维思通与氯氮平治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症的疗效对照研究

目的探索维思通对以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症的疗效与副反应。方法对８０例以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症住院患者，用维思通与氯氮平随机对照，采用ＳＡＮＳ、ＢＰＲＳ和临床疗效总评进行评定。结果维思通的疗效优于氯氮平，而副反应发生率也较低。结论维思通是治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症较理想的药物     

维思通与氯氮平对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的　比较维思通和氯氮平对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法　将 6 2例符合CCMD - 3标准的精神分裂症患者随机分为两组 ,分别给予维思通和氯氮平治疗 ,并随访半年 ,观察两药对患者生活质量和精神症状的影响。并以PANSS评定精神症状 ,以生活质量量表 (WHO ,QOL - 10 0 )评估生活质量 ,以TESS评定药物副反应。结果　维思通和氯氮平对精神分裂症阳性症状和阴性症状的改善相近 ;对一般精神病理症状和PANSS总分的改善前者优于后者 ;维思通比氯氮平能更好地改善患者的生活质量。结论　维思通比氯氮平能更好地改善精神分裂症的生活质量 ,有利于患者恢复社会功能 ,重返社会     

氯氮平和利坦塞林对精神分裂症认知功能的影响

目的：比较氯氮平和利坦塞林对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法：分别以氯氮平或利坦塞林治疗精神分裂症患者57例，采用韦氏记忆量表、数字划销测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验评估其治疗前和治疗8周后记忆、注意及执行功能。结果：氯氮平和利坦塞林能显著改善记忆、注意及执行功能。结论：2种药物均可改善精神分裂症的认知功能，但各有其特点。     

精神分裂症症状与认知功能损害的关系

目的：探讨精神分裂症症状与认知功能损害的关系。方法：对１８例阴性精神分裂症和１５例阳性精神分裂症采用氯氮平治疗;对１１例阴性精神分裂症和１３例阳性精神分裂症采用利培酮治疗。并分别评估其治疗前和治疗８周后的阳性症状,阳性症状记忆,注意及执行功能。结果：精神分裂症的记忆损害与阴性症状和阳性症状都呈显著性相关,注意及执行功能损害与阴性症状显著相关,与阳性症状无明显相关;记忆随思维贫乏的改善而改善,注意和执行功能损害的改善与症状的改善无明显相关。结论：精神分裂症认知功能损害主要与阴性症状相关,但精神分裂症的大部分认知功能并不随阴性症状改善而改善。     

传统抗精神病药及氯氮平换用维思通的自身对照研究

目的 探讨传统抗精神病药及氯氮平换用维思通的方法策略、有效性及安全性。方法 对65例符合CCMD－2－R精神分裂症诊断标准、不愿耐受传统抗精神病药物及氯氮平副反应或虽用足够剂量和时间仍存有阳性和阴性精神病症状的病人,采用重叠交叉逐渐增减剂量方法,逐渐换用维思通治疗;用PANSS,TESS,SDSS作为评估工具自身对照,对换药前后的疗效,副反应,社会功能状况进行比较。结果 所有受试者均安全地换用了维思通治疗。维思通能进一步改善PANSS总分,特别是阴性症状因子改善明显;换用维思通还能显著养活嗜睡、EPS、口干,便秘等副反应;用维思通8周后的社会功能缺陷明显改善;患者对维思通治疗的主观满意度提高。讨论了不同精神病药对生物质量的影响。     

维思通与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症对照分析

用维思通治疗精神分裂症３３例，与用氯氮平治疗的３１例进行对照研究。两组以阴性症状量表（ＳＡＮＳ），阳性症状量表（ＳＡＰＳ），简明精神病量表（ＢＰＲＳ）和副反应量表进行盲式评分。结果显示：虽然氯氮平对治疗阴性阳性症状均有较好疗效，但维思通更明显优于氯氮平，且副作用较小。本文对维思通的疗效，临床应用，副作用，作用机理进行了讨论。     

维思通治疗精神分裂症的疗效观察

目的　与氯氮平相对照 ,观察维思通治疗精神分裂症的疗效及不良反应特点。方法　 75例门诊精神分裂症患者 ,随机分为维思通治疗组 (4 0 )例和氯氮平治疗组 (35例 )。疗程为 12周。治疗期间用阳性和阴性症状量表 (PANSS)评定疗效 ,用副反应量表 (TESS)评定二组药物的不良反应。结果　维思通的疗效与氯氮平比较差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,副反应评定 ,维思通组锥体外系副反应发生率高于氯氮平组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;氯氮平组便秘、流涎、肥胖、心动过速、心电图异常、嗜睡、乏力发生率明显高于维思通组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　维思通治疗精神分裂症的疗效与氯氮平相当 ,但副反应小 ,安全性优于氯氮平 ,可作为治疗精神分裂症的一线用药     

维思通与舒必利治疗精神分裂症对照分析

探讨维思通治疗精神分裂症的疗效,副反应及作用机理,以维思通治疗精神分裂症38例、舒必利治疗42例进行对照分析,采用PANSS、TESS、ESRS量表评定疗效和副反应,用t检验、X~2检验进行分析。结果显示维思通与舒必利治疗精神分裂症均有确切疗效,在改善阳性症状方面维思通优于舒必利,在改善阴性症状方面二者无差异,维思通副反应较少,安全度较高。     

氯氮平治疗对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的观察氯氮平治疗对首发精神分裂症认知功能的影响。方法将31例首发精神分裂症患者经氯氮平治疗前及治疗12周后,用韦氏成人智力量表、韦氏记忆量表、阳性症状量表、阴性症状量表、简明精神症状评定量表、维斯康星卡片分类测验进行评估,观察氯氮平对认知功能的影响及与精神症状变化的关系。结果治疗后,阳性症状量表、阴性症状量表、简明精神症状评定量表、维斯康星卡片分类测验中错误应答数的评估分值显著降低(P＜0．01)。维斯康星卡片分类测验中的非持续性错误、韦氏记忆量表中的再生、理解评估分值明显降低(P＜0．05)。结论氯氮平治疗精神分裂症可改善部分患者的认知功能。     

以阴性与阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者认知功能损害的比较分析

目的 探讨以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者（精神分裂症Ⅱ型）和以阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者（精神分裂症Ⅰ型）两者认知损害程度的差别。方法 采用韦氏记忆量表（WMS）、数字划销测验、威斯康星卡片分类检测（WCST）评估29例精神分裂症Ⅱ型患者和28例精神分裂症Ⅰ型患者及28例正常对照组的记忆、注意及执行功能。结果 精神分裂症Ⅱ型和精神分裂症Ⅰ型患者的记忆测验,划销测验,WCST成绩显著性差于正常对照组;精神分裂症Ⅱ型患者在WMS测验中的1－100、累积、图片、再认、记商（MQ）,在划销测验中的划对数目、划数测验净分和在WCST测验中的持续错误、测验次数成绩显著差于精神分裂症Ⅰ型患者。结论 精神分裂症Ⅱ型和Ⅰ患者都存在认知功能损害;精神分裂症Ⅱ型患者的记忆、注意及执行功能均较精神分裂症Ⅰ型患者差。     

The effects of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia.

Cognitive function is markedly impaired in most patients with schizophrenia. Antecedents of this impairment are evident in childhood. The cognitive disability is nearly fully developed at the first episode of psychosis in most patients. The contribution of cognitive impairment to outcome in schizophrenia, especially work function, has been established. Preliminary results indicate that cognitive function, along with disorganization symptoms, discriminate schizophrenia patients who are able to work full-time from those who are not. Typical neuroleptic drugs lack the ability to improve the various domains of cognitive function impaired in schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotic drugs pharmacologically related to clozapine-quetiapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, and ziprasidone--share the ability to produce fewer extrapyramidal symptoms than typical neuroleptic drugs and more potent antagonism of serotonin2a relative to dopamine2 receptors. However, they have a number of different clinical effects. We have identified all the studies of clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone that provide data on their effects on cognition in schizophrenia. Data for each drug are reviewed separately in order to identify differences among them in their effects on cognition. Twelve studies that report cognitive effects of clozapine are reviewed. These studies provide (1) strong evidence that clozapine improves attention and verbal fluency and (2) moderate evidence that clozapine improves some types of executive function. However, results of the effects of clozapine on working memory and secondary verbal and spatial memory were inconclusive. Risperidone has relatively consistent positive effects on working memory, executive functioning, and attention, whereas improvement in verbal learning and memory was inconsistent. Preliminary evidence presented here suggests that olanzapine improves verbal learning and memory, verbal fluency, and executive function, but not attention, working memory, or visual learning and memory. Thus, atypical antipsychotic drugs as a group appear to be superior to typical neuroleptics with regard to cognitive function. However, available data suggest that these drugs produce significant differences in specific cognitive functions. These differences may be valuable adjunctive guides for their use in clinical practice if cognitive improvements reach clinical significance. The effects of the atypical antipsychotic drugs on cholinergic and 5-HT2a-mediated neurotransmission as the possible basis for their ability to improve cognition are discussed. It is suggested that the development of drugs for schizophrenia should focus on improving the key cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: executive function, verbal fluency, working memory, verbal and visual learning and memory, and attention.     

抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的：比较利培酮和氯氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法：对58例精神分裂症患者随机分成两组，分别给予利培酮、氯氮平治疗8周。治疗前和治疗8周末分别进行简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、韦氏成人记忆量表修订本(WMS-RC)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)和数字划销测验(CT)评定，比较利培酮和氯氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。结果：两组8周后，各项检查项目均有显著好转。结论：利培酮和氯氮平均能改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能。     

氯氮平和利培酮治疗精神分裂症患者比较研究

目的 评价氯氮平和利培酮治疗精神分裂症的疗效和副作用。方法 将40例精神分裂症患者随机分为氯氮平组和利培酮组(氯氮平组20例,利培酮组20例),于治疗前和治疗12周末各作一次韦氏成人智力量表、韦氏记忆量表、威斯康星卡片分类测验、言语流利性测验、连线测验A、简明精神症状评定量表(BPRS)、TESS副反应量表。结果 治疗12周末氯氮平组显著改善BPRS评分,利培酮组显著改善迟滞、思维障碍、敌对猜疑因子分,但氯氮平组较利培酮组敌对猜疑因子分减分率高。两组之间副反应评分有显著性差异,利培酮组明显低于氯氮平组,其余各项无显著性差异。结论 氯氮平较利培酮治疗敌对猜疑效果好,但利培酮较氯氮平副作用小,安全性较高。     

Neurocognitive effects of clozapine,olanzapine, risperidone,and haloperidol in patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder

OBJECTIVE: Newer antipsychotic drugs have shown promise in ameliorating neurocognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia, but few studies have compared newer antipsychotic drugs with both clozapine and conventional agents, particularly in patients who have had suboptimal response to prior treatments. METHOD: The authors examined the effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on 16 measures of neurocognitive functioning in a double-blind, 14-week trial involving 101 patients. A global score was computed along with scores in four neurocognitive domains: memory, attention, motor function, and general executive and perceptual organization. RESULTS: Global neurocognitive function improved with olanzapine and risperidone treatment, and these improvements were superior to those seen with haloperidol. Patients treated with olanzapine exhibited improvement in the general and attention domains but not more than that observed with other treatments. Patients treated with risperidone exhibited improvement in memory that was superior to that of both clozapine and haloperidol. Clozapine yielded improvement in motor function but not more than in other groups. Average effect sizes for change were in the small to medium range. More than half of the patients treated with olanzapine and risperidone experienced "clinically significant" improvement (changes in score of at least one-half standard deviation relative to baseline). These findings did not appear to be mediated by changes in symptoms, side effects, or blood levels of medications. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a history of suboptimal response to conventional treatments may show cognitive benefits from newer antipsychotic drugs, and there may be differences between atypical antipsychotic drugs in their patterns of cognitive effects.     

精神分裂症患者认知功能损害与阴阳性症状的关系

目的：探讨精神分裂症认知功能损害与阴性、阳性症状的关系。方法:至73例入组的患者随机给予利培酮、氯氮平治疗12周,并于治疗前、后盲法评定Wisconsin卡片分类测验（WCST）,Wechsler记忆测验（WMS）,阴状症状评定量表（SANS）与阳性症状评定量表（SAPS）。结果：治疗前精神分裂症患者的阴性症状、阳性症状均与认知功能有显著相关。主要与执行功能相关;注意障碍与记忆相关。治疗后,仅SAPS中怪异行为得分与WCST的持续反应数、持续错误数显著相关。结论：精神分裂症的认知功能损害是原发性的,并不是在阳性、阴性症状基础上产生的。     

A preliminary investigation into the effects of antipsychotics on sub-chronic phencyclidine-induced deficits in attentional set-shifting in female rats

RATIONALE: The NMDA receptor antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP), has been shown to induce symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia. A loss in executive function and the ability to shift attention between stimulus dimensions is impaired in schizophrenia; this can be assessed in rodents by the perceptual attentional set-shifting task. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the deficits induced by sub-chronic PCP in attentional set-shifting could be reversed by sub-chronic administration of clozapine, risperidone or haloperidol. METHODS: Adult female hooded-Lister rats received sub-chronic PCP (2 mg/kg) or vehicle (1 ml/kg) i.p. twice daily for 7 days, followed by a 7-day washout period. PCP-treated rats then received clozapine, risperidone, haloperidol or vehicle once daily for 7 days and were then tested in the perceptual set-shifting task. RESULTS: PCP significantly (p<0.01) increased the number of trials to reach criterion in the EDS phase when compared to vehicle and this deficit was significantly (p<0.01) attenuated by sub-chronic clozapine (2.5 mg/kg) and risperidone (0.2 mg/kg), but not by sub-chronic haloperidol treatment (0.05 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS: These data show that sub-chronic PCP produced a robust deficit within the EDS phase in the attentional set-shifting task, in female rats. Atypical antipsychotics, clozapine and risperidone, but not the classical agent, haloperidol, significantly improved the PCP-induced cognitive deficit.     

利培酮与氯氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能影响的对照研究

目的：观察利培酮与氯氮平对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法：将80例精神分裂症住院患者随机分为两组,并分别予以利培酮与氯氮平治疗12周,于入组前及治疗结束时测查威斯康星卡片分类测验,韦氏记忆测验,阳性和阴性症状量表,并与正常人比较,借以分析两药对认知功能的影响。结果：两组间在威斯康星卡片分类测验,韦氏记忆测验,阳性和阴性症状量表中的认知因子分上并无显著性差异,治疗前后比较利培酮组（40例）在记忆,阳性和阴性症状量表中的认知因子分及威斯康星卡片分类测验中的完成分类数和概念的水平,其百分数有显著差异,而氯氮平组（33例）仅在阳性和阴性症状量表中的认知因子及威斯康星卡片分类测验中的概念水平,其百分数有显著差异,在威斯康星卡片分类测验中完成第一个分类的次数有增加趋势。结论：利培酮对认知功能障碍的治疗作用优于氯氮平。     

Comparative effects of risperidone and olanzapine on cognition in elderly patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of risperidone and olanzapine on cognitive functioning in elderly patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. METHOD: One hundred seventy-six elderly inpatients and outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were enrolled in this multicenter, double-blind trial. After their antipsychotic medications were tapered for 1 week, patients were randomly assigned to receive either risperidone 1 to 3 mg/day or olanzapine 5 to 20 mg/day for 8 weeks. Performance on the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), Serial Verbal Learning Test (SVLT), TMT (Trail Making Test) Parts A and B, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and Verbal Fluency Examinations (VFE) was assessed at baseline and at end point. RESULTS: Patients in the risperidone group had improved scores on at least one test of attention, memory, executive function, and verbal fluency, and those in the olanzapine group had improved scores on at least one test of attention and memory function. Scores on the TMT Part B, WCST total errors (executive function domain), and the VFE improved significantly from baseline in the risperidone group but not in the olanzapine group. No significant differences in change scores between the two groups were found. Higher baseline scores on each test predicted more improvement at endpoint. CONCLUSIONS: Low doses of risperidone and olanzapine improve cognitive function in elderly patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Consistent with research in younger populations, these improvements occur in aspects of cognitive functioning related to functional outcome.