经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗婴幼儿输尿管结石

目的 探讨经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗婴幼儿输尿管结石的可行性和疗效.方法 回顾性分析2008年12月至2010年10月36例41侧婴幼儿输尿管结石采用经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗的临床资料.结果 36例41侧输尿管结石,其中32侧一次入镜碎石成功;8侧采用导丝、输尿管导管、双J管扩张后碎石成功;1侧改经皮肾穿刺钬激光碎石术.所有病例术后均留置双J管1～4周,拔管后2周内复查B超或KUB结石全部排尽,清石率97.6％.7侧合并有输尿管息肉者,息肉切除.发生输尿管口撕裂1例,黏膜下假道2例,留置双J管4周,无输尿管反流和狭窄并发症.1例出现术后发热,经抗感染后体温正常.所有病例术后随访3～24个月未见输尿管狭窄和结石复发.结论 选择合适的输尿管镜,熟炼掌握操作技术,采用经输尿管肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗婴幼儿输尿管结石安全有效.     

Primary versus secondary ureteroscopy for pediatric ureteral stones

ObjectiveTo evaluate the outcome of primary versus secondary ureteroscopy for pediatric ureteral stones.Patients and methodsA retrospective chart review study that included 66 children aged less than 12 years, who were subdivided into two groups: Group A, which included 42 children who had undergone primary ureteroscopy without pre-stenting; and Group B, which included 24 children who had undergone ureteroscopy after ureteric stenting. Kidneys, ureters and bladder radiographs were done on the first postoperative day to assess the degree of stone clearance and stent position.ResultsAge, gender, stone location and stone size were not significantly different between both groups. In Group A, 31 (73.8%) children required ureteric dilation, 13 (31%) had a tight ureter that failed to respond to dilation, 25 (59.5%) displayed complete stone clearance, and of these, 13 (52%) needed postoperative stenting. One child experienced ureteric injury during stone disintegration and was stented for two weeks. Children in Group B experienced a 95.8% complete stone clearance rate, with no ureteric injury reported; postoperative stenting was performed in three (12.5%) children..ConclusionSecondary ureteroscopy is preferable over primary ureteroscopy in pediatric populations because of a significantly lower need for ureteric dilation, shorter procedure time and better stone clearance rate..     

经输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗儿童肾结石和输尿管上段结石

目的 探讨经输尿管软镜钬激光技术治疗儿童肾结石和输尿管上段结石的疗效.方法 回顾性分析47例（52侧）采用经输尿管软镜钬激光技术治疗的上尿路结石患儿临床资料.结果 47例52侧上尿路结石,单用输尿管软镜碎石取石术35例、硬镜＋软镜12例.其中2侧一次入鞘置镜碎石成功;其余采用双J管扩张输尿管后,45侧置入软镜导引鞘成功.45侧置入导引鞘者,39侧一次碎石成功;另外3侧进行了第二次碎石手术;其他3侧未寻及结石,2侧改由MPCNL,1侧观察.5侧导引鞘置入不成功者,其中2侧在斑马导丝引导下置入软镜到肾盂进行碎石成功;另外2例改由微创经皮肾穿刺碎石取石术（MPCNL）,1例失访.共49侧入镜成功并碎石.术后1个月复查B超或CT,46侧结石全部排尽,清石率88.5%（46/52）,3例残留下盏结石,术后2～4周再行软镜碎石取石术,术后1个月复查,结石全部排尽.术后2个月总清石率92.3%（49/52）.本组平均手术时间为 45 min（25~115 min）.术后平均住院时间3 d（2~5 d）,术后出血少,发生输尿管口撕裂1例,无输尿管反流和狭窄.3例出现术后发热.43例术后随访2～24个月,未见输尿管狭窄,1例术后1年结石复发.结论 选择合适的输尿管软镜,熟炼掌握操作技术,采用经输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术,是治疗儿童肾和输尿管上段结石安全有效的方法.     

钬激光微创治疗儿童体外冲击波碎石术后输尿管石街

目的探讨输尿管镜下钬激光（URSHolL）微创技术在处理儿童体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）后长段石街方面的优越性。方法回顾性分析26例儿童肾、输尿管结石患儿在ESWL术后形成输尿管石街改行URSHolL治疗的临床疗效。结果全部病例除2例因输尿管狭窄改行开放手术外，其余病例均在输尿管镜下采用钬激光碎石成功，结石排净率达90％。结论肾、输尿管结石经ESWL治疗后在排石过程中由于部分结石嵌顿或粘附在输尿管黏膜表面易形成石街并发息肉，而儿童由于输尿管本身较细不易排尽结石，应尽早改行URSHolL。采用钬激光碎石术能同时处理息肉和疏通石街，在临床上是一种有效的处理儿童输尿管石街的方法。     

小儿输尿管结石的输尿管镜和ESWL治疗

目的 报告小儿输尿管结石URS和ESWL治疗经验，探讨微创治疗的效果和策略。方法 复习了1988～2003年间65例小儿输尿管结石的治疗和结果，其中22例患儿应用ESWL治疗；43例输昧管中、下段结石和5例上段嵌顿结石FSWL失败者进行了输尿管镜治疗，用APL弹道碎石机或钬激光击碎结石并取出，7例联合ESWL；1例接受了开放手术．结果 22例输尿管上段结石经过29次ESWL治疗，随访3个月，结石完全排空16例，完全排空率为72．7%。43例输尿管中、下段结石和5例上段嵌顿结石ESWI．失败者进行了48次输尿管镜治疗，47次进镜治疗成功。30例下段结石URS治疗均成功；13例中段结石，10例URS取石成功。3例中段结石和4例上段结石联合ESWL碎石均成功，45例术后停留引流管1～4周，随访3个月，结石清除率为979％。1例上段结石入镜失败改行开放手术取石。结论 ESWL仍是输尿管上段结石的首选治疗方法；对输尿管中、下段结石特别是下段结石应用小直径输尿管镜则是安全有效的方法；部分中、上段结石采用URS联合ESWL效果可能更好。     

Experience with ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy in children

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the outcome of ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy (UHLL) in children, taking into consideration different stone locations. Records of 15 children with ureteral calculi managed with UHLL were reviewed. All patients were evaluated with history, clinical, radiological and laboratory assessment prior to treatment. All patients were managed on an outpatient basis. After stone disintegration, if sizable fragments remained, they were retrieved using grasping forceps or stone basket extraction. Patient records were reviewed for age, sex, stone laterality, location, number and size, need for ureteral dilation, stenting and residual fragment extraction. Of the 15 children, 11 were female and 4 were male. Mean age was 8.5 years (age range 2–15 years). There was no significant difference in stone laterality (eight left and seven right ureteral stones). Main presenting symptoms were renal colic, hematuria and urinary tract infection or a combination of these symptoms. The 15 children harbored 15 ureteral stones (range 5–11 mm, mean 7.8 mm) and underwent 15 UHLL procedures. Ureteral dilation was performed in 14 patients using balloon dilators. Stone retrieval was done in all patients. DJ stents were placed at the conclusion of the procedure in 11 patients. Complete stone clearance was achieved at the end of the procedure in all patients (success rate 100%). No complications were encountered during or after the procedure. This study confirms the effectiveness and safety of ureteroscopy and holmium laser in the treatment of ureteral stones in children regardless of stone location.     

Comparison of pneumatic and laser lithotripsy in the treatment of pediatric ureteral stones

ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness and safety of pneumatic and holmium:YAG laser lithotripters in the treatment of pediatric ureterolithiasis.Patients and methodsMedical records of patients treated using pneumatic (PL) (n = 29) or laser (LL) (n = 35) lithotripter between 2009 and 2011 were retrospectively analysed. The patients were evaluated with respect to age, gender, stone size, complications, and stone-free rates 1 month after the operation.ResultsFor the PL and LL groups, mean ages (8.8 ± 3.4 and 8.3 ± 3.5 years), male/female ratios (19:10 and 22:13) and stone locations were similar (p > 0.05). Mean stone sizes were 55.6 mm² and 47.6 mm² in the PL and LL group, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.850). Mean operative times were 20.5 min in the PL group and 25.2 min in the LL group, with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.020). Stone-free rates 1 month after intervention were 79% in the PL group and 97% in the LL group (p = 0.022). Stone migration was detected in the PL group (n = 6) and in the LL group (n = 1). No major complication was found in either group.ConclusionIn the ureteroscopic treatment of pediatric ureterolithiasis, both pneumatic and laser lithotripters are effective and successful. However, laser lithotripsy has a higher stone-free rate and lower complication rate.     

Efficacy of holmium laser combined with transurethral electroic incision in children with urethral stricture

目的 探讨钬激光尿道内切开术联合瘢痕电切术治疗小儿尿道狭窄的疗效及安全性.方法 对2009年4月至2011年4月收治的48例男性尿道狭窄的患儿,进行钬激光尿道内切开术联合瘢痕电切术,年龄2～15岁,平均5.2岁;病程1个月至2年,平均5个月.记录尿失禁、尿外渗及继发出血等并发症发生情况和狭窄复发率,并联合超声尿流率测定评估疗效和进行为期1年随访.结果 患儿手术均顺利,无尿失禁、尿外渗,无继发出血等并发症.拔尿管后2周随访时,最大尿流率和平均尿流率分别为(18.5±4.3)ml/s和(10.4±3.7)ml/s,均显著高于术前(5.2±2.1)ml/s和(3.8±0.7)ml/s,尿流时间为(10.9±4.9)s,显著低于术前(14.6±4.2)s,差异有统计学意义;但8例(16.7％)尿流率测定仍提示尿道梗阻,其中6例进行定期扩张尿道,2例再次钬激光尿道内切开术治疗后定期扩张尿道.共计44例(91.7％)完成1年随访,一次性治愈率达83％.结论 钬激光尿道内切开术联合瘢痕电切术具有微创、术后复发率低的优点,是治疗小儿尿道狭窄安全有效的方法之一;尿流率测定有助于术后早期鉴别再次尿道狭窄患儿.     

气压弹道碎石术治疗小儿输尿管中下段结石的体会

目的 探讨气压弹道碎石术治疗小儿输尿管中下段结石的临床效果及手术技巧.方法 回顾性分析2009年11月至2012年1月间应用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗小儿输尿管中下段结石42例44侧的临床资料.结果 本组有10例经筋膜扩张器扩张输尿管后方顺利置入输尿管镜,除1例Ⅱ期手术,均一次性成功,无1例中转开腹手术.手术时间为20～100 min.所有病例随访1～18个月,未发现大出血、感染、输尿管、尿道狭窄等并发症.结论 适度的筋膜扩张,合适的灌注压等均有利于提高输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术成功率,气压弹道碎石术是小儿输尿管中下段结石的理想治疗方法.     

小儿胃石症的胃镜下钬激光碎石治疗

目的寻求小儿胃石症的有效治疗手段。方法采用钬激光对１２例胃石症患儿进行了胃镜下激光碎石治疗。结果胃石最大者为１２ｃｍ、最小者为２ｃｍ，经１～２次激光碎石治疗，全部患儿均获得治愈，未发生任何术中及术后并发症。结论胃镜下钬激光碎石术是目前治疗小儿胃石症的一种安全、有效的理想技术。     

儿童输尿管肿瘤的诊治分析

目的 总结儿童输尿管肿瘤的病理类型、临床表现、诊断、治疗和预后,提高对该病的认识.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2015年10月我院收治的5例输尿管肿瘤患儿的临床资料,结合文献总结儿童输尿管肿瘤的病理类型、临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后.5例患儿均为男性,输尿管炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤3例,2例以腹痛就诊,分别为6岁和10岁,肿瘤位于输尿管下段,均行输尿管下段肿物切除+输尿管端端(输尿管膀胱)吻合,1例以尿痛并血尿就诊,年龄1岁9月龄,肿物来源于下段输尿管,经输尿管膀胱连接部长入膀胱,继发膀胱输尿管积水,经输尿管和膀胱联合切除肿物+输尿管膀胱再植术.结果 术后随访5~48个月,未见肿瘤复发及转移.恶性横纹肌样瘤1例6岁,以左下腹痛2周就诊,输尿管肿瘤边界不清与腰大肌肉和后腹膜粘连,切除肿物行输尿管端端吻合,术后ICE方案化疗一疗程后局部复发,放弃治疗,术后233d死亡.尤文/原始神经外胚层瘤1例12岁,以右侧腰痛10d就诊,肿瘤位于输尿管髂血管水平,行输尿管肿瘤切除术+输尿管端端吻合术,术后予CAV+IE化疗12个月,随访56个月,未见转移及复发.结论 输尿管肿瘤在儿童发病率极低,文献曾报道的病理类型包括炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤、恶性横纹肌样瘤、尤文/原始神经外胚层瘤、横纹肌肉瘤,术前无特异方法诊断,手术完整切除肿瘤并重建输尿管是治疗的主要方法,确诊需要结合病理检查,根据病理类型决定是否化疗,治疗后均需要长期随访.     

急诊冲击波碎石术治疗小儿绞痛性输尿管结石的临床研究

目的 评价急诊体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)治疗小儿绞痛性输尿管结石之效果.方法 回顾1997年1月至2007年12月32例小儿输尿管结石伴急性肾绞痛的急诊ESWL的治疗资料.结果 1次ESWL 25例;2次ESWL 5例;1例3次ESWL治疗失败后改其他治疗,总结石排净率为96.8%(30/31).首次ESWL治疗后,28例肾绞痛完全缓解(90.3%).ESWL术中,静脉全麻19例,镇静加止痛剂者12例.术后无严重并发症.结论 急诊ESWL治疗小儿绞痛性输尿管结石安全快捷、疗效肯定.     

Application of endoscopic Ho:YAG laser incision technique treating urethral strictures and urethral atresias in pediatric patients

Endoscopic holmium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet (Ho:YAG) laser incision is a new method applied in pediatric urology recent years. To evaluate its therapeutic efficacy on treating the pediatric patients with urethral strictures and urethral atresias, a retrospective study was performed from June 2001 to July 2005 in a total of 28 pediatric patients who underwent endoscopic internal urethrotomy using Ho:YAG laser in our center. In these patients, 25 had urethral strictures and 3 urethral atresias. Follow-up was done ranging from 2 months to 4 years to assess the treatment. Of the 28 patients, 25 (89.3%) have achieved satisfied result without complications following initial incisions. Two patients with urethral atresias and another with long lesion of stricture (> 2 cm) have postoperative stenosis (10.7%). Among the three reoccurred patients, two were successfully reoperated by Ho:YAG laser and open end-to-end anastomosis, respectively. One patient failed to follow-up. With the advantages of safety, efficacy and minimal invasion, endoscopic Ho:YAG laser incision technique could be used as a primary treatment in urethral stricture patients and is worthy to be popularized further in pediatric surgery.