实验性脑出血灶周MMP-9的表达与脑水肿的关系

目的探讨脑出血（ICH）后出血灶周脑组织MMP-9表达的动态变化,分析其与脑水肿的关系。方法健康雄性Sprauge-Dawley（SD）大鼠56只,分为正常组（8只）和手术组（48只）,手术组选择出血后12、24、48、72、96、120h共6个时间点,每点各8只。在脑立体定向仪下采用自体动脉血注入尾状核法制备脑出血模型。用免疫组化法和RT-PCR法检测MMP-9的表达水平;用干湿重法测量脑含水量（BWC）;用测定渗出脑血管外的EB量来评价BBB的通透性,电镜观察神经元形态变化。结果ICH灶周脑组织MMP-9的表达在48h达峰值,脑水肿于72h达峰值,两者呈正相关（r=0．698,P〈0．01）。电镜观察到血管周围水肿,神经元水肿。结论MMP9参与了ICH后灶周脑组织水肿的过程,诱导或加重脑水肿。     

局部亚低温对大鼠脑出血后基质金属蛋白酶-9及血脑屏障通透性的影响

目的探讨局部亚低温对大鼠自体血注入法脑出血模型基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)mRNA及蛋白表达的影响以及局部亚低温减轻脑出血后水肿的可能机制。方法雄性Wistar大鼠240只,随机分为脑出血(ICH)组和脑出血加局部亚低温(ICH H)组。每组分为对照、脑出血后6h、24h、72h、5d、7d共6个亚组,ICH H组于注血后立即给以4h的局部亚低温治疗,各亚组分别进行血脑屏障(BBB)通透性、脑水含量的检测以及应用RT-PCR及Western印记对MMP-9进行测定。结果ICH组大鼠脑内注血后6h开始出现脑组织水含量(P<0.01)及BBB通透性(P<0.05)的显著增加,二者在72h达到高峰,然后逐渐消退,ICH组MMP-9蛋白表达量与脑含水量和血脑屏障通透性呈正相关(r=0.88和r=0.96),ICH组MMP-9 mRNA表达量也与脑含水量和血脑屏障通透性呈正相关(r=0.78和r=0.85)。ICH H组大鼠脑组织水含量、BBB通透性以及MMP-9蛋白的表达与ICH组各时间点相比较,明显降低,而MMP-9 mRNA的表达与ICH组相比仅有轻度下降。结论脑出血后MMP-9的变化与BBB通透性和脑水肿密切相关,局部亚低温可以抑制脑出血后MMP-9蛋白表达的增加以及脑水肿的形成。提示局部亚低温可能通过影响MMP-9的变化来抑制脑出血后的水肿形成。     

亚低温对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后MMP-9表达和细胞凋亡的影响

目的 通过研究亚低温对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表达和细胞凋亡的影响,探讨亚低温脑保护的可能机制.方法 将雄性SD大鼠39只分为假手术组、常温缺血组和缺血期亚低温组.制作大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)模型,缺血2h再灌注48h,HE染色观察各组大鼠脑组织形态学改变;采用TTC染色法观察梗死体积;TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡;免疫组化法检测MMP-9表达.结果 亚低温减轻脑缺血组织病理学损伤,明显缩小脑梗死体积(P<0.05).常温下缺血侧脑组织可见大量TUNEL阳性细胞和MMP-9免疫阳性细胞,主要位于皮质缺血半暗带区.亚低温减少脑缺血后TUNEL阳性细胞数目(P<0.05),明显下调MMP-9蛋白表达(P<0.05).结论 亚低温可能通过下调脑缺血再灌注后MMP-9表达,抑制细胞凋亡,从而发挥确实的脑保护作用.     

bFGF对脑缺血再灌注大鼠ICAM-1表达及脑组织含水量的影响

目的探讨bFGF对局灶性缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织含水量及脑组织ICAM-1水平的影响。方法SD大鼠48只,随机分为假手术组（n=16）、缺血再灌注组（n=16）和bFGF组（n=16）。应用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,大脑中动脉阻塞1h再灌注损伤24h,bFGF组伤后即刻一次性经腹腔注射bFGF（10g／kg）,假手术组和损伤组以相同方法给予0．9％的生理盐水。采用干湿法检测各组大鼠脑组织含水量,采用伊文思蓝（evansblue,EB）法检测脑毛细血管通透性,采用免疫组化法检测大鼠脑组织ICAM-1水平。结果与假手术组比较,缺血再灌注组脑含水量、脑皮质EB含量及ICAM-1表达显著增加（P〈0．05）,与缺血再灌注组比较,bFGF组脑含水量、脑皮质EB含量及ICAM-1表达较模型组显著性降低（P〈0．05）。结论ICMA-1表达增加是脑缺血再灌注后脑水肿形成和缺血性损伤的重要原因之一,减少ICAM-1表达和脑组织含水量推测是bFGF脑保护作用机制之一。     

急性局灶性脑挫裂伤后大鼠血脑屏障改变的实验研究

目的:研究急性局灶性脑挫裂伤后大鼠血脑屏障的改变及对脑水肿的影响。方法:采用Feeney's自由落体撞击法建立急性局灶性脑挫裂伤模型。每组6只测量伤侧脑组织伊文思蓝(Evans Blue,EB)含量、脑组织含水量。每组3只电镜观察微血管内皮细胞超微结构改变。结果:急性局灶性脑挫裂伤后24h脑组织含水量为(79.79±0.83)%,与正常对照组(78.68±0.63)%相比有明显差异(P<0.01),脑损伤后6h脑组织中EB含量为(362.12±28.16)ug/g,与正常对照组(11.89±2.28)ug/g相比有明显差异(P<0.01);脑损伤后30min,微血管内皮细胞有轻度受损迹象,伤后3h毛细血管腔内有微绒毛形成,伤后6h微绒毛增多,伤后24~72h毛细血管腔明显狭窄。结论:脑含水量的变化与脑组织中EB含量变化不同步,BBB的开放先于脑水肿的形成。BBB的开放与微血管的机械性损伤、内皮细胞吞饮小泡增加、内皮细胞紧密连接中断有关,也与早期缺血、缺氧关系密切。     

孕酮对局灶脑缺血再灌注大鼠血—脑脊液屏障变化的影响

目的探讨孕酮（PROG）减轻缺血/再灌注（I/R）时脑水肿的机制。方法采用大鼠局灶性脑I/R模型,分光光度计定量测定大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)2h再灌注22h后脑皮层伊文思蓝（EB）含量的变化及PROG的影响。结果MCAO侧EB含量I/R组为5.89±1.37μg/g湿重,溶剂（DMSO)组为5.03±2.70μg/g湿重,PROG组为2.07±0.96μg/g湿重;PROG组显著低于I/R组和DMSO组（P<0.05）。结论PROG显著降低缺血2h再灌注22h时血-脑脊液屏障（BBB）的通透性,这可能是其减轻I/R时脑水肿的机制之一。     

亚低温治疗大鼠缺血性脑水肿研究

目的研究亚低温对延迟时间窗再灌注的局灶脑缺血大鼠缺血性脑水肿的治疗作用。方法 SD雄性大鼠96只,线栓法制作大脑中动脉闭塞模型后随机分为缺血3 h组、缺血6 h组、缺血9 h组(每组各30只),分别在造模3 h、6 h和9 h后拔出线栓,使大脑中动脉再灌注。各缺血组按照再灌注后是否给予亚低温治疗及亚低温持续时间分为常温、亚低温3 h和亚低温5 h三个亚组,每个亚组有10只大鼠。另设假手术组6只。缺血组大鼠在再灌注24 h后处死取脑,假手术组在术后24 h处死取脑,干-湿重法测定各组缺血侧脑组织含水量并进行比较。结果与假手术组比较,缺血组缺血侧脑组织含水量明显增高。缺血3 h组中3 h亚低温和5 h亚低温亚组的缺血侧脑组织含水量与缺血3 h常温组比较,差异有统计学意义(79.39%±2.44%vs82.16%±1.50%,P0.05;79.20%±1.55%vs 82.16%±1.50%,P0.05)。其余各缺血组中经过亚低温治疗的大鼠与常温亚组的脑组织含水量无统计学差异。结论亚低温可减轻缺血早期(3 h)再灌注的脑组织水肿,保护缺血脑组织,而对晚期(6 h和9 h)再灌注的缺血性脑水肿无论亚低温时间长短均无明显保护作用。     

亚低温对大鼠缺血再灌注后脑梗死体积和神经功能及ICAM-1的影响

目的研究亚低温对缺血脑组织的保护作用及对缺血区炎症反应的影响。方法制作大鼠大脑中动脉脑缺血模型,观察亚低温治疗对大鼠脑梗死灶体积、神经功能和缺血脑组织细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)表达的影响。结果亚低温组和常温组大鼠脑梗死体积占全脑体积的百分比分别为(22.95±2.69)和(30.83±2.67),神经功能评分分别为(1.43±0.25)和(1.97±0.30)分,ICAM-1表达的阳性血管数分别为(29.04±4.59)和(51.94±5.93),差异均有显著性意义。结论亚低温对缺血脑组织具有保护作用,对炎症级联反应的抑制是其发挥脑保护作用的重要机制之一。     

大鼠脑出血周边组织MMP-9、TIMP-1表达对脑水肿的影响

目的:研究大鼠脑出血周边组织基质金属蛋白酶系(MMPs)的成员明胶酶-9(MMP-9)和内源性基质金属蛋白酶抑制物(TIMP-1)表达对脑水肿的影响。方法:Wister大鼠50只随机分为对照组、出血组,各组又分为6、24、48、72、120h等5个时间点。测定脑组织含水量、脑组织示踪剂伊文思蓝(EB)含量和MMP-9、TIMP-1表达。结果:出血后脑组织含水量在72h、EB含量在48h、MMP-9和TIMP-1表达在48h达到高峰,血脑屏障(BBB)在各时间点均有破坏。结论:出血后MMP-9表达可导致BBB通透性增加,TIMP-1通过抑制MMP-9的表达减轻脑水肿。     

白介素6在脂多糖致大鼠脑水肿中的表达

目的 探讨白介素6（IL-6）在脂多糖（LPS）致大鼠脑水肿发病过程中的表达及纳洛酮对其干预作用。方法 SD大鼠84只，对照组（NS组）28只，0．2ml生理盐水颈内动脉注射；内毒素组（LPS组）28只，颈内动脉注射LPS 200μg；纳洛酮治疗组（NAL组）28只，颈内动脉注射LPS后10min、1h、2h、6h、12h及处死前2h腹腔注射纳洛酮lmg／kg。于不同时间点测定脑组织匀浆IL-6的含量。干湿法测定脑组织含水量，甲酰胺法测定伊文思兰（EB）含量。结果 LPS组脑组织含水量和EB含量显著高于NS组（P〈0．01）。NAL组脑组织含水量和EB含量显著低于LPS组（P〈0．01），但仍较NS组高（P〈0．01）。注射LPS后4h，LPS组脑组织IL-6含量即增加，于6h达高峰，与NS组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。NAL组IL-6含量低于LPS组（P〈0．05或P≤O．01），但高于NS组（P〈0．01）。LPS组脑组织含水量和EB含量呈正相关（r=0．743，P〈0．01），IL-6含量与含水量呈正相关（r=0．459，P〈0．05），IL-6含量与EB含量呈正相关（r=0．568，P〈0．05）。结论IL-6参与脑水肿的发生发展，纳洛酮可以抑制IL-6的生成，减轻脑水肿。     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.     

Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée ? Introduction à deux articles de E. Kandel

In two articles which appeared in the American Journal of Psychiatry and that were subsequently translated for Évolution Psychiatrique, E. Kandel examines the bases for a reinterpreted psychiatry that is prepared to confront the major challenge of the 3rd millenium: that of insight into the mind and brain. This requires a major reorganization of the discipline, which involves a reinvestment of the scientific approach and a critical  assessment of the data provided by psychoanalytical psychiatry and cognitive neurosciences. Seven concepts have therefore been proposed for interactive re-examination: consciousness, the unconscious, memory, emotion, development, desire, impulse. The dynamic relations existing between genetics and the environment allow one to see how evolutions are possible from actions at different levels, both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological. Imaging and other techniques provide additional objective information to the process of human interaction which remains the basis of psychiatry. A common framework for psychiatry and the neurosciences, a reconsideration and renewal of the psychoanalytical approach are both possible and necessary.     

Opioids and the developing organism: A comprehensive bibliography, 1984–1988

A comprehensive bibliography of the literature concerned with opioids and the developing organism for 1984-1988 is presented. Utilized with companion papers (Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 6:439-479; 1982; 8:387-403; 1984), these articles cover the clinical and laboratory references beginning in 1875. For the years 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1988, a total of 877 citations were recorded. A series of indexes accompanies the citations in order to make the literature more accessible. These indexes are divided into clinical and laboratory topics, and subdivided into such topics as the type of opioid explored and the general area of biological interest (e.g., physiology).     

La biologie et le futur de la psychanalyse : un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée

The American Journal of Psychiatry has received a number of letters in response to my earlier “Framework” article (1). Some of these are reprinted elsewhere in this issue, and I have answered them briefly there. However, one issue raised by some letters deserves a more detailed answer, and that relates to whether biology is at all relevant to psychoanalysis. To my mind, this issue is so central to the future of psychoanalysis that it cannot be addressed with a brief comment. I therefore have written this article in an attempt to outline the importance of biology for the future of psychoanalysis.     

Facteurs de risque environnementaux à la schizophrénie

Schizophrenia is currently a major concern, its prevalence being estimated at around 1% and its social consequences being severe. The elucidation of the pathophysiology of the disease is difficult due to the great variability of clinical expressions, the instability of the clinical symptoms during the evolution and the absence of reliable biological markers. The existence of a familial aggregation in schizophrenia is well known, the risk of presenting the disease for first-degree relatives of patients being 5 to 10 times higher than the risk observed in the general population. The genetic component was further confirmed by twin and adoption studies. Although the concordance for the disease is higher (40 to 70%) among monozygotic twins as compared with dizygotic twins (15%) it does not reach 100%, which implies that environmental factors modulate the effects of the genotype. However, the role of these factors and especially their interaction with genetic factors remain unclear but the implications of some specific environmental factors are well documented by recent research data. The current literature on sex differences in schizophrenia is consistent. Several studies have suggested that male and female patients may differ in age at the onset and expression of clinical symptoms. Complications during pregnancy or birth-giving may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The major complications are oxygen deprivation during pregnancy, bleeding, maternal malnutrition or infection (exposure to influenza, for example). A low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Psychoses are more common among people living in an urban environment and among those born during winter months. Schizophrenia is probably more prevalent in people who are living promiscuously, are subject to toxic abuse, poor nutrition and stress but here more precise data are needed. Moreover, immigrants have a higher risk of developing psychotic disorders. In addition, head traumas are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Though they are contentious, some studies suggest that substance abuse (cannabis use in European countries) is related to the development of schizophrenia, especially in people with genetic vulnerability. Moreover, substance misuse may worsen the symptoms. If the environment is sufficiently stressful, people with a high genetic vulnerability will develop some degree of mental illness, including schizophrenia. Conversely, a less stressful or a protective environment may decrease the risk of its onset in persons with a predisposition to schizophrenia.     

Introduction: Goals

Summary: Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures. Many epilepsies with focal seizures as well as convulsive generalized seizures respond satisfactorily to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that reduce repetitive firing (e.g., phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproate) or that augment GABA_A-mediated inhibition (e.g., phenobarbital and benzodiazepines). A number of drugs presently under development, such as NMDA receptor antagonists, loreclezole, losigamone, meth-ysticine, and dextromethorphan, are promising in acute animal models of otherwise drug-resistant convulsant activity. As a result of recent studies in both experimental models and surgically resected human epileptic brain, the prospects for development of AEDs have significantly improved. Several new AEDs recently have reached the commercial market or are in experimental or clinical trials. A comparative presentation of the standing of the new AEDs with respect to their efficacy and side effects is necessary, but still very difficult. Because initial experience with new AEDs is restricted to populations with severe drug-resistant epilepsy, the crucial question whether potential new AEDs can alter prognosis is not yet definitively answered. There is a clear need to compare the effects of standard AEDs and new AEDs in naive patients and over longer follow-up periods. Moreover, because of the strong desire to develop antiepileptic therapy that directly treats the primary etiology of a given epileptic syndrome , or modifies the neurobiological processes that cause recurrent seizures, better experimental epilepsy models for chronic epilepsy and further clinical studies are necessary to increase the knowledge on the pathophysiology of distinct epileptic syndromes. In this respect, studies on the differences between responders and nonresponders to a given AED treatment are extremely valuable.