Viral Infections During Pregnancy:The Big Challenge Threatening Maternal and Fetal Health

Viral infections during pregnancy are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes,including maternal and fetal mortality,pregnancy loss,premature labor,and congenital anomalies.Mammalian gestation encounters an immunological paradox wherein the placenta balances the tolerance of an allogeneic fetus with protection against pathogens.Viruses cannot easily transmit from mother to fetus due to physical and immunological barriers at the maternal-fetal interface posing a restricted threat to the fetus and newborns.Despite this,the unknown strategies utilized by certain viruses could weaken the placental barrier to trigger severe maternal and fetal health issues especially through vertical transmission,which was not fully understood until now.In this review,we summarize diverse aspects of the major viral infections relevant to pregnancy,including the characteristics of pathogenesis,related maternal-fetal complications,and the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of vertical transmission.We highlight the fundamental signatures of complex placental defense mechanisms,which will prepare us to fight the next emerging and re-emerging infectious disease in the pregnancy population.     

新生儿肠系膜上动脉综合征二例

例1:患儿女,16 d,因呕吐6 d入院.呕吐发生在喂奶1 h后,每日呕吐4～9次,量较多,为奶汁和黄色胆汁样物质,无腹胀、腹泻,呕吐后饥饿感明显.入院查体:生命体征平稳,体重2 950 g(出生体重3 200 g),腹软、肝脾无肿大、肠鸣正常,心肺、神经系统及其他均无异常.     

儿童青少年自杀及相关问题

郑毅 教授 2000年WHO的资料表明，全球每年约有100万人死于自杀，每40s就有1人死于自杀，每3s就有1人自杀未遂，在所有国家中自杀是15～34岁人群死亡的前3位原因之一。以100000人为单位计算自杀率：美国2000年男性17．1，女性4．0；法国1999年男性26．1，女性9．4；日本2000年男性35．2，女性13．4；中国1999年男性13．0．女性14．8；印度1998年男性12．2，女性9．1；俄罗斯2002年男性69．3，女性11．9。     

出血性休克与脑病综合征4例

1 临床资料 例1,男,9个月,因发热40℃,呕吐、腹泻2d,抽搐12h,收住本院内科病房.查体:嗜睡,面色苍白,反复抽搐,呼吸急促,轻度腹胀;血常规无异常,CRP52mg/L大便黄稀.     

胸腺增生致上腔静脉压迫综合征1例

1 临床资料 患儿,女,9个月,因右眼肿胀4 d,右面部肿胀3 d,右胸壁肿胀0.5 d入院.4 d前患儿被玩具撞伤右眼角处,开始出现右眼睑肿胀、淤血,到本院眼科就诊,诊断:右眼外伤.予局部处理,肿胀逐渐消退.     

深圳地区2004-2006年儿童腹泻病病原体分布情况

目的 探讨深圳地区2004-2006年儿童腹泻病病原体分布情况.方法 收集深圳地区2004年1月-2005年4月腹泻病患儿粪便标本,采用ELISA法检测轮状病毒(RV),2005年5月-2006年12月采用胶体金法检测RV.真菌性腹泻以40倍高倍镜下同时可见菌丝和孢子为实验诊断标准.阿米巴性腹泻以见溶组织内活动性阿米巴原虫(滋养体或包囊)为实验诊断标准.细菌性腹泻(菌痢)以40倍高倍镜下WBC( )以上,同时可见RBC为实验诊断标准.不确定性腹泻为排除以上4种腹泻外的腹泻.结果 RV腹泻主要发生在10月至次年2月,但夏季6-7月也有一个小高峰,共占40.49%;真菌性腹泻无明显季节性,占3.59%;细菌性腹泻明显在每年的6-9月高发,占39.67%;阿米巴性腹泻仅检测到10例,除1例是春末检测出来外,余皆在夏季检出,占0.03%;不确定性腹泻主要发生在12月至次年的3月,占16.24%.腹泻最高发年龄为＞1～2岁,占24.83%(8 287/33 382例),≤6个月组为最低发年龄组,占6.65%(2 217/33 382例).结论 婴幼儿腹泻种类出现明显的感染交叉性、季节交叉性的特点,具有一定的复杂多样性.加强饮食与环境卫生,切断传播途径,提高儿童主动免疫水平是预防急性腹泻的重要环节.     

有氧运动和合理饮食对单纯性肥胖青少年学生体质的影响

目的 探讨有氧运动和合理饮食对肥胖中学生体质的影响.方法 抽取单纯性肥胖中学生60例,采用有氧运动、合理饮食进行为期10个月的减肥活动,有氧运动为每天下午的课外活动,40～60min/次,5～7次/周.参照＜体育测量与评价＞标准对试验对象体质量、腰围、臀围、三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、安静心率、肺活量、血压等指标进行试验前后比较.结果 男学生体质量由(72.68±8.28)kg减少至(69.01±5.01)kg,女学生体质量由(69.11±3.40)kg降低至(65.3±6.31)kg,男、女学生试验前后比较均有显著性差异(Pa＜0.05),除身高外,体质量指数、腰围、臀围、腰/臀围比、三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶试验后与试验前比较均明显降低(Pa＜0.05).男、女学生肺活量和台阶指数较试验前明显升高,分别由(3300±235.46)mL、(2250±23.25)mL和(55.17±6.43)、(54.27±5.32)升高至试验后(3650±226.01)mL、(2550±218.18)mL和(64.16±3.21)、(63.73±8.13)(Pa＜0.05);心率、心功能指数、收缩压、舒张压试验后与试验前比较明显降低(Pa＜0.05).结论 有氧运动和合理饮食具有明显控制体质量、改善肥胖学生的心肺功能的作用.     

病毒性脑炎后岛盖综合征2例报告

例1.患儿女,4岁.主因发热2d,频繁抽搐1d于2004-11-01第1次入院.患儿于2d前出现发热,体温最高38.5℃,伴流涕、咳嗽.1d前出现频繁抽搐,表现为El角歪斜,双眼向上凝视,四肢强直,持续1～2min缓解,共抽搐8～9次.查体:体温38.2℃,脉搏128/min,呼吸26/min,血压90/60mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa).     

褪黑素对哮喘大鼠CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞的影响及抗感染作用

目的 探讨褪黑素(MT)对哮喘大鼠CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞(CD4 CD25 Tr)的影响及抗感染作用.方法 SPF级SD大鼠32只随机分成4组,每组8只.哮喘组:造模第1、7天,大鼠腹腔注射卵清蛋白(OVA)和氢氧化铝混悬液体,第14天,用10g/L的OVA溶液对大鼠进行雾化激发,1次/d,20min/次,连续7d;MT组:致敏、诱导哮喘方法同哮喘组,在每次激发前30min,腹腔注射MT0.1mg/kg;地塞米松组:致敏、诱导哮喘方法同哮喘组,在每次激发前30min,腹腔无菌注射地塞米松0.5mg/kg;对照组:注射、雾化方法同哮喘组,以9g/L盐水替代OVA和氢氧化铝致敏液及雾化液.各组于最后1次雾化激发后取其外周血涂片染色,计数其外周血嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)百分比;收集其肺泡灌洗液(BALF),计数其炎性细胞总数;制作肺组织石蜡切片,HE染色计数其呼吸道周围EOS数目;用免疫增强浊度法检测其血清IgE水平;用流式细胞术检测其外周血CD4 CD25 Tr水平.采用SPSS 10.0软件进行统计学分析.结果 哮喘组外周血CD4 CD25 Tr/CD4 T细胞值与呼吸道周围EOS细胞数呈高度负相关(r=-0.73 P<0.05),与BALF细胞总数亦呈高度负相关(r=-0.78 P<0.05),与血清IgE水平未见显著相关.CD4 CD25 Tr/CD4 T细胞值哮喘组显著高于其他各组(Pa<0.01),其他3组比较,差异无统计学意义(Pa>0.05).MT组呼吸道周围EOS计数、外周血EOS比例、BALF细胞总数及IgE水平显著低于哮喘组(Pa<0.01).结论 CD4 CD25 Tr参与哮喘的发病.MT能显著降低哮喘大鼠CD4 CD25 Tr的数目,对哮喘大鼠CD4 CD25 Tr的调节作用与地塞米松相当,可有效减轻哮喘大鼠呼吸道炎性反应和血清IgE上升水平.     

腹腔镜Palomo手术治疗精索静脉曲张的疗效

目的 通过与儿童精索静脉曲张精索内静脉结扎术比较,探讨儿童精索静脉曲张腹腔镜Palomo手术治疗的效果.方法 收集2000年1月-2007年6月本院收治的8～15岁儿童精索静脉曲张64例(65侧,其中1例为双侧),精索静脉曲张的诊断依据为一般检查能摸到静脉曲张团块, Valsalva试验团块增大,外观血管显露.采用精索内静脉结扎术治疗29例(常规手术组,29侧),平均10.8岁, Valsalva平均分度2.6度;腹腔镜Palomo手术治疗35例(腹腔镜组,36侧),平均12.1岁, Valsalva平均分度2.6度,比较二组患儿手术时间、住院时间、复发率、并发症发生率及术后异常率(复发加并发),以评价二组手术疗效.采用SPSS 11.0软件进行t检验和X2检验.结果 腹腔镜组的平均住院时间(2.7d)与常规手术组比较(5.5d)有统计学差异(P<0.05),腹腔镜组并发症发生率(2.8%)与常规手术组比较(17.2%)有统计学差异(P<0.05).手术时间(腹腔镜组平均37min,常规手术组平均33min)、复发率(腹腔镜组2.8%,常规手术组6.9%),二组间比较均无统计学差异(Pа>0.05).患儿术后异常率(复发加并发)腹腔镜组(5.6%)低于常规手术组(24.1%),二组比较有统计学差异(P<0.05).结论 腹腔镜Palomo手术治疗儿童精索静脉曲张的疗效优于精索内静脉结扎术,并且该手术方法简单易掌握.     

Adenovirus 7a: a community-acquired outbreak in a children's hospital

BACKGROUND: Adenoviruses produce many illnesses in children, particularly respiratory and gastrointestinal disease. The most common adenoviral respiratory infections in children are caused by types 1, 2, 3 and 5. Adenoviruses spread rapidly in closed environments often causing epidemic disease. Serotype 7a has been responsible for outbreaks of respiratory disease in children living in close proximity with one another. This report describes a large community-acquired adenovirus 7a epidemic in hospitalized children. METHODS: Evaluation of all patients with cultures positive for adenovirus from a children's hospital-based virology laboratory during a recognized adenovirus outbreak. All such adenovirus isolates were typed, and patients with adenovirus 7a are described by review of medical records. RESULTS: Between March 1 and July 26, 1997, 47 children admitted to the hospital were identified as infected with adenovirus. Of these 47 patients 26 (55%) were infected with adenovirus 7a. Twenty-four (92%) infections were community-acquired. The age range was 11 days to 10 years with a median of 9.5 months. Twenty-two patients (84%) had respiratory symptoms, and 21 (8%) had fever, making these the most common symptoms. The mean durations of fever and hospitalization were 5.5 and 7 days, respectively. One of 26 patients died. CONCLUSIONS: Adenovirus 7a can cause large community epidemics affecting children. The disease produced by adenovirus 7a in children is almost exclusively of the respiratory tract, and in some individuals it may be very severe and possibly fatal.     

Peritoneal metastasis of a pineoblastoma in a patient with a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt

A 12 years old child had an increase of intra cranial pressure secondary to a large pinealoblastoma. A ventriculo peritoneal shunt procedure was performed followed several days later by a partial resection of the pinealoblastoma. One year later, ultrasound and computed tomography examinations discovered a solid mass in the pelvis. At surgery it appeared to be a metastasis of the pinealoblastoma. It is a very seldom complication of the shunt and various mechanisms are discussed.     

Time for a cool head-neuroprotection becomes a reality

Studies in encephalopathic infants have demonstrated a brief phase of normal cerebral energetics following hypoxia-ischaemia prior to development of delayed energy failure. In experimental models, mild hypothermia has shown a consistent neuroprotective action, although its efficacy is critically dependent on the severity of the primary insult, the delay in initiating cooling, and the duration and depth of hypothermia. Early electroencephalographic assessment of encephalopathic infants has the potential to provide objective information about the preceding insult, aiding the selection of infants for enrollment to clinical trials. Preliminary results from a large randomised trial of selective head cooling suggest that early intervention can lead to significantly improved outcome in a subgroup of encephalopathic infants with intermediate electroencephalographic abnormalities. Further research in established experimental models is essential to improve the identification of suitable infants for treatment, to investigate the importance of variations in regional brain temperature, and to examine the therapeutic potential of hypothermia combined with other neuroprotective agents.