氟西汀合并奥氮平治疗难治性抑郁症对照研究

目的探讨小剂量奥氮平合并氟西汀治疗难治性抑郁症的疗效和不良反应。方法将74例难治性抑郁症患者随机分为2组,研究组在氟西汀(20mg/d)治疗的同时合并应用奥氮平(5~10mg/d);对照组仅用氟西汀(20mg/d)治疗,两组作4周的持续治疗观察,于入组前及入组后第1、2、4周末分别用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)及副反应量表进行评定。结果两组在治疗后第2、4周末,HAMD、HAMA总分及减分率的差异有统计学意义,两组间有效率的差异也有统计学意义。研究组和对照组分别有48.5%和38.9%出现不良反应,差异无统计学意义。结论小剂量奥氮平在难治性抑郁症的治疗中有增效作用,优于单用氟西汀,且安全性较好,在临床上可以作为治疗难治性抑郁症的一个备选方案。     

阿立哌唑合并氟西汀治疗难治性抑郁症

目的：探讨阿立哌唑合并氟西汀治疗难治性抑郁症的效果。方法：将56例难治性抑郁症患者随机分成两组，分别给予阿立哌唑合并氟西汀（合用组）与单用氟西汀（单用组）治疗12周，以汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）和汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评定临床疗效，以治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）和相关检查评定不良反应。结果：治疗结束时两组HAMD和HAMA的评分均显着降低，以合用组疗效显著较好而快。结论：阿立哌唑合并氟西汀治疗难治性抑郁症的疗效优于单用氟西汀，且耐受性好。     

齐拉西酮对难治性抑郁症的辅助治疗作用

目的:探讨氟西汀联合齐拉西酮治疗难治性抑郁症的疗效和安全性. 方法:76例难治性抑郁症患者随机分为合用组(氟西汀联合齐拉西酮)39例,单用组(单用氟西汀)37例.疗程8周.于治疗前及治疗2、4、8周分别用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)及治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应. 结果:两组HAMD、HAMA评分较治疗前均显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),以合用组在治疗各周降分更为明显(P<0.05或P<0.01).两组药物不良反应相仿. 结论:氟西汀联合齐拉西酮治疗难治性抑郁症的疗效明显优于单用氟西汀,安全性较高.     

是否合用奎硫平对抑郁症的疗效比较

目的:探讨奎硫平联合氟西汀治疗抑郁症的效果.方法:随机将33例抑郁症患者分成两组,分别给予氟西汀或氟西汀合并奎硫平,治疗6周.以汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)及汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)观察疗效,副反应量表(TESS)观察不良反应.结果:两组间HAMD和HAMA于第1、2、6周末减分率比较均以合用组显著较大.TESS各周评分差异无显著性.结论:奎硫平合并氟西汀治疗抑郁症的疗效优于单纯使用氟西汀,且耐受性好.     

噻奈普汀与氟西汀治疗抑郁症疗效与安全性的多中心开放研究

目的　验证噻奈普汀治疗抑郁症的疗效和安全性。方法　对 2 6 4例患者进行噻奈普汀和氟西汀的多中心开放、对照治疗 ,其中噻奈普汀组 14 4例 (37 5mg/d) ,氟西汀组 12 0例 (2 0mg/d) ,治疗 6周。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表 (HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表 (HAMA)、临床总体评价量表 (CGI)评定临床疗效 ,采用需要处理的不良反应量表 (TESS)评定安全性。结果　噻奈普汀组治疗和氟西汀组总有效率分别为 79 9%和 71 5 % ,两组无显著差异 (χ2 =2 4 1,P≥ 0 0 5 )。起效时间均在两周末。噻奈普汀在治疗 2、4、6周时的HAMD、HAMA减分率均高于氟西汀组 ,并有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。噻奈普汀组不良反应主要有口干、入睡困难、胃肠道不适、头痛、便秘等 ,不良反应较氟西汀少而轻。结论　噻奈普汀对抑郁症具有良好的疗效和安全性 ,且其安全性优于氟西汀。     

氟西汀合并丁螺环酮治疗抑郁症的对照研究

目的　探讨氟西汀合并丁螺环酮治疗抑郁症的有效性及可行性。方法　采用随机对照研究方法 ,入组病例符合CCMD 2 R抑郁症的诊断标准 ,氟西汀合并丁螺环酮 30例为研究组 ,单用氟西汀 30例为对照组 ,用HAMD、HAMA、TESS量表评价疗效及副反应。结果　研究组HAMD减分率自第 2周末开始明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,HAMA减分率自第 1周末即显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,显效率 80 % ,有效率93 3%均高于对照组 ,副反应评分 ,研究组则高于对照组 ,尤其是第 1周明显 ,但无严重副反应 ,不影响治疗。结论　氟西汀合并丁螺环酮治疗抑郁症效果好 ,起效快 ,是可行的治疗方法 ,副作用不影响治疗     

帕罗西汀和氟西汀治疗伴焦虑症状抑郁症的疗效对照分析

目的　比较帕罗西汀和氟西汀治疗伴焦虑症状的抑郁症的临床疗效及副反应。方法　符合CCMD - 3抑郁症的诊断标准 ,并且汉密尔顿焦虑量表评分 >14分的门诊及住院患者 5 8例 ,随机分为两组 ,为期 6周的治疗 ,于治疗前及治疗后第 1、2、4、6周末用汉密尔顿抑郁量表 (HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表 (HAMA)评定疗效 ,以不良反应症状量表 (TESS)观察副作用。结果　帕罗西汀和氟西汀治疗伴焦虑症状的抑郁症的显效率分别为 85 19%和 81 4 8% ,无显著差异。两组的HAMD减分率亦相当 (P >0 0 5 )。两组的HAMA减分率有显著差异 (P <0 0 5 )。两组的副反应相当 ,且均较轻。结论　帕罗西汀和氟西汀对伴焦虑症状的抑郁症的疗效均显著 ,抗抑郁效果两药相当 ,抗焦虑效果前者优于后者。两者副反应均较轻。     

氟西汀合并多塞平治疗抑郁症的疗效对照研究

目的 评价氟西汀合并多塞平治疗抑郁症的疗效及安全性.方法 将52例符合CCMD-3诊断标准的抑郁症患者随机分为研究组和对照组.研究组在常规给予氟西汀治疗的基础上,合并小剂量的多塞平治疗;对照组则仅给予氟西汀治疗.疗程6周.采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）及不良反应量表（TESS）评定疗效及不良反应.结果 两组疗效相当（P＞0.05）,即研究组显效率为80.8%,对照组为73.1%;但在第1及第2周末研究组HAMD评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）;治疗后各周研究组HAMA评分均显著低于对照组;TESS评分两组间无显著性差异.结论 氟西汀合并小剂量多塞平治疗抑郁症起效快,能显著改善患者伴发的焦虑症状,安全性亦高.     

氟西汀合并利培酮治疗难治性抑郁症的对照研究

目的 探讨氟西汀合并利培酮治疗难治性抑郁症的安全性和疗效.方法 将92例难治性抑郁症患者随机分为两组,研究组采用氟西汀合并利培酮治疗,对照组采用氟西汀治疗,分别在治疗后第2、4、8、12周末,评定汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和临床总体印象量表(CGI),同时采用Asberg抗抑郁剂副反应量表评定两组药物的副反应.结果 根据HAMD评分,两组8周末减分率分别为(31.85±12.78)、(19.00±11.88),两组12周末减分率分别为(48.46±20.75)、(29.54±16.85),两组间差异均具有显著性意义(P＜0.05).根据CGI评分,两组8周末评分分别为(2.31±0.95)、(3.15±1.06),两组12周末评分分别为(2.00±1.00)、(2.92±1.19),两组间差异具有显著性意义(P＜0.05).药物副反应两组间无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 氟西汀联合利培酮治疗难治性抑郁症的疗效好,副反应无明显增加.     

度洛西汀合并认知治疗对更年期女性抑郁症患者的疗效比较

目的评价度洛西汀合并认知治疗对更年期女性抑郁症患者的疗效和安全性。方法采用数字随机法将符合ICD-10诊断标准的60例更年期抑郁症患者分为研究组和对照组,各30例。研究组给予度洛西汀合并认知治疗,对照组单用度洛西汀治疗,疗程8周。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD),汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评定疗效,副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果两组治疗8周后HAMD、HAMA评分与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),研究组在1、2、4、8周末HAMD、HAMA评分与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01),减分率均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论度洛西汀合并认知治疗对更年期女性抑郁症患者疗效优于单用度洛西汀。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]