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1.
难治性癫痫的伽玛刀治疗   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
目的 探讨伽玛刀治疗癫痫的可行性及有效性。方法 对39例临床诊断为难治性癫痫的患者通过EEG、CT、MRI、SPECT、PET等确定癫痫灶,然后行伽玛刀治疗。结果 伽玛结果随访15~70个月,有效率82%。结论 伽玛刀是治疗难治性癫痫的可供选择的方法之一。  相似文献   

2.
核素显像对癫痫灶定位的价值   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
邹海宁 《精神医学杂志》2000,13(2):64-65,61
本文扼要介绍以PET和SPECT为代表的核素显像对癫痫病灶定位的重要价值。  相似文献   

3.
许多学者认为脑PET显像不仅能诊断癫痫,且能对癫痫灶准确定位,为癫痫的手术、立体定向和放射外科治疗提供了定位依据[1].本研究分析了12例难治性癫痫患者术前18F-FDG PET脑显像与术中皮层脑电图(ECoG)检查、术后病理结果的关系,以探讨术前18F-FDG PET脑显像对癫痫灶定位的价值.  相似文献   

4.
目的评估发作期SPECT在儿童难治性癫痫外科治疗术前评估中的价值.方法对11例曾经癫痫外科治疗前行发作期SPECT检查的患儿进行了回顾性分析.11例患者中有6例患者是局限性灰质异构(FCD),2例是缺血后的继发性损伤,1例是脑炎后损伤,还有2例病理诊断不明.11例患者术前均行发作间期SPECT或PET检查及发作期SPECT检查,通过对比观察两次检查的差异与手术切除区域进行对比.11例患者中9例患者是在癫痫发作过程中注射的SPECT示踪剂,另2例患者是在发作结束后立刻注射SPECT示踪剂.结果发作期SPECT显示:10例患者发作期有局部血流灌注增强,有1例患者未发现局部血流灌注增强.11例患者中有4例患者的颅内脑电记录提示与发作期SPECT有同样的异常部位,3例显示与核磁共振检查结果相一致;6例患者行局部切除术,另外5例患者由于不能局限病变的位置,最终进行多处软膜下横切手术.6例局部切除术患者术后发作完全消失,5例多处软膜下横切手术患者中,术后2例发作消失,2例发作显著减少,1例无效.结论发作期SPECT在儿童局限性癫痫术前评估中具有很大价值,对癫痫灶位置判断的准确性好.  相似文献   

5.
目的 探讨PET显像与SPECT显像在顽固性癫痫灶定位中的应用价值.方法 86例癫痫患者均行发作间期PET和SPECT显像,36例发作间期PET结果为多灶改变(包括15例存在脑软化灶)的患者行发作期SPECT检查,结果分析采用半定量分析及目测法.结果 86例患者均见不同程度异常改变.发作间期PET显像示低代谢者中50例(58.1%)表现为单叶局限性低代谢,发作间期SPECT显像示低灌注者中48例(55.8%)表现为单叶局限性低灌注.对36例发作间期PET结果为多灶改变的患者行发作期SPECT检查示,35例(97.2%)例高灌注灶,高灌注中24例(68.6%)为单叶局限性高灌注,5例(14.2%)仍见多个病灶,但未见弥漫性高灌注.1例(2.8%)未发现高灌注区.15例(41.7%)脑软化灶患者经发作期SPECT检查后均定位为局限性病灶,且在脑软灶边缘.结论 发作间期PET显像与发作间期SPECT定位局限性单叶癫痫病灶的符合率较高,两者相互印证可提高特异性;发作间期PET检出多灶性改变时,结合发作期SPECT显像可提高定位特异性.存在脑软化灶病例行PET检查意义较小,进行发作间期及发作期SPECT两次显像即可较好的定位病灶.  相似文献   

6.
发作间期^14F—FDG PET在难治性癫痫手术定位中的价值   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
许多学者认为脑PET显像不仅能诊断癫痫,且能对癫痫灶准确定位,为癫痫的手术、立体定向和放射外科治疗提供了定位依据。本研究分析了12例难治性癫痫患者术前~(18)F-FDG PET脑显像与术中皮层脑电图(ECoG)检查、术后病理结果的关系,以探讨术前~(18)F-FDG PET脑显像对癫痫灶定位的价值。1 资料与方法1.1 临床资料 本组共12例,男8例,女4例,年龄4~48岁,平均21.5岁;病程1.5~20年,平均4.5年;发作类型按照国际癫痫分类标准:全身性发作6例,复杂部分性发作4例,单纯部分性发作1例,部分性发作继发全身性发作1例;均长期服用抗癫痫药物治疗,临床诊断为难治性癫痫,有明确的手术适应症;术前所有患者均行2~5次EEG或动态  相似文献   

7.
VEEG在难治性癫痫术前致痫灶定位中的价值   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
目的 探讨视频脑电图(VEEG)、单光子发射计算断层扫描(SPECT)、正电子发射断层扫描(PET)技术在术前进行致痫灶定位中的价值.方法 175例手术治疗的难治性癫痫患者,术前全部行VEEG检查,59例行VEEG +蝶骨电极记录,46例行PET致痫灶定位,61例行SPECT定位.并与术中皮层脑电图(ECoG)的结果进行比较.结果 术前VEEG定位、VEEG+蝶骨电极记录、PET检查及SPECT检查与术中ECoG致痫灶定位符合率分别为67.42%、74.57%、54.84%和52.45%.结论 VEEG在致痫灶定位中有重要的价值;对于颞叶内侧深部癫痫而言,术前以VEEG +蝶骨电极记录定位更为准确.  相似文献   

8.
棘波分析地形图采用时域分析法,能够波图同屏显示棘波和痫灶。本文针对影像学方法CT/MRI和PET/SPECT及电生理学方法EEG/BEAM在癫痫诊断中的局限性,综述了棘波分析地形图原理及其在癫痫诊断、定位、疗效观测中的临床应用价值。  相似文献   

9.
目的:顽固性癫痫Г-刀治疗的关键在于定位,比较15例顽固性癫痫SPECT(single photon emission compu-ted tomography,SPECT)EEG,MRI在癫痫发作期、发作间期对癫痫灶的定位价值。方法:发作间期做SPECT、EEG、MRI,而后用0.25%美解眠诱发癫痫临床下发作记录发作期SPECT。结果:发作间期致痫灶SPECT 10人,EEG7人,MRI 3人;发作期SPECT 3人。结论:发作间期癫痫灶检出率SPEC:T66.67%,EEG44.67%,MRI 20%;发作期为20%。三项检查分别从代谢、电活动和结构对癫痫灶进行定位。SPECT阳性检出率最高;EEG在癫痫分类和定侧(左或右半球)具有优势;而MRI在癫痫灶定性方面有帮助。三者相结合可提高癫痫灶的准确性。  相似文献   

10.
发作间期PET对难治性颞叶癫痫的诊断价值   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
目的分析18例颞叶癫痫患者的正电子发射断层扫描(PET)结果.方法 18例难治性癫痫患者,根据临床症状、脑电图/录像脑电监测(EEG/VEEG)、MRI海马相和单光子发射计算机体层摄影(SPECT)检查诊断为颞叶癫痫.均进行PET检查,结果有16例显示不同程度的颞叶前中部和(或)内侧部的低代谢区域.所有患者均在手术显微镜下采用显微外科技术进行手术,其中右侧颞叶癫痫16例行标准前颞叶及海马杏仁核切除术,左侧颞叶癫痫2例行选择性海马杏仁核切除术.结果随诊观察6~26个月,按照Engel的疗效判断标准,结果I级(癫痫发作消失)11例,II级(极少发作)4例,III级(发作减少75%以上)2例,IV(无改变)1例.结论对于临床上怀疑为颞叶癫痫而上述常规检查方法不能明确癫痫灶者,PET能更好地帮助诊断.  相似文献   

11.
Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.  相似文献   

12.
Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Robert J. Gumnit 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S3):S9-S13
Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.  相似文献   

13.
Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy   总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2  
Eileen P.G. Vining 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S2):S18-S22
Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.  相似文献   

14.
B. J. Wilder 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S2):S1-S7
Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.  相似文献   

15.
Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.  相似文献   

16.
Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.  相似文献   

17.
Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs   总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1  
Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.  相似文献   

18.
Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.  相似文献   

19.
Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
G. Trube  R. Netzer 《Epilepsia》1994,35(S5):S62-S67
Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.  相似文献   

20.
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.  相似文献   

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