软腭平面手术联合舌骨悬吊术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征效果的Meta分析

目的 系统评价软腭平面手术联合舌骨悬吊术治疗伴有舌平面阻塞的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征( OSAS )患者的疗效。 方法 采用计算机检索维普、中国知网和Pubmed数据库,按纳入与排除标准选择文献,根据MINORS评价条目评价文献质量,最后提取数据进行定性描述,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。 结果 共纳入13项研究,共310例患者。病情均为中至重度,随访时间均≥3个月。所选取病例11项为自身前后对照病例,2项为随机对照研究。按照MINORS评价条目评分,2项为低质量研究(总分0~12分),2项为高质量研究(总分19~24分),余下9项为中质量研究(总分13~18分)。11项研究分析了术后呼吸暂停指数(AHI)变化,漏斗图示2项研究位于漏斗底部、不对称,提示存在发表偏倚。2项研究分析了呼吸紊乱指数(RDI)变化。13项研究分析了最低动脉血氧饱和度(LSaO₂),漏斗图示4篇文献位于漏斗底部、不对称,提示存在发表偏倚。术后AHI、RDI、LSaO₂均较术前改善,AHI 总效应量为45.61,95% CI( 42.48,48.73),P<0.001;RDI总效应量为35.26, 95% CI( 22.47,48.04),P<0.001;LSaO₂总效应量为-20.16,95% CI(-24.99,-15.33),P<0.001。Meta分析异质性较高,依次逐个剔除纳入研究进行敏感性分析时,剔除林凌等研究后异质性降低,其他文献则无实质性改变。 结论 软腭平面手术联合舌骨悬吊术治疗OSAS的研究多为自身前后对照病例,样本量少,质量中等居多;软腭平面手术联合舌骨悬吊术可显著降低伴有舌平面阻塞的OSAS患者的AHI、RDI及提高LSaO₂,但需更多证据证实手术效果。     

舌骨位置与舌后气道最小截面积及阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征严重程度的相关性分析

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者舌骨位置与舌后气道最小截面积及疾病严重程度的相关性。方法 经多道睡眠监测(Polysomnography, PSG)确诊的成人OSAHS患者57例,以呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)作为病情严重程度的指标。取仰卧、法兰克福平面(FH)垂直于地面体位,平静呼吸时行上气道64排CT扫描。应用计算机三维重建技术,重建矢状位及横断位图像。通过矢状位图像,测量舌骨与下颌平面的夹角α,并以其作为反映舌骨上下位置的指标;测量舌骨与下颌骨前后距离的比值R,并以其作为反映舌骨前后位置的指标。通过横断位图像,测量舌后气道截面积s。应用统计分析软件将代表舌骨位置的指标α、R与舌后气道最小截面积s以及AHI等指标分别进行相关性分析。结果 57例中,舌骨下颌平面夹角α与AHI呈正相关（R=0.305,P=0.021）;舌骨与下颌骨前后距离比值R与AHI无相关。反映舌骨位置的指标α、R均与舌后气道截面积s无相关。结论 随着OSAHS患者病情的加重,舌骨位置表现为下移的趋势。OSAHS患者口底区域的脂肪等软组织的堆积挤压、颏舌肌等舌骨相关肌肉的功能减退为舌骨位置下移的可能原因。但是,在自然状态下,OSAHS患者舌骨位置的改变,并不会导致舌后气道截面积的改变。     

The relationships between cephalometric parameters and severity of obstructive sleep apnea

Objective

To verify the relationships between cephalometric parameters and apnea hypopnea index (AHI) in snoring patients in Chiang Mai University Hospital.

Methods

Fifty patients who attend ENT snoring clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University Hospital during 1 October, 2007 to 31 October, 2008 were enrolled. All subsequently underwent overnight polysomnography by SOMNOCHECK^® V2.04 and lateral cephalometric radiographs.

Results

Of the 50 patients, 78% were men (n = 39) and 22% were women (n = 11). Ages ranged from 31 to 65 years. Average apnea hypopnea index (AHI) = 18.4 ± 18.2 events/h. Body mass index (BMI) = 27.2 ± 3.3 kg/m². The mean sella-nasion-subspinale (SNA) = 84.1 ± 4.3°. Sella-nasion-supramental (SNB) = 81.8 ± 3.4°. Posterior airway space (PAS) = 14.9 ± 4.3 mm. Distance between mandibular plane and hyoid (MP-H) = 27.7 ± 5.6 mm. Distance between posterior nasal spine and tip of soft palate (PNS-P) = 42.5 ± 5.4 mm. Using Pearson's correlation analysis of BMI, the cephalometric parameters from all subjects with AHI revealed BMI, PAS and MP-H had significant correlation with AHI; p = 0.009, p = 0.003, and p = 0.005, respectively. BMI, MP-H, and PAS were correlated with AHI. The multiple regression model for the effects of BMI, PAS, and MP-H on AHI is AHI = 2.090(BMI) − 1.953(PAS) + 1.1333(MP-H) − 40.54.

Conclusion

The model seems to be useful as a screening tool to assess the severity of obstructive sleep apnea in snoring patients.     

Cephalometric evaluation of facial pattern and hyoid bone position in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Objectives

To assess the development of face and hyoid bone in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) through lateral cephalometries.

Materials and methods

Children aged 7-10 years with mixed dentition and with no previous otorhinolaryngologic, orthodontic or speech therapy treatments were studied. Twenty nasal breathers were compared to 20 mouth breathing children diagnosed as OSAS patients. All children underwent otorhinolaryngologic evaluation and cephalometries; children with OSAS also underwent nocturnal polysomnography in a sleep laboratory.

Results

Children with OSAS presented increase in total and lower anterior heights of the face when compared to nasal breathers. In addition, children with OSAS presented a significantly more anterior and inferior position of the hyoid bone than nasal breathers. No significant differences in upper, anterior or posterior heights of the face were observed between groups.

Conclusion

The results suggest that there are evident and early changes in facial growth and development among children with OSAS, characterized by increased total and inferior anterior heights of the face, as well as more anterior and inferior position of the hyoid bone.     

舌骨悬吊联合悬雍垂腭咽成型手术的生活质量调查

目的 探讨舌骨悬吊联合腭咽成型手术(UPPP)治疗重症睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的手术方法和效果。方法 对21例符合重症OSAHS标准的患者进行了改良的UPPP+舌骨悬吊术,进行随访及对照手术前后睡眠呼吸监测结果、EPworth嗜睡量表评定和Berlin睡眠质量评估问卷调查。结果 21例术后6个月、12个月两项睡眠监测指标均较手术前有明显改变（P<0.01）; EPworth嗜睡量表评分平均值分别为6.71和7.24,均较术前（16.57±1.80）明显降低（P<0.01）; Berlin睡眠质量评估问卷评分平均值分别为5.57和6.14,均较术前（8.48±1.69）明显降低（P<0.01）。手术后打鼾症状明显减轻或消失,呼吸暂停次数明显减少,白天嗜睡消失或基本消失,精力充沛。根据疗效评定标准确定,术后6个月及12个月的有效率分别为100%、 95.24%,但治愈率和显效率的数据有所变化。结论 改良的UPPP+舌骨悬吊术手术方法简单,时间短,花费少,手术效果好,应该选择合适的病例进行治疗,进行临床推广。     

Metabolic alterations in children with obstructive sleep apnea

Importance

The incidence of obesity is rising in the United States and has been linked to Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) even in young children. Understanding the role that obesity and OSA play in alterations in metabolic variables that can lead to serious health issues is essential to the care and counseling of affected children.

Objectives

To evaluate the association of alterations in metabolic variables, including insulin resistance, to OSA in young, obese children.

Design

Retrospective, case-control series.

Setting

Tertiary care children's hospital.

Participants

Obese children aged 2-12 years who had undergone overnight polysomography and routine laboratory testing for lipid levels, fasting glucose, and insulin from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2012 were identified from a TransMed Bio-Integration Suite and Epic's clarity database search.

Results

A total of 76 patients were included for analysis. Forty-three (56.6%) were male, and the mean age was 8.3 ± 2.5 years (range, 2.4–11.9 years). The mean body mass index (BMI) z score was 2.8 ± 0.75 (range, 1.7–6.3), and all patients were obese (BMI z score > 95th percentile). Twenty two patients (28.9%) had an apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) <1/h (no OSA), 27 (35.5%) an AHI≥1 < 5/h, 12 (15.8%) had an AHI ≥5 < 9.99/h, and 15 (19.7%) had an AHI≥10/h. There was no significant difference in total cholesterol, triglycerides, high and low density lipoprotein levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in those patients with or without OSA. Fasting insulin, blood glucose, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) were significantly higher in patients with OSA compared to those with no OSA (p < 0.01). AHI correlated to alterations in insulin as well as glucose homeostasis on multivariate analysis. Results from logistic regression analysis showed that fasting insulin (p < 0.01), and HOMA (p < 0.01) predicted severe OSA independent of age, gender, and BMI z score in these patients.

Conclusion

Metabolic alterations in glucose and insulin levels, known to be associated with obesity and increased risk for cardiovascular disease, appear to relate to the severity of OSA in young children.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与肿瘤相关性进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)作为一种世界流行的慢性疾病,近年来其发生率逐年增加。OSA的主要特点是上气道反复塌陷,由此引起反复的呼吸暂停、低通气和频繁血氧饱和度下降,进而引发睡眠片段化、睡眠结构紊乱,患者通常伴有白天嗜睡、注意力不集中等。长期的睡眠片段化和微觉醒状态与许多慢性疾病结局相关,比如高血压、心肌梗死、2型糖尿病、阿尔兹海默病等。另外,OSA还与肿瘤密切相关。随着OSA和低氧血症严重程度的增加,相关的多种肿瘤的发生率与死亡率也增加,如肺癌、乳腺癌、鼻咽癌、前列腺癌、中枢神经系统的肿瘤等。论文对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的概况、与肿瘤相关的统计学证据进行综述,并讨论了OSA与肿瘤相关的分子机制、治疗等方面的内容,旨在为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与肿瘤的相关研究及临床实践提供参考依据,为进一步研究治疗方法提供新思路。     

舌骨甲状软骨悬吊联合悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的 探讨舌骨甲状软骨悬吊联合悬雍垂腭咽成形术(uvulopalatopharyngoplasty,UPPP)治疗重症阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)的手术方法和效果.方法 对69例有舌咽平面和腭咽平面狭窄的重症OSAHS患者[呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hyponea index,AHI)＞30次/h]进行了舌骨甲状软骨悬吊联合悬雍垂腭咽成形术.61例完成术后6个月随访,48例完成术后12个月随访.比较手术前后睡眠呼吸监测结果和Epworth嗜睡量表评分.结果 69例患者手术后打鼾症状减轻或消失.术后6个月18例纤维喉镜观察发现,12例患者的腭咽平面和舌咽平面狭窄减轻,6例没有明显变化,但没有舌根后坠.1年后14例纤维喉镜观察未发现狭窄加重者.以AHI降低幅度≥50%为治疗有效的评定标准,术后6个月和12个月随访,有效率分别为78.7%(48/61)和75.0%(36/48);患者AHI平均值由44.8次/h降至15.1次/h和17.2次/h,最低动脉血氧饱和度平均值由0.512升至0.880和0.730,配对t检验,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01);Epworth嗜睡量表评分平均值分别为6.7和7.2分,均较术前的16.6分明显降低(P值均＜0.01).结论 舌骨甲状软骨悬吊联合悬雍垂腭咽成形术方法简单,时间短,花费少,手术效果满意,适用于腭咽平面和舌咽平面狭窄的OSAHS患者的治疗.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the methodology and therapeutic effect of hyoid suspension in association with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty ( UPPP) in the treatment of severe obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).Methods Sixty-nine patients with severe OSAHS( apnea hyponea index,AHI ＞ 30) were treated with hyoid suspension and UPPP.Sixty-one patients were followed for 6 months (48 of them for 12 months).Polysomnogram (PSG) tests were performed and an Epworth sleepiness scale ( ESS) was recorded preoperatively and postoperatively in these patients.Results After the surgery,the snoring of the patients disappeared or was alleviated to varing degrees.Eighteen patients underwent fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopic examination.Twelve of them showed palatopharyngeal and glossopharyngeal stenosis was improved 6 months after surgery.Six patients showed no change,but had no glossoptosis.Fourteen patients underwent fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopic examination 1 year after surgery,with no recurrence of the stenosis being found.A decrease of 50% in the AHI was considered effective,and in patients the effective rate was 78.7% (48/61 ) 6 months after the operation and 75.0% (36/48) 1 year after the operation.The average AHI decreased from 44.8 to 15.1 and 17.2,and the minimum arterial oxygen saturation average increased from 0.512 to 0.880 and 0.730.Matching t tests were utilized and the results of follow-up indicated that there was a significant improvement in the indexes in those cases which could be followed up ( P ＜ 0.01 ).The average of the ESS was 6.7 six months after operation and 7.2 one year after operation,with a significant decrease compared to the preoperative ( 16.6) data (P ＜0.01).Conclusions Modified hyoid suspension in association with UPPP has the advantage of a simple operation,short hospitalization and less expense,and the effect of the operation was significant.Patients with palatopharyngeal and glossopharyngeal stenosis should be chosen for this operation.     

咽部肌肉和结构与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的关系

上呼吸道包括鼻、咽、喉和胸腔外气管。研究最为关注的是咽部气道,这是阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者睡眠中发生部分或完全性阻塞的部位。在神经调节和化学调节下,咽部气道周围的肌肉可根据需要来调节气道口径和强直度。就睡眠期咽部肌肉和结构相互作用所维持的正常咽部气道,以及可能与睡眠呼吸障碍病理生理学相关的新研究作了阐述。     

Hyoid myotomy and suspension without simultaneous palate or tongue base surgery for obstructive sleep apnea

ObjectiveDetermine the effects of hyoid myotomy and suspension (HMS) without concurrent palatal or tongue base sleep surgery for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).MethodPatients with OSA treated with HMS were identified using CPT code (21685) at an academic and private sleep surgery clinic. Those who underwent concurrent palatal or tongue base sleep surgery were excluded. Outcomes included simultaneous procedures, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), lowest oxyhemoglobin saturation (LSAT), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS).ResultsNineteen patients with OSA underwent HMS without palatal or tongue base sleep surgery. The average age at surgery was (55.3 ± 13.5) years with a majority of patients being male (71%). Concurrent procedures included the following: torus mandibularis excision (n = 1), endoscopic sinus surgery (n = 4), septoplasty (n = 10), inferior turbinate reduction (n = 12), and nasal valve repair (n = 2). AHI improved significantly from (39.7 ± 21.2) events/h to (22.6 ± 22.7) events/h after HMS (P < 0.01), which represented a 43% reduction. LSAT significantly increased from (82.2% ± 9.9%) to (86.6% ± 6.2%), P < 0.01. There was no improvement in ESS after surgery (8.2 ± 4.4) to (8.3 ± 5.2), P = 0.904. A subset of patients with severe OSA (AHI > 30 events/h) had an improvement in AHI from (49.9 ± 16.6) events/h to (29.1 ± 24.9) events/h, P < 0.01.ConclusionHMS without palatal or tongue base sleep surgery improves OSA severity. It can be considered as a valid option in the treatment of OSA in appropriately-selected patients.     

不同性别阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者与上气道影像学相关性的研究

目的探讨上气道影像学在不同性别阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者病情严重程度中的预测作用。方法对163例经多导睡眠监测(PSG)确诊为OSAHS患者(男98例,女65例),行平静呼吸时上气道CT扫描,测量舌骨下缘距下颌骨下缘(颏下点)的垂直距离(D-HM)、舌骨最前点距下颌骨下缘(颏下点)的距离等CT参数,并进行各测量值与睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、最低动脉血氧饱和度(LSaO_2)的相关性分析。结果 (1)AHI。男性患者14.2~52.3次/h,平均(36.22±5.64)次/h;女性患者9.6~46.4次/h,平均(29.38±3.90)次/h;(2)LSaO_2。男性患者48%~79%,平均(63.93%±10.51%);女性患者59%~87%,平均(70.92%±9.17%);(3)各研究平面的最小前后径、左右径及面积与AHI的大小均呈负相关,与LSaO_2呈正相关,且男性OSAHS患者AHI、LSaO_2与腭后区最小截面积相关性更明显(r=-0.441,P0.01),而女性OSAHS患者AHI、LSaO_2与舌后区最小截面积相关性更明显(r=-0.403,P0.01);(4)不同性别之间舌骨下缘距下颌骨下缘(颏下点)的垂直距离(D-HM)、舌骨最前点距下颌骨下缘(颏下点)的距离差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);(5)对部分OSAHS患者行改良UPPP手术,术后3个月,男性OSAHS患者总有效率为84.31%,女性OSAHS患者总有效率为58.06%,CT测量值男性OSAHS患者有4个数值与术前相比有统计学意义,而女性患者有1个数值与术前相比有统计学意义。结论 OSAHS患者上气道CT的测量指标可对OSAHS病情的严重程度有一定预测作用,且不同性别之间的测量数值差异有统计学意义,需根据性别的不同来制定个体化诊疗意见。     

Association of serotonin transporter gene polymorphism with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common condition characterized by repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep and daytime sleepiness. There is genetic predisposition to sleep disorders. Serotonin is involved in the regulation of sleep. The synaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT) is inactivated by presynaptic reuptake, which is mediated by the serotonin transporter. Blockage of the serotonin transporter leads to increased extracellular 5-HT. Polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (STG) leads to alterations in serotonin level and may be important in OSAS. In this study, we aimed to assess the role of STG polymorphism in OSAS. METHODS: Twenty-seven OSAS patients and 162 healthy volunteers were involved in the study. STG polymorphism was investigated using leukocytes obtained from peripheral blood. RESULTS: There was no difference between the genotypes and allele frequencies of the patients and controls regarding VNTR and HTTLPR polymorphisms (P > .05). The VNTR and HTTLPR variants and the frequencies of 12/12, 12/10, L, and S alleles were not significantly different between male and female control subjects (P > .05). The 12/12 and SS genotypes were over-represented in the female patients, whereas 12/10 and LL genotypes were over-represented in the male patients (P < .05). The genotypes 12 to 12 were over-represented in the male controls, whereas the genotypes 12 to 10 and L/S were over-represented in the male patients (P < .05). The alleles 10 and L were more frequent in the male patients than male controls (P < .05). The genotypes of female patients and female controls were not significantly different (P > .05). The allele 10 and L were less frequent in the female patients than female controls with Fisher's exact testing (P < .05). There was no relation between genotypes and clinical data of the patients (P > .05). CONCLUSION: STG polymorphism appears to be associated with the occurrence of OSAS, especially in male patients. Absence of association of between genetic variants and polysomnography findings may suggest that some mechanisms other than STG polymorphism are involved in OSAS pathophysiology. Our results need confirmation in a larger group of patients with OSAS.     

The effect of obstructive sleep apnea surgery on laryngopharyngeal reflux with obstructive sleep apnea

Abstract

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may play a role in the occurrence of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). OSA surgery also may have a significant curative effect on LPR with OSA.

Objectives: To analyze the role of OSA in LPR and the effect of OSA surgery on LPR with OSA.

Methods: Forty-five OSA patients with LPR symptoms were enrolled and were divided into the LPR positive group (RSI > 13) and the LPR suspicious group (1?≤?RSI ≤ 13) based on reflux symptom index (RSI). All the patients underwent OSA surgery. The RSI scores at three different time points postoperatively were compared with that preoperatively.

Results: In the LPR positive and LPR suspicious group, the result revealed that there were significant differences in RSI score between one month, three months, six months after surgery and before surgery (p?<?.001 for all). Moreover, in the LPR positive group, there was a significant difference in RSI score among one month, three months and six months after surgery (p?=?.01).

Conclusions and significance: The effect of OSA on LPR exists and OSA surgery can improve the symptoms of LPR with OSA obviously. For some LPR patients with OSA, the combination therapy of OSA and LPR is needed.     

The role of sleep position in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

We analyzed the role of sleep position in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The polysomnograms of 120 patients with sleep apnea syndrome were analyzed. We associated the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) of the supine position with the AHI of the other positions. Patients were stratified in a group of positional patients (PP) (AHI supine ≥ 2 × AHI other positions) and a group of non-positional patients (NPP). In 55.8% of our patients, OSAS was position dependent. PP patients were significantly (6.7 years) younger. BMI and AHI were higher in the NPP group, but the difference was not significant. Level of obstruction in the upper airway (retropalatinal vs retrolingual vs both levels) as assessed by sleep endoscopy was not significantly different between the two groups. Total sleep time (TST) was equal in both groups, but the average time in supine position was 37 min longer in the PP group. This study confirms the finding that in more than 50% of patients, OSAS is position dependent. Apart from age, no patient characteristics were found indicating the position dependency. Overall AHI does not identify positional OSAS.     

Debates in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea treatment

Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is among the most common sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) diseases in children. Its high prevalence and multiple systemic complications lead to increasing numbers of children and families affected by OSA. Timely diagnosis and effective intervention in children with this condition is extremely important in improving their prognosis. The major approaches in the treatment of OSA in children are to eliminate the causes of upper airway obstruction and prevent and treat complications. Considering the specific individual differences in children's growth and development, as well as the diversity of etiologies in children's OSA, pediatric treatment strategies need to be precise, multidisciplinary, and individualized. First-line clinical treatment consists of surgical (adenotonsillectomy) and non-surgical therapies [including anti-inflammatory medications and non-invasive ventilation (NIV)]. However, a considerable controversy exists concerning the indications, treatment standards, and the evaluation of the efficacy of the aforementioned treatment methods. In this review, reviews and assessment of literature studies and multidisciplinary clinical experience were performed to analyze the application of each treatment and discuss controversial issues and future research directions. We suggest that the above interventions should be tailored to each child's needs, comorbidities, and the availability and expertise of the practitioner. The ideal case is when a multidisciplinary team of doctors together with the patients and their parents, or guardians, have a thorough discussion regarding the benefits and risks of all available treatment options and all agree on an effective treatment plan.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征Repose舌骨悬吊术并发症

目的 评估治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的Repose舌骨悬吊术并发症,并探讨其发生原因及防治措施.方法 2005年6月至2009年7月经多道睡眠监测确诊的OSAHS患者行Repose舌骨悬吊术44例,回顾性分析术中及术后并发症.对主诉吞咽异常者进行饮水试验和X线吞咽动态造影录像检查.结果 术中7例(15.9％)患者钛钉脱落,重新择位再次植入钛钉后没有再脱落;无喉上神经及血管损伤、甲状舌骨膜损伤、舌骨骨折、缝线断裂等其他并发症.所有患者术后出现言语困难、饮食呛咳、吞咽困难、舌体运动受限及口底水肿,多在3d后逐渐缓解;术后没有钛钉脱落、伤口脂肪液化、血肿、感染、异物反应、舌感觉障碍、缝线断裂等并发症.患者随访均超过2年.术后2年以上言语困难发生率为4.5％ (2/44),表现为说话含糊,流利性差;长期吞咽异常发生率为15.9％ (7/44),主要表现为偶有饮水、吃饭呛咳,感觉食物粘在咽喉部吞咽不畅,低头吞咽或感觉食物进入另外的通道.7例吞咽异常患者饮水试验正常,吞咽动作X线动态造影录像检查发现7例均存在舌骨运动减弱和喉头上提幅度减小,没有钡剂吸入气管,其中3例患者存在会厌谷、梨状窝钡剂明显滞留.结论 Repose舌骨悬吊术的大多数并发症都可以被有效避免或在短期内恢复,少数患者术后可存在长期言语含糊和吞咽异常,应引起重视.     

Anatomic measures of upper airway structures in obstructive sleep apnea

ObjectiveDetermine if anatomic dimensions of airway structures are associated with airway obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients.MethodsTwenty-eight subjects with (n = 14) and without (n = 14) OSA as determined by clinical symptoms and sleep studies; volunteer sample. Skeletal and soft tissue dimensions were measured from radiocephalometry and magnetic resonance imaging. The soft palate thickness, mandibular plane-hyoid (MP-H) distance, posterior airway space (PAS) diameters and area, and tongue volume were calculated.ResultsCompared to controls, the OSA group demonstrated a significantly longer MP-H distance (P = 0.009) and shorter nasal PAS diameter (P = 0.02). The PAS area was smaller (P = 0.002) and tongue volume larger in the OSA group (P = 0.004). The MP-H distance, PAS measurements, and tongue volume are of clinical relevance in OSA patients.ConclusionsA long MP-H distance, and small PAS diameters and area are significant anatomic measures in OSA; however the most substantial parameter found was a large tongue volume.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与耳鸣的相关性研究

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)与耳鸣的相关性。方法 选取经多导睡眠监测(PSG)确诊的OSAHS患者71例,根据患者睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)分组,比较各组间耳鸣的发生率及各组间年龄、体质指数(BMI)、血氧饱和度、血压、平均听阈(PTA)的差异。利用多因素Logistic分析患者AHI、BMI、最低血氧饱和度与耳鸣发生的相关性。结果 71例OSAHS患者中,轻度14例,中度16例,重度41例;轻度缺氧41例,中度缺氧18例,重度缺氧12例。无耳鸣者42例,有耳鸣者29例。29例伴有耳鸣患者中,听力损失：轻度9例,中度3例,重度17例,听阈值以4～8 kHz为主。轻、中、重度OSAHS组耳鸣发生率分别为：44.4%(6/14)、58.3%(9/16)、34.1%(14/41)。结论 OSAHS患者更易损伤高频听力,OSAHS患者耳鸣的发生率与其严重程度无关。OSAHS患者耳鸣的发生可能是多种因素共同作用的结果。