleep quality.     

Polysomnographic findings in restless legs syndrome (RLS) patients with severe augmentation

Background and objectivesAugmentation can occur frequently in restless legs syndrome (RLS) patients treated with dopaminergic agents. Video-polysomnographic (PSG) data from augmented RLS patients are scant. The aim of this study was to evaluate PSG findings in augmented RLS patients and compare them with those of non-augmented RLS patients.Patients and methodsValid PSG data were analyzed from 99 augmented and 84 non-augmented RLS inpatients who underwent one night PSG.ResultsBoth patient groups showed a high subjective burden of RLS symptoms. The mean scores on the International RLS Study Group Rating Scale (IRLS) were significantly higher in the group with augmentation than in the group without. The periodic leg movement index (PLMI) was increased in both groups, mostly on account of the PLM in wakefulness (PLMW). Both groups presented a reduced sleep efficiency and an increased sleep latency. The levodopa equivalent dose (LED) was significantly higher in the augmented group.ConclusionsOur study confirms that RLS patients with augmentation have disturbed sleep due to high amount of leg movements and fragmented sleep. Overall, however, polysomnographic characteristics were not different between insufficiently treated RLS and severely augmented RLS patients, implying that augmentation could represent a severe form of RLS and not a different phenomenon.     

Levodopa for idiopathic restless legs syndrome: evidence-based review.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensory motor disorder characterized by a distressing urge to move the legs and sometimes also other parts of the body usually accompanied by a marked sense of discomfort or pain in the leg or other affected body part. The prevalence of RLS is estimated at 2.7 to 5% of adults and it is more common in women. The treatment of RLS with levodopa has been reported thus a systematic synthesis of evidence is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of levodopa for RLS. Systematic review of randomized or quasi-randomized, double blind trials on levodopa. Relief of restless legs symptoms marked on a validated scale, subjective sleep quality, sleep quality measured by night polysomnography and actigraphy, quality of life measured by subjective measures, adverse events associated with the treatments. Nine eligible clinical trials were included. The subjective analyses of these studies showed contradictory results, although the objective analyses showed that treatment group had a statistically significant improvement of periodic leg movement (PLM) index, favoring the treatment group. The most commonly adverse event seen was gastrointestinal symptoms. The short-term treatment with levodopa was demonstrated effective and safety for PLM, but there was only few trials assessing long-term treatment and the augmentation phenomenon in RLS. Further long-term randomized controlled trials using standard follow-up measurements as the International RLS Study Group Rating Scale are necessary.     

Impact of sleep-related complaints on depressive symptoms in patients with restless legs syndrome

OBJECTIVE: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a distressing sensorimotor disorder with a 5% to 10% prevalence in the United States and Western Europe. The nocturnal occurrence of symptoms often leads to severe sleep disturbances. RLS has been reported to be associated with depression and anxiety. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between RLS symptom severity, sleep disturbances, and depressive symptoms. METHOD: Questionnaire data from 100 consecutive patients with idiopathic RLS who had been investigated in our Sleep Disorders Unit from April 1999 to December 2004 were evaluated. Patients were untreated regarding RLS, depression, or sleep disturbances. Severity of RLS was assessed with the International RLS Study Group rating scale (IRLS). Depressive symptoms and subjective sleep quality were determined using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively. RESULTS: IRLS scores indicated moderate-to-severe RLS symptoms in the population studied (mean +/- SD IRLS score = 23.6 +/- 6.7). The mean +/- SD BDI score was 9.3 +/- 5.6, with highest values on the "reduced sleep," "loss of energy," and "work difficulties" items, indicating predominating somatic symptoms of depression. Fourteen patients had a BDI score of 15 to 20 ("mild depression"), and 3 patients had a BDI score of 20 to 30 ("mild to moderate depression"). Overall, patients estimated their sleep quality as moderately impaired (mean +/- SD PSQI score = 10.9 +/- 3.7). Severity of RLS correlated with the impairment of subjective sleep quality (r = 0.281, p = .007) but not with self-rated depressive symptoms (r = 0.119, p = .237). CONCLUSION: RLS patients scored high on the somatic items of the BDI, particularly on those related to sleep disturbance, but not on the other items that mostly address cognitive symptoms. Our results indicate that RLS might be associated with some features of depression but not with the full spectrum of a depressive disorder. The relationship between the 2 disorders should be investigated in further studies.     

Association of restless legs syndrome with nocturnal eating: A case‐control study

We investigated the prevalence of nocturnal eating (sleep‐related eating disorder—SRED or night‐eating syndrome—NES) in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS). One hundred RLS patients living in Emilia‐Romagna (Northern Italy) and 100 matched controls randomly selected from the general population received two telephone interviews, and were investigated for socio‐demographic characteristics, general health status, and presence of nocturnaleating. Additionally, subjects underwent interviews for psychopathological traits [by means of the Eating Disorder Inventory‐2 (EDI‐2), the Maudsley Obsessive‐Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)], excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and subjective sleep quality. Compared with controls, RLS patients had more frequently pathological MOCI scores (24% versus 10%, P = 0.03), used significantly more drugs for concomitant diseases and had more nocturnal sleep impairment and EDS. SRED was more prevalent in RLS patients than controls (SRED: 33% versus 1%, P < 0.001). Medication use and pathological MOCI scores were more prevalent in RLS patients with SRED than among RLS patients without SRED. Use of dopaminergic or hypnotic drugs for RLS was not correlated with the presence of SRED. We demonstrate an association between RLS and SRED. Prospective studies are needed to establish the mechanisms underlying such association and whether it is causal. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society