阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与夜间咽喉反流的相关性研究

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)与夜间咽喉反流(laryngopharyngeal reflux,LPR)的关系.方法 分析19例OSAHS患者整夜同步多道睡眠监测+咽喉pH监测+食管压力测量数据,研究呼吸紊乱指标、整夜咽喉pH平均值及食管压力指标相关性,并描述每次LPR事件出现时的睡眠周期、体位、食管压力变化以及与呼吸事件的关系.结果 ①19例OSAHS患者中LPR阳性者6例,共记录LPR事件63次;②LPR阳性患者OSAHS严重程度与咽喉pH平均值呈负相关,但未发现反流事件与呼吸事件之间存在明确时间上的一一对应的关系;③LPR阳性组与阴性组患者的食管压(t=3.211,P=0.007)和上食管括约肌压力(t=2.234,P=0.046)差异均有统计学意义;④所有患者整夜咽喉pH平均值与食管压力平均值呈正相关(r=0.592,P=0.033).结论 OSAHS患者严重程度与夜间咽喉部pH值密切相关.OSAHS患者夜间易发生胃食管反流,造成近端食管胃酸暴露增加,进一步增加发生LPR的概率.LPR阳性的OSAHS患者睡眠时静息上食管括约肌压力下降更为明显,可能也是导致反流的另一危险因素.     

胃食管反流与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)是一种由睡眠引起的反复上气道塌陷为特征的常见疾病.胃食管反流(gastroesophagealreflux,GER)为异常胃内容物反流入食管所引起各种症状及食管黏膜损害.很多报道显示OSAHS患者GER发病率明显高于正常人群.故有假设认为,呼吸暂停时跨横膈压力增加,胸廓内负压加大直接导致胃食管反流.但也有研究不支持两者存在因果关系.本文从症状、pH值监测、食管测压、内镜检查及治疗效果等角度研究两者的关系.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与胃食管反流关系的研究

目的 研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)与胃食管反流(gastroesophageal reflux,GER)的关系.方法 76例OSAHS患者行多道睡眠监测及夜间远端食管pH监测.评估OSAHS患者GER的发生率.对其中32例合并GER并适宜手术的OSAHS患者行悬雍垂腭咽成形术等手术治疗,术后6个月复查多道睡眠监测及远端食管pH值,对比术前、术后呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、微觉醒指数(micro-arousal index,MAI)、最低动脉血氧饱和度(lowest SaO2,LSaO2)、远端食管酸化指数(pH index,pHI)及食管酸暴露时间(acid contact time,ACT)百分比,并进行相关性分析.结果 76例OSAHS患者AHI为(38.6±29.5)次/h(x±s,下同),伴发GER 48例(占63.2%).32例合并GER的OSAHS患者术前及术后6个月AHI分别为(51.2±23.1)和(17.3±10.3)次/h;MAI为(38.3±21.4)和(14.5±10.0)次/h;LSaO2为(0.698±0.107)和(0.858±0.076);pHI为(12.5±6.6)和(6.3±4.2)次/h;ACT百分比为(10.3±5.2)%和(4.5±2.9)%,配对t检验差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为10.95、7.82、15.97、6.12、7.62,P值均<0.001).术后较术前AHI、MAI减少值与pHI的减少存在相关性(r值分别为0.775和0.764,P值均<0.001);AHI、MAI改善程度与ACT百分比减少存在相关性(r值分别为0.607和0.730,P值均<0.001).结论 OSAHS患者较易发生夜间GER,对OSAHS的治疗在显著降低AHI、MAI的同时也明显改善了GER,提示夜间胃食管反流的发生与呼吸及睡眠紊乱有关.     

胃食管反流病与咽喉部疾病

胃食管反流病可导致咽喉部损害,成为反流性咽喉炎的发病因素.胃食管反流和阻塞性呼吸暂停可并存,相互影响,在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的病理生理改变中起重要作用.现对胃食管反流病与咽喉炎、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的关系、相关的临床表现、诊断和治疗的研究进展作一综述.     

nCPAP联合抗反流药物治疗OSAHS伴胃食管反流疗效的观察

目的:探讨经鼻持续气道正压通气(nCPAP)联合抗反流药物治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)伴胃食管反流(GER)的疗效。方法:对60例中重度OSAHS伴GER的患者行PSG和24h食管pH同步监测后,随机分为两组,每组30例。对照组每晚给予nCPAP治疗;治疗组在对照组每晚nCPAP治疗基础上联合口服埃索美拉唑40mg/d,枸橼酸莫沙必利5mg,3次/d。两组均于治疗第3、14天观察OSAHS症状及GER症状的改善情况,并于第14天晚重复PSG和24h食管pH同步监测。结果:与对照组相比,治疗组治疗第3天的OSAHS症状改善率及GER症状改善率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),治疗第14天的OSAHS症状改善率及GER症状改善率均无明显提高,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗组第14天所测得的AHI、LSaO2、pH<4时间百分比、最长反流时间、反流次数及DeMeester评分与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:nCPAP是治疗OSAHS伴GER的有效方法,联合使用抗反流药物并不能提高疗效。     

胃食管反流对咽喉反流病患者的食管动力学影响

目的应用高分辨率食管测压的方法,通过与正常人群的比较,探讨胃食管反流对咽喉反流病(laryngopharyngeal reflux disease,LPRD)患者的食管动力学影响。方法将初筛为LPRD的患者进行诊断性治疗,治疗前后均行高分辨率食管测压检测。按胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD)问卷评分标准,分为单纯LPRD组和LPRD伴GERD组。无咽喉不适的健康人群设为对照组。结果确诊为LPRD的患者56例,单纯LPRD组24例,LPRD伴GERD组32例,正常对照组20例。LPRD患者的年龄、性别构成比、BMI指数等较对照组差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),吸烟、饮酒及睡前3小时进食的患者构成比较对照组有统计学差异(P<0.05)。单纯LPRD食管动力参数较对照组均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。LPRD伴GERD组的UESP、LESP、DCI、DL较对照组均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论单纯咽喉反流病无明显食管动力异常,而胃食管反流病能导致咽喉反流病的食管动力障碍,一定程度上提示了单纯咽喉反流病与胃食管反流病存在不同的发病机制。     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与咽喉反流

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征病因复杂,并可导致心血管疾病、神经认知障碍及代谢综合征等并发症,已严重影响儿童的身心健康。咽喉反流性疾病为胃内容物反流至上食管括约肌以上的咽喉部所引起的疾病,这一近来逐渐成为研究新热点的反流性疾病与睡眠呼吸障碍性疾病关系的研究较少。本文就目前研究结果对儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与咽喉反流相关关系进行综述。     

咽喉反流

咽喉反流(laryngopharyngeal reflux,LPR)其定义为胃内容物反流至上食管括约肌(upper esophageal sphincter,UES)以上的咽喉部。病理性咽喉反流可表现为慢性咽喉炎、哮喘及不明原因的胸痛。与耳鼻咽喉科相关的症状包括慢性声嘶、咽异物感、频繁清嗓、慢性咳嗽、吞咽困难及痰液增多等。咽喉反流与消化科常见的胃食管反流(gastroesophageal reflux,GER)存在着较多差异,本文重点介绍咽喉反流的发生机制、诊断及其与咽喉部病变和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)的关系。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与咽喉反流性疾病的相关性研究

目的　探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）与咽喉反流性疾病（laryngophyngeal reflux disease,LPRD）的相关性。方法　回顾性分析2017年3～12月在我科以睡眠打鼾、憋气为主诉就诊,同步行Dx-pH与多道睡眠图监测确诊的成年OSAHS患者的临床资料。结果　92例OSAHS患者中轻度27例,中度33例,重度32例。呼吸暂停低通气指数（27.0±18.1）次/h,最低血氧饱和度81.1%±8.4%。18例（19.6%）患者伴LPRD,10例为直立位反流,2例为卧位反流,6例直立位、卧位均存在反流,其中轻度OSAHS组2例（7.4%）,中度OSAHS组5例（15.2%）,重度OSAHS组11例（34.4%）。三组LPRD患病率有统计学差异（χ2=7.404,P =0.024）。伴LPRD的OSAHS患者呼吸暂停低通气指数[（35.8±17.0）次/h]明显大于不伴LPRD的OSAHS患者[（24.9±17.8）次/h]（t =2.412, P =0.023）,但最低血氧饱和度无统计学差异（79.3%±8.4%vs 81.6%±8.4%）（P＞0.05）。结论　OSAHS与LPRD有一定的共患率,且病情越重,LPRD发病率越高。OSAHS患者伴发的咽喉反流仍以直立位为主。伴LPRD的OSAHS患者呼吸紊乱程度更重。但两种疾病相互影响的具体机制,尚需进一步研究。     

咽喉反流性疾病影响因素研究进展[综述]

咽喉反流性疾病是指胃内容物反流至食管上括约肌以上部位，引起一系列症状和体征的总称。咽喉反流与许多耳鼻咽喉头颈外科疾病密切相关，引起咽喉反流性疾病的症状受多种因素影响，但目前国内外缺乏统一的诊断及治疗标准。本文就咽喉反流性疾病与性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征、幽门螺旋杆菌、胃食管反流病和甲状腺疾病等关系，对近年来咽喉反流性疾病影响因素的研究进展做一综述。     

A Decrease in Maxillary Sinus Pressure,as Seen in Upper Airway Allergy or Infection,Results in an Increase in Upper Airway Nitric Oxide Levels

The paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity via small osties. Ostial occlusion, caused by mucosal swelling, will result in a slowly increasing negative pressure inside the sinus cavity. In parallel, the oxygen content in the sinus will decrease, resulting in the development of relative hypoxia. Hypoxia is a powerful inducer of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and inducible NO synthase has been shown to be present in considerable amounts in the upper airways, including the sinuses. The present study was designed to investigate whether a reduction in sinus pressure would affect upper airway NO production. Thirteen healthy volunteers were investigated. A pressure chamber was used to lower the ambient pressure to-4.9 kPa. NO was sampled from one nostril or via a drainage tube inserted into the maxillary sinus before, during and after the hypobaric exposure. When the pressure was decreased, NO levels increased from 256 &#45 15 to 316 &#45 19 ppb ( n =13, p <0.001). The NO levels remained elevated (282 &#45 21 ppb; p <0.05) when measurements were repeated 20 min after leaving the chamber. The nasal airway resistance (V2 tot ) also increased as a result of the chamber session (from 16 &#45 2° before to 21 &#45 3° after; p <0.05). An increase in NO levels was also found when the experiments were repeated with NO sampled directly from the maxillary sinus (225 &#45 6 before and 265 &#45 9 ppb after; n =6, p <0.001). For control purposes the nasal analyses were repeated again, this time under hyperbaric conditions (+4.9 kPa). This resulted in a slight decrease in the NO levels (from 273 &#45 22 to 241 &#45 17 ppb; n =10, p <0.001), but there was no change in the nasal airway resistance. We conclude that a reduction in sinus pressure, as seen in upper airway allergy or infection, may result in an increase in upper airway NO production.     

A simple objective evaluation and grading for facial paralysis outcomes

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 degrade type IV collagen, which is one of the major components of the basement membrane in normal tissue and expressed in the surroundings of the cancer nest in squamous cell carinoma. The degeneration of type IV collagen is an essential step in the metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs. In this study, we examined MMP-2 and -9 levels of cancer tissue and serum obtained from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in order to evaluate the relationship between the clinicopathologic features and MMPs. We examined the production of MMP-2 and -9 in cancer tissue homogenates of 73 patients who had HNSCC and the serum MMP levels of 16 patients with HNSCC and 8 healthy volunteers. We also studied the localization of MMP-2 in the carcinoma using an immunohistochemical approach. The concentrations of MMP-2 and -9 in the tissue homogenates and serum were measured by means of a sandwich enzyme immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed with monoclonal antibody to MMP-2. The concentration of MMP-2 in the tumor tissue homogenates was unrelated to tumor size, but that in patients with lymph node metastases was significantly higher than in those without lymph node metastases. The concentration of MMP-9 was unrelated to lymph node metastasis and tumor size. The levels of both MMP-2 and -9 in serum were unrelated to lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemistry indicated that MMP-2 was mainly expressed in cancer cells. Because MMP-2 degrades type IV collagen, the level of MMP-2 in carcinomas may be a useful indicator of the degree of invasion and metastasis.     

A case of cortical deafness and anarthria

The nasal epithelium protects the underlying tissue from damage. Epithelial cell growth is controlled by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and is possibly affected by toxic proteins, e.g. eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). The aims of this study were to examine nasal fluid epithelial cell counts and their relations to EGF, eosinophils and ECP in 23 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and 20 healthy controls. Nasal fluid epithelial cell counts were lower in patients than in controls. EGF levels did not differ between patients and controls, and correlated with epithelial cell counts in controls but not in patients. Eosinophils and ECP were higher in patients than in controls, but did not correlate with epithelial cell counts. The role of growth factors, such as EGF, in regulating epithelial cells merits further study.     

Bilateral versus unilateral cochlear implantation in young children

Objectives

To compare the preverbal communication skills of two groups of young implanted children: those with unilateral implantation and those with bilateral implantation.

Material and methods

The study assessed 69 children: 42 unilaterally and 27 bilaterally implanted with age at implantation less than 3 years. The preverbal skills of these children were measured before and 1 year after implantation, using Tait Video Analysis that has been found able to predict later speech outcomes in young implanted children.

Results

Before implantation there was no significant difference between the unilateral group and the bilateral group. There was still no difference at 12 months following implantation where vocal autonomy is concerned, but a strongly significant difference between the groups for vocal turn-taking and non-looking vocal turns, the bilateral group outperforming the unilateral group. Regarding gestural turn-taking and gestural autonomy, there was a strongly significant difference between the two groups at the 12 month interval, and also a difference before implantation for gestural autonomy, the unilateral group having the higher scores. Multiple regression of non-looking vocal turns revealed that 1 year following implantation, bilateral implantation contributed to 51% of the variance (p < 0.0001), after controlling for the influence of age at implantation and length of deafness which did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions

Profoundly deaf bilaterally implanted children are significantly more likely to use vocalisation to communicate, and to use audition when interacting vocally with an adult, compared with unilaterally implanted children. These results are independent of age at implantation and length of deafness.     

Otolaryngologists may not be doing enough to diagnose pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis

Objective

To systematically evaluate the diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis (EE).

Methods

A retrospective review of 657 patients seen at the EE center of a tertiary care children's hospital between 1994 and 2007 was performed. Charts were reviewed for the 144 patients who were also seen by the otolaryngology service.

Results

One hundred forty-four patients received 193 otolaryngology-related diagnoses. Eustachian tube dysfunction (27.5%) and sleep disordered breathing (24.9%) were the most common, followed by dysphagia (13.0%), rhinosinusitis/nasal congestion (9.3%) and airway stenosis (5.2%). Seventy-nine patients (54.9%) had a pre-existing diagnosis of EE at the time of their otolaryngology consultation. Twenty-one patients (14.6%) were referred to the gastroenterology service for evaluation for EE. Forty-four patients (30.5%) remained undiagnosed. Twenty-five of these patients presented with dysphagia, 16 of whom were not previously diagnosed with EE; only 4 of these 16 patients were referred for evaluation for EE. In one case, a child with moderate sized tonsils underwent adenotonsillectomy for dysphagia and failure to thrive; this patient was diagnosed with EE 1 month post-operatively.

Conclusions

Twenty percent of patients with EE may require care by an otolaryngologist for a myriad of complaints. Even experienced pediatric otolaryngologists may not recognize this condition. Otolaryngologists should consider EE in patients presenting with dysphagia. A careful gastroenterology review of symptoms may also allow otolaryngologists to identify EE in patients with allergy mediated nasal complaints, or laryngeal/airway disorders.     

Correction of the Glosso-Larynx and Resultant Positional Changes of the Hyoid Bone and Cranium

In ankyloglossia with deviation of the epiglottis and larynx (ADEL) the tongue is located forward and as a result the epiglottis is elevated and leans towards the mouth. The larynx is also raised and curves ventrally. Various symptoms have been observed as a result of this condition. Correction of the glosso-larynx (CGL) is the operation performed to treat ADEL. The CGL procedure and the results obtained with it are reported in this paper. In addition, we studied the following six parameters using head and neck X-rays before and after CGL (the changes in these parameters as a result of CGL are shown in parentheses): ( i ) the shortest vertical length between the hyoid bone and mandible (+10.3 mm); ( ii ) the vertical length between the hyoid bone and the tangent line of C2-4 (+4.6 mm); ( iii ) the shortest length between the hyoid bone and the chin (+2.9 mm); ( iv ) the angle between the hyoid bone and the tangent line of C2-4 (+3.3°); ( v ) the length of H-M, where H is the intersection of a tangent line of C2-4 and a vertical line from the hyoid bone and M is the intersection of a tangent line of C2-4 and the mandible (+7.4 mm); and ( vi ) the width of the narrowest part of the hypopharynx (+3.0 mm). The changes in all the measured parameters after CGL were significantly different ( p <0.05).     

Autoimmunity in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Possible Role of Anti-endothelial Cell Autoantibodies

In order to verify whether anti-endothelial cell autoantibodies (AECAs) can be used as serological markers of inner ear vasculitis in sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL), 32 patients affected by idiopathic SSHL were investigated. All patients underwent a routine general physical examination and extensive audiovestibular, microbiological and immunological investigations. Fourteen normal subjects without a history of HL, autoimmune or metabolic disease served as controls. Detection of AECAs was performed using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. AECA-positive patients were treated with methylprednisone, while AECA-negative patients were treated with a combined regimen of steroids, plasma expander and aspirin. The average hearing recovery for 5 frequencies (0.25-4 kHz) was analyzed in each subject 1 month after treatment and every 3 months thereafter; median follow-up was 12 months (range 9-18 months). A total of 15/32 patients (46.8%; 11/19 females, 4/13 males) were AECA-positive and thus differed significantly from the normal population in whom only 2/14 tested cases were positive ( p =0.03). Severe hearing loss was associated with being AECA-positive in 8/11 cases. During follow-up, 25/32 patients improved their hearing and 17 of these patients were AECA-negative. The seven cases without hearing improvement were all AECA-positive. In patients with SSHL, immune-mediated vascular damage may have a pathogenetic role and AECAs may represent a serological marker of vasculitis even if they are not inner ear-specific and even if they represent an epi-phenomenon rather than the only cause of SSHL.     

Carcinoma of the Nasopharynx: Analysis of Treatment Results in 91 Patients

The outcome of 91 patients (69 males, 22 females; age range 16-82 years) with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated in our hospital between 1971 and 1999 was evaluated. Factors that appeared to influence prognosis were assessed using the Kaplan -Meier method. The cause-specific cumulative 5-year survival rate for the entire study population was 61.2%. The 1997 International Union Against Cancer classification was used for disease staging. The 5-year survival rates were as follows: 66.7% ( n ¾ 3) for Stage I; 100% ( n ¾ 2) for Stage IIA; 90.9% ( n ¾ 11) for Stage IIB; 78.8% ( n ¾ 25) for Stage III; 53.0% ( n ¾ 29) for Stage IVA; 37.5% ( n ¾ 16) for Stage IVB; and 20.0% ( n ¾ 5) for Stage IVC. The disease-free cumulative 3-year survival rates of the patients classified based on initial therapy were as follows: radiation alone, 50.0% ( n ¾ 28); combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy that included an undefined anti-cancer drug, 67.2% ( n ¾ 39); combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy that included carboplatin (CBDCA), 92.3% ( n ¾ 19). These results showed a statistically significant difference ( p ¾ 0.043; log-rank test). Stage IVC patients were excluded from the analysis. We conclude that combined therapy, including chemotherapy with CBDCA, is necessary for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In terms of radiation therapy, a field covering the bilateral cervical regions seemed to produce favorable results, even if cervical node metastasis was not confirmed by palpation at the first hospital visit.     

Treatment Effects in Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity

A total of 221 patients (155 males, 66 females; stage I, n ¾ 55; stage II, n ¾ 58; stage III, n ¾ 57; stage IV, n ¾ 51) with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity were studied. Tumor localization was as follows: cancer of the tongue, n ¾ 161; cancer of the oral floor, n =28; cancer of the hard palate, n ¾ 12; cancer of the buccal mucosa, n ¾ 11; and cancer of the gingiva, n ¾ 9. In order to compare the effect of different treatments, three major treatment groups were defined, namely a surgery group, a radiotherapy group and a combination treatment group. Five-year cumulative survival rates showed significant differences between stage classifications (stage I=91%, stage II=73%, stage III=63%, stage IV=47%; p <0.01) but not between tumor sites. The 5-year cumulative survival rate was highest for oral floor cancer (80%). In the early-cancer group, the 5-year cumulative survival rate for the surgery group (92%) was significantly higher ( p <0.05) than those for both the radiation (69%) and combination (71%) groups. In the advanced-cancer group, the 5-year cumulative survival rate for the surgery group (74%) was significantly higher ( p <0.05) than those for both the radiation (37%) and combination (51%) groups. No significant difference in regional control rates was observed between the treatment groups. Five-year regional control rates were 86% for cervical untreated patients with T1N0 tumors and 60% for cervical untreated patients with T2N0 tumors. Fourteen N0 cases were treated with neck dissection. Cervical metastasis was found pathologically in 2/14 (14%) of these cases. The 5-year survival rate for patients with cervical recurrences after primary tumor resection was 70% ( n ¾ 15). In contrast, the 5-year survival rate for patients with both primary tumor resection and neck dissection was 74% ( n ¾ 14) but no significant difference was observed between these 2 groups.rate .     

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing?

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing? Regular monitoring and audit of a service are integral to ensuring maintenance of efficiency and standards. This is particularly important where the quality of the service is operator dependent, as is the case in the clinical diagnosis of neck lumps and fine needle aspiration cytology. The one‐stop neck lump clinic has now been running in the department for more than 20 months. A previous article described the results of the first phase audit carried out at 6 months and had identified a waiting time to be seen that was longer than that recommended by the British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists, Head and Neck Surgeons. Measures were implemented to reduce this waiting time and a second audit was carried out after another 10 months with the aims of assessing if modification of the means of referral reduces waiting time and if the outcomes of clinical performance in phase 1 could be maintained or improved. We discuss the results of phase 2 in the audit spiral.