轻度血管性认知障碍的结构影像学研究

血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)包括无痴呆型血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment no dementia,VCIND)、血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VaD)及混合性痴呆这一过程[1].神经影像学是VCI研究和诊...     

卡巴拉汀治疗血管性认知障碍的研究现状

血管性认知障碍(vascualr cognitive impairment,VCI)是指由脑血管病危险因素(如高血压病、糖尿病和高脂血症等)、显性(如脑梗死和脑出血等)或非显性脑血管病(如白质疏松和慢性脑缺血)引起的从轻度认知损害到痴呆的一大类综合征[1].该病包括了血管性的认知功能障碍从轻到重的完整的发病病程,依据严重程度可分为非痴呆性血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment not dementia,VCIND)和血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VaD)[2].根据国际阿尔茨海默病协会2018年公布的数据[3],全球有5000万人罹患痴呆症,其中VCI占所有痴呆类型的20%~30%,为仅次于阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)的第二常见的痴呆类型,给家庭和社会造成较大的经济压力.然而VCI具有可防可治性,因此逐渐成为人们研究热点之一.目前推荐用于治疗VaD的药物有胆碱酯酶抑制剂(主要有多奈哌齐、加兰他敏、卡巴拉汀、石杉碱甲)、美金刚、银杏叶制剂、奥拉西坦等,但部分药物疗效尚存争议[1].     

皮层下缺血性血管性痴呆

皮层下缺血性血管性痴呆（subcortical ischemic vascular dementia, SIVD）是血管性认知障碍（Vascular cognitive impairment, VCI）的一个亚型,具有认知障碍和皮层下脑缺血病灶的证据。其包括腔隙状态、关键部位梗死性痴呆和Binswanger综合征等3个类型。认知障碍的特征是显著的执行功能障碍和相对轻微的工作记忆减退。对脑血管病危险因素的干预有助于皮层下缺血性血管性痴呆的防治。     

无痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍的诊断和治疗进展

血管因素是独立于年龄的导致痴呆的第二大危险因素.在血管性认知损害(VCI)早期即无痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍(VCIND)甚至认知损害发生之前,血管性因素以及脑血管病是唯一可治疗的,并且能够延缓甚至逆转痴呆进展的干预靶点.因此早期诊断出VCIND的病例,治疗血管性因素及脑血管病,有利于VCI的一级预防和二级预防.现对VCIND的诊断、预防和治疗的进展作一综述.     

轻度认知障碍与无痴呆型血管性认知障碍患者的神经心理学特征

阿尔茨海默病（AD）和血管性痴呆（vascular dementia，VD）是临床常见的老年期痴呆类型。虽然长期以来受到广泛关注．但对其治疗收效甚微．近年逐渐将研究重点转向对其早期阶段的干预治疗。在这一临床需要下，针对阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆分别提出了轻度认知障碍（mild cognitive impairment，MCI）和血管性认知障碍（vascular cognitive impairment，VCI）的概念，力求对患者进行早期识别和干预，以延缓甚至阻止痴呆的发生、发展。     

血管性认知障碍的影像学研究

正随着老龄化社会的到来,脑血管病的发病率日益增高,脑血管病伴发的认知障碍随之增多。脑血管病伴发的认知障碍首先由Bowler等~([1])在1995年提出,称之为血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)。VCI是指由于颅内血管本身的病变、心脏病变或颅外大血管病变引起的脑部血流异常及其危险因素导致的认知功能损害的综合征~([2])。2011年《中国血管性认知障碍诊治指南》中指出,根据病程可以将VCI分为非痴呆性血管性认知障碍     

血管性认知障碍诊断标准的演变与解读

正1血管性认知障碍的概念血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)这一概念在1995年由Bowler等提出~([1]),包括重度血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VaD)、伴血管病变的阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)和非     

血管性认知功能障碍的药物治疗

随着痴呆研究的深入,血管性认知功能障碍(vascular cognitive imPairment,VCI)[1]引起人们的重视,国外学者主张用VCI代替血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)[2]。脑血管疾病是认知功能障碍的危险因素,     

血管性认知障碍诊治指南

血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)是脑血管病临床实践中的一个重要问题,逐渐受到我国学者的关注[1-2].VCI是指由脑血管病危险因素(如高血压病、糖尿病和高脂血症等)、显性(如脑梗死和脑出血等)或非显性脑血管病(如白质疏松和慢性脑缺血)引起的从轻度认知损害到痴呆的一大类综合征[3-4].我们根据国内外临床研究结果和相关文献,结合我国实际情况,提出VCI的诊治指南,供临床参考.     

线粒体自噬在血管性认知障碍中的研究进展

正血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)指由脑血管病的危险因素(高血压病、糖尿病、高脂血症和高同型半胱氨酸血症等)、显性脑血管病(脑梗死和脑出血等)及非显性脑血管病(白质疏松和弥漫性脑缺血等)引起的一组从轻度认知损害到痴呆的综合征。线粒体是缺血后神经细胞死亡的关键靶区,机体可通过自噬控制线粒体数量,其功能紊乱是慢性脑低灌注(chronic cerebral hypoperfusion,CCH)、脑缺血再灌注损伤(cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, CIR)所致VCI的主要机制。通过阐述线粒体自噬机制及其在CCH、CIR所致VCI中的作用,有利于寻找药物作用靶点,早期干预VCI的发生发展,提升患者生存质量。     

Vascular dementia

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a term used to describe a particular constellation of cognitive and functional impairment, and is now generally seen as a subset of the larger syndrome of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). The latter is seen as cognitive impairment in the face of cerebrovascular disease. VCI can be classified clinically by whether patients meet criteria for dementia, and whether the syndrome is distinct or overlaps with primary neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. This clinical classification can be further classified by neuroimaging, with subgroups that show cortical infarction, subcortical infarction and white matter changes, each alone or in combination. Understood in this way, VCI is likely the most common form of cognitive impairment in the population. Attempts to treat VaD had varying degrees of success, but it now appears that many forms of VCI might be preventable, especially with good control of vascular risk factors in middle age.     

非痴呆型血管性认知障碍的磁共振波谱成像研究进展

血管性认知障碍（VCI）目前已成为老年人认知障碍的主要病因，其中，非痴呆型血管性认知障碍（VCIND）是VCI的初期阶段，具有可逆性。近年来，磁共振波谱（MRS）以其高分辨率、无创的特点，越来越广泛地应用于临床，成为了研究的热点。目前研究表明，VCIND患者的认知损害包括执行功能、视空间、感知功能、记忆力等几乎所有的主要认知域。MRS与认知量表的联合应用可提高VCIND的临床诊断的准确率。VCIND患者额叶、颞叶NAA/Cr降低较为明确，而丘脑仍需进一步研究。Cho在VCIND患者脑组织中的变化研究结果不甚一致。另外，MRS在M-aMCI与VCIND的鉴别中可起到重要的作用。关于VCIND的研究尚存在诸多问题，且结果差异较大，尚需进一步研究。     

Physical activity in vascular cognitive impairment: Systematic review with meta-analysis

BackgroundVascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is the second most common cause of cognitive impairment worldwide and includes a spectrum from vascular cognitive impairment no dementia (VCIND) to vascular dementia (VaD). There is no specific pharmacological treatment approved for VCI. Physical activity has been indicated to be a promising preventive measure for cognition, with direct as indirectly benefits, while improving several modifiable vascular risk factors, so potentially effective when considering VCI. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review with a meta-analysis approaching the potential preventive role of physical activity on VCI.MethodsA systematic search was conducted in 7 databases. A total of 6786 studies were screened and assessed for eligibility, culminating in the inclusion of 9 observational prospective studies assessing physical activity impact irrespectively the type for quality assessment and qualitative and quantitative synthesis. Quantitative synthesis was performed using the reported adjusted HRs. Physical activity was handled as a dichotomous variable, with two groups created (high versus low physical activity). Subgroup analyses were done for risk of bias, VaD and length of follow-up.ResultsThere was considerable methodological heterogeneity across studies. Only three studies reported significant associations. The overall effect was statistically significant (HR 0.68, 95%CI 0.54-0.86, I² 6.8%), with higher levels of physical activity associated with a smaller risk of VCI overtime, particularly VaD.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that physical activity is a potential preventive factor for vascular dementia. Insufficient data is available on VCIND. Randomized studies are desired to confirm these results.     

Therapeutic issues in vascular dementia: studies, designs and approaches

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a heterogeneous disorder resulting from various cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) causing cognitive impairment that reflects severity and location of damage. Epidemiological studies suggest VaD is the second commonest cause of dementia, but autopsy series report that pure VaD is infrequent, while combined CVD and Alzheimer's Disease(AD) is likely the commonest pathological-dementia correlate. Both diseases share vascular risk factors and benefit from their treatment. The most widely used diagnostic criteria for VaD are highly specific but not sensitive. Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI) is a dynamic, evolving concept that embraces VaD, Vascular Cognitive Impairment No Dementia (VCIND) and mixed AD and CVD. Clinical trials to date have focused on probable and possible VaD with beneficial effects evident for different drug classes, including cholinergic agents and NMDA agonists. Limitations have included use of cognitive tools suitable for AD that are insensitive to executive dysfunction. Disease heterogeneity has not been adequately controlled and subtypes require further study. Diagnostic VaD criteria now 13 years old need updating. More homogeneous subgroups need to be defined and therapeutically targeted to improve cognitive-behavioural outcomes including optimal control of vascular risk factors. More sensitive testing of executive function outlined in recent VCI Harmonization criteria and longer trial duration are needed to discern meaningful effects. Imaging criteria must be well-defined, with centralized review and standardized protocols. Serial scanning with quantification of tissue atrophy and lesion burden is becoming feasible, and cognitive interventions, including rehabilitation pharmacotherapy, with drugs strategically coupled to cognitive -behavioural treatments, hold promise and need further development.     

多模态磁共振成像在血管性认知障碍诊断中的研究进展

血管性认知障碍（vascular cognitive impairment,VCI）包括从轻度认知功能受损到痴呆的各种程度的认知功能受损,伴随着脑结构和脑功能的变化。磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging, MRI）作为一种广泛应用的诊断工具,可以无创地观察患者脑组织的变化。结合自动分割算法,对采集到的MRI数据进行分类,在识别血管性认知障碍方面具有广泛的应用前景。本文对近年来MRI在诊断血管性认知障碍方面的研究进展和新技术进行综述。     

尼莫地平联合阿托伐他汀治疗血管性认知障碍的疗效观察

目的探讨尼莫地平联合阿托伐他汀治疗血管性认知障碍的临床疗效及其不良反应。方法将96例血管性认知障碍患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组48例,再根据神经心理学评分将每组分为VCIND和VaD两个亚组。对照组给予了常规治疗＋安慰剂治疗,治疗组予尼莫地平＋阿托伐他汀治疗,尼莫地平30mg/d,1日3次,阿托伐他汀20mg/d,晚上1次,疗程均为6个月。采用MoCA和ADL评分对患者进行神经心理学评分。结果与同组治疗前相比,治疗组治疗6个月后MoCA和ADL评分分值明显提高（P〈0.01）;与对照组相比,治疗组治疗后MoCA和ADL评分值提高（P〈0.05）。对照组中VCIND患者MoCA和ADL较治疗前降低（P〈0.05）;治疗组中VCIND患者较治疗前及对照组MoCA和ADL分值明显提高（P〈0.01）,VaD患者无明显提高（P〉0.05）。2组均未见严重的不良反应。结论尼莫地平联合阿托伐他汀治疗血管性认知障碍的临床疗效较好,不良反应少。     

血清S100β蛋白水平与脑小血管病患者非痴呆型血管性认知障碍的相关性研究

目的 探讨血清S100β蛋白水平与脑小血管病（cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD）患者非痴呆型血 管性认知障碍（vascular cognitive impairment with no dementia,VCIND）的相关性。      

Vascular cognitive disorder: a new diagnostic category updating vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) was proposed as an umbrella term to include subjects affected with any degree of cognitive impairment resulting from cerebrovascular disease (CVD), ranging from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to vascular dementia. VCI may or may not exclude the host of "focal" circumscribed impairments of specialized functions such as language (aphasia), intentional gesture (apraxia), or categorical recognition (agnosia), among others, that may result from a stroke. Therefore, there are no universally accepted diagnostic criteria for VCI. We conclude that this concept could be more useful if it were to be limited to cases of vascular MCI without dementia, by analogy with the concept of amnestic MCI, currently considered the earliest clinically diagnosable stage of Alzheimer disease (AD). In agreement with our view,the Canadian Study on Health and Aging successfully implemented a restricted definition of VCI, excluding cases of dementia (i.e., vascular cognitive impairment no dementia, VCI-ND). The Canadian definition and diagnostic criteria could be utilized for future studies of VCI. This definition excludes isolated impairments of specialized cognitive functions.Vascular dementia (VaD): The main problem of this diagnostic category stems from the currently accepted definition of dementia that requires memory loss as the sine qua non for the diagnosis. This may result in over-sampling of patients with AD worsened by stroke (AD+CVD). This problem was minimized in controlled clinical trials of VaD by excluding patients with a prior diagnosis of AD, those with pre-existing memory loss before the index stroke, and those with amnestic MCI. We propose a definition of dementia in VaD based on presence of abnormal executive control function, severe enough to interfere with social or occupational functioning. Vascular cognitive disorder (VCD): This term, proposed by Sachdev [P. Sachdev, Vascular cognitive disorder. Int J Geriat Psychiatry 14 (1999)402-403.] would become the global diagnostic category for cognitive impairment of vascular origin, ranging from VCI to VaD. It would include specific disease entities such as post-stroke VCI, post-stroke VaD, CADASIL, Binswanger disease, and AD plus CVD. This category explicitly excludes isolated cognitive dysfunctions such as those mentioned above.     

Vascular Cognitive Impairment

Abstract: The term vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is now employed to capture the spectrum of illness and disability arising from impaired cognitive function of vascular origin. As such, it supplants the more narrowly focussed terms "Vascular dementia (VaD)" and "multi-infarct dementia". It is meant to include both those whose cognitive impairment is different from that assumed by the usual criteria for dementia. Traditionally, dementia criteria have been modelled on AD, a disorder with more characteristic neuropathological and clinical disease expression than is seen in VaD, which can occur in many forms. VCI is common, and is associated with many adverse outcomes, including worse cognition, institutionalization, and death.
One form of VCI is coincident AD and VaD, a category which, although it has been comparatively neglected, may be amongst the most common forms of dementia. Another common form of VCI has a predilection for subcortical ischemic lesions, and for a clinical presentation which reflects frontal and subcortical involvement.
At present, there is no specific treatment for VCI, although several agents appear to offer the hope of both treatment and prevention. Further research on the clinical, pathological and mechanistic underpinnings of this important syndrome is needed. For a long time, VaD has been recognized as the second most common cause of dementia.^1,2) More recently, however, the concept of cognitive impairment in relation to cerebrovascular disease has been expanded. This paper will review the notion of "vascular cognitive impairment" (VCI) as it relates to clinical practice, and to our understanding of disease mechanisms in dementia and related disorders. It will propose that while the expanded concept has merit, within it are to be found distinct subgroups, including some of particular importance as targets for clinical trials of therapeutic and even preventive interventions.     

急性缺血性卒中患者血管性认知障碍及其亚型的相关因素分析

目的探讨急性缺血性卒中患者血管性认知障碍(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)及其亚型非痴呆性血管性认知障碍(VCI-no dementia,VCIND)与血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,Va D)发生的主要相关因素。方法选择2014年6月至2015年6月就诊于天津医科大学总医院神经内科的491例急性缺血性卒中患者为研究对象,应用前期已建立的血管性认知障碍数据库记录患者的一般人口学信息、病史、体格检查、血管危险因素、生化及影像检查信息,对患者进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分、Essen评分及低分子肝素治疗急性卒中试验(the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment,TOAST)分型,于发病(10±2)d进行蒙特利尔认知量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,Mo CA)、临床痴呆量表(Clinical Dementia Rating,CDR)、日常生活能力量表(Activities of Daily Living,ADL)评分,依据血管性认知障碍诊治指南中VCI的诊断及分类诊断标准将患者分为认知正常组(no cognitive impairment,NCI)和VCI组,VCI组包括VCIND组和Va D组,分析上述各项因素的组间差异及相关性。结果 491例急性缺血性卒中患者中VCI占69.86%,其中包括37.68%的VCIND和32.18%的Va D患者。1VCI组低受教育程度(P0.001)、糖尿病(P=0.005)、心脏病(P=0.045)、卒中家族史(P=0.005)、幕上病变(P0.001)的比例及卒中次数(P=0.014)、D-二聚体水平(P=0.001)、Essen评分(P=0.024)、NIHSS评分(P0.001)显著高于NCI组,女性(P=0.004)、幕下病变(P0.001)的比例及受教育年(P0.001)显著低于NCI组,差异均有显著性;Logistic回归分析显示低受教育程度、糖尿病、幕上病变和高D-二聚体水平是VCI的独立危险因素。2与VCIND组比较,Va D组患者既往卒中史(P=0.013)、TOAST分型中大动脉粥样硬化型梗死(P0.001)的比例及卒中次数(P=0.001)、Essen评分(P=0.032)、神经功能缺损程度(P=0.005)显著高于VCIND组,TOAST分型中小动脉闭塞型梗死(P0.001)、幕下病变(P0.001)的比例显著低于VCIND组,差异均有显著性;Logistic回归分析显示卒中次数、神经功能缺损程度、大动脉粥样硬化型梗死是Va D的独立危险因素,而幕下病变患者发生Va D的风险明显小于幕上病变患者。结论 VCI及其亚型的影响因素不同,与NCI比较,低受教育程度、糖尿病、幕上病变和高D-二聚体水平是VCI的独立危险因素;与VCIND比较,卒中次数、严重的神经功能缺损、TOAST分型中大动脉粥样硬化型梗死是Va D的独立危险因素。