儿童青少年自杀及相关问题

郑毅 教授 2000年WHO的资料表明，全球每年约有100万人死于自杀，每40s就有1人死于自杀，每3s就有1人自杀未遂，在所有国家中自杀是15～34岁人群死亡的前3位原因之一。以100000人为单位计算自杀率：美国2000年男性17．1，女性4．0；法国1999年男性26．1，女性9．4；日本2000年男性35．2，女性13．4；中国1999年男性13．0．女性14．8；印度1998年男性12．2，女性9．1；俄罗斯2002年男性69．3，女性11．9。     

有氧运动和合理饮食对单纯性肥胖青少年学生体质的影响

目的 探讨有氧运动和合理饮食对肥胖中学生体质的影响.方法 抽取单纯性肥胖中学生60例,采用有氧运动、合理饮食进行为期10个月的减肥活动,有氧运动为每天下午的课外活动,40～60min/次,5～7次/周.参照＜体育测量与评价＞标准对试验对象体质量、腰围、臀围、三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、安静心率、肺活量、血压等指标进行试验前后比较.结果 男学生体质量由(72.68±8.28)kg减少至(69.01±5.01)kg,女学生体质量由(69.11±3.40)kg降低至(65.3±6.31)kg,男、女学生试验前后比较均有显著性差异(Pa＜0.05),除身高外,体质量指数、腰围、臀围、腰/臀围比、三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶试验后与试验前比较均明显降低(Pa＜0.05).男、女学生肺活量和台阶指数较试验前明显升高,分别由(3300±235.46)mL、(2250±23.25)mL和(55.17±6.43)、(54.27±5.32)升高至试验后(3650±226.01)mL、(2550±218.18)mL和(64.16±3.21)、(63.73±8.13)(Pa＜0.05);心率、心功能指数、收缩压、舒张压试验后与试验前比较明显降低(Pa＜0.05).结论 有氧运动和合理饮食具有明显控制体质量、改善肥胖学生的心肺功能的作用.     

病毒性脑炎后岛盖综合征2例报告

例1.患儿女,4岁.主因发热2d,频繁抽搐1d于2004-11-01第1次入院.患儿于2d前出现发热,体温最高38.5℃,伴流涕、咳嗽.1d前出现频繁抽搐,表现为El角歪斜,双眼向上凝视,四肢强直,持续1～2min缓解,共抽搐8～9次.查体:体温38.2℃,脉搏128/min,呼吸26/min,血压90/60mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa).     

危重症患儿低钠血症的相关问题

低钠血症是儿科较常见的电解质紊乱,危重患儿低钠血症的发生涉及摄入不足、丢失过多、血管升压素分泌异常、脑耗盐、自由水代谢异常、输入低张液体等多种因素,严重快速发展的低钠血症可危及生命,治疗不及时可导致中枢神经系统后遗症.临床实践中需密切监测危重患儿血钠,鉴别低钠血症的病因,及时正确处理低钠血症.     

发热 血尿 多浆膜腔积液

患儿,男,7岁,2003-04-12因血尿伴尿痛2个月,发热伴面色苍白20d入院.2个月前无诱因出现肉眼血尿并伴排尿时疼痛,不伴水肿,无头痛头晕.偶有腹痛,食欲减退.当地按"肾炎"治疗半个月,用药不详,肉眼血尿消失,仍有镜下血尿.20d前发热,体温37.5℃左右,伴面色苍白且逐渐加重.时有咳嗽,痰中带血.在当地治疗无好转来我院.查体:体温37.7℃,血压90/60mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),发育中等,贫血貌,眼睑无水肿.     

肺动静脉瘘1例报告

1临床资料患儿,男,9.5岁,因反复咯血8d入院。患儿于8d前无明显诱因阵发性干咳后出现咯血,量不详,无咳痰,无胸痛,无呼吸困难,无发热,次日咯血量增多,约100~200mL,为鲜血及暗红色血凝块,咯血时患儿出冷汗,咯血后面色苍白,全身无力,伴胸闷,呼吸困难、烦躁不安,当地医院住院给止血,     

卵巢病变82例的诊断与治疗

目的 总结分析儿童卵巢病变的发病趋势、临床特点及诊治进展.方法 对本院1992年1月-2007年1月收治的82例卵巢病变息儿年龄、是否急诊、居住地、病理及手术方式等进行回顾性分析.结果 女性患儿82例.年龄1 d～14岁,平均年龄6.7岁.急诊入院31例(37.8%),平诊入院51例(62.2%);乡村患儿27例(32.9%),城镇患儿55例(67.1%);非肿瘤性病变45例(54.8%),良性肿瘤性病变31例(37.8%),恶性肿瘤性病变6例(7.4%).其中1992-1996年发病12例(14.6%),1997-2001年24例(29.5%),2002-2007年46例(55.9%).恶性肿瘤6例转内科化疗,性早熟2例保守观察,余74例均治愈.随访54例均无复发.结论 儿童卵巢病变可发生于任何年龄,以急腹症入院较多,城镇发病多于乡村,有逐年上升趋势,病理类型以良性为主,腹腔镜手术有明显优势.     

孤独症神经心理特征和相关脑机制

1 社会脑和心理理论 孤独症(autism)属于广泛性发育障碍(pervasive developmental disorder, PDD)范畴.该症损害人的最基本社会化功能,导致人际沟通障碍和对他人心理活动的认知缺陷.     

婴儿暴发性紫癜1例

患儿男,5月龄,主因"发热3d,四肢出血性皮疹伴水肿、少尿1d"于2006-10-15入院.患儿入院前3d无明显诱因出现发热,当地医院给予静点林可霉素、病毒唑抗感染治疗.入院前1d患儿双下肢出现紫色皮疹,对称性分布.     

单纯性肥胖男童血清瘦素、性激素水平及其对性发育的影响

目的 探讨单纯性肥胖男性儿童血清瘦素、性激素水平及其对性发育的影响.方法 从8～14岁1 208例小学生中筛选出体质量指数(BMI)≥25 kg/m2的42例男童作为肥胖组,选择BMI 14.1～23.0 kg/m2的健康男童32例作为健康对照组,对所入选儿童用ELISA法测定其血清瘦素,放射免疫分析法测定其血清雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)水平,用游标卡尺测量其阴茎长度及睾丸体积.采用SPSS 10.0软件行组间t检验比较二组差异,直线相关分析单纯性肥胖儿童血清瘦素与E2、T的相关性.结果 肥胖组男童血清瘦素为(16.82±11.46)μg/L,较健康对照组(5.43±3.56)μ/L显著增高,二组比较有显著性差异(t=5.419 P<0.01).肥胖组男童血清E2水平为(20.51±16.42)ng/L,较健康对照组[(8.84±4.53)ng/L]显著增高,二组比较有显著性差异(t=3.903 P<0.01).肥胖组男童T水平为(1.64±0.85)μg,/L,低于健康男童[(2.07±0.98)μ/L],二组比较有显著性差异(t=2.018 P<0.05).肥胖组男童阴茎长度为(4.51±1.36)cm,低于健康男童[(5.64±0.99)cm],二组比较有显著性差异(t=3.965 P<0.01).肥胖组男童睾丸体积[(4.21±2.32)cm3]低于健康男童[(7.08±3.76)cm3],二组比较有显著性差异(t=4.043 P<0.01).瘦素与BMI、E2呈正相关(r=0.757,0.266 Pa<0.05),与T呈负相关(r=-0.368 P<0.01).结论 高水平瘦素可能是单纯性肥胖重要的生物学标志之一.单纯性肥胖男童存在性激素代谢紊乱、性发育落后,瘦素可能影响男性肥胖儿童的性发育.     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

alpha -SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE COMPARING HYPOPLASTIC AND NORMAL FETAL LUNGS

We investigated the intra-acinar pulmonary vascular muscularization in the developing human fetal lung between the 17th and 24th gestational weeks, that is, during the canalicular phase of lung development. Fifteen hypoplastic and 25 normal developed lungs were included in this study using monoclonal alpha -smooth muscle (sm) actin antibodies for smooth muscle detection. Computer-aided image analysis was performed for morphometrical measurements and statistical evaluation. Alphasm-actin-immunoreactive intra-acinar vessels down to a luminal diameter of less than 10 mu m were detected in hypoplastic as well as in normally developed lungs. Crucial differences presented as follows: significantly higher density of intra-acinar vessels, especially due to alpha -sm-actin-negative vessels less than 30 mu m in luminal diameter, in the control group; significantly higher alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity per section unit as well as per vessel in the hypoplastic lung group. As suggested by others, alpha-sm-actin-positive cells of the intra-acinar vessel wall in the developing human lung were demonstrated to be smooth muscle cells, their immediate precursors, and pericytes. We conclude that the increased alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity represents muscularization of the vessel wall in functional terms and may be regarded as one structural cause among others for the establishment of persistent fetal circulation in hypoplastic lungs.     

Whole-body mineral measurements in Swedish adolescents at 17 years compared to 15 years of age

Aim: To provide reference data for bone mineral variables in 15- and 17-y-old adolescents and to analyse the relationships between these variables and measures of bone and body size, gender, puberty, growth, various lifestyle and environmental factors and socioeconomic background.

Methods: In the same 321 randomly selected adolescents (147 boys and 174 girls) living in two different regions of Sweden, the total bone mineral content (TBMC), bone area (BA) and total bone mineral density (TBMD) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at ages 15 and 17 y. The effects of bone and body size, gender, growth, sexual maturity, physical activity, region of domicile, social conditions, food habits, smoking and alcohol intake on TBMC and TBMD were examined in multivariate analyses.

Results: In the 15-y-old adolescents, BA, height, gender, physical activity, maturity and weight explained 91% and 48%, of the variance in TBMC and TBMD, respectively. In similar analyses in the 17-y-olds, the corresponding figures were 92% and 62%, respectively, when BA, height, growth, physical activity, gender and region emerged as significant in the model. In all these analyses, BA explained most of the variance in TBMC and TBMD. No significant reduction of variance was found when different measures of social conditions, smoking, food habits, alcohol or dietary intakes of energy, calcium or vitamin D were included in the models. The reason why region of domicile had a significant impact on TBMC in the 17-y-olds is not known. The fact that the normal fluoride concentration in drinking water (1.1 mg/L) is 10 times higher in the region where TBMC was higher than in the other region is an interesting observation.

Conclusion: Almost 90% of the variance in TBMC and 50% of that in TBMD was explained by measures of bone and body size and only a few percent by gender, physical activity, Tanner stage, growth and region of domicile.     

VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS INFECTIONS IN THE PEDIATRIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT PATIENT

Varicella zoster virus (VZV), a member of the human herpesvirus family, causes the clinical syndromes of chickenpox during primary infection and shingles on later reactivation. In immunocompromised patients, including those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, VZV can produce life-threatening infections. The most serious forms of VZV infection involve hematogenous dissemination of the virus to vital organs, such as the lung, brain, and liver. Advances in immunoprophylaxis, antiviral chemotherapy, and vaccine development have provided effective tools to limit the morbidity and mortality previously associated with VZV infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. In this review, we discuss virologic aspects of VZV, pathogenesis of VZV infection, methods of viral diagnosis, clinical manifestations of infection in both normal and immunocompromised patients, and available preventative and therapeutic measures.     

The potential role of rapamycin in pediatric transplantation as observed from adult studies

Although pediatric patient and renal graft survival rates have shown marked improvements during the past decade, the persistent toxicities of immunosuppressive drugs and chronic allograft attrition remain major obstacles in transplant therapy. Results in adult patients suggest that complete steroid withdrawal is possible in the majority of recipients under treatment with a cyclosporin A-rapamycin (CsA RAPA) regimen. Furthermore, preliminary studies suggest that a marked reduction in the dose of CsA may be possible under the umbrella of RAPA coverage. The gain in immunosuppressive efficacy afforded by RAPA has not only been obtained without an increased morbidity owing to infectious or neoplastic causes, but also with the potential for reducing the incidence and/or progression of chronic rejection.     

Génétique des schizophrénies : mise en perspective des schizophrénies à début précoce et autres pathologies du développement

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe brain disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, flat and/or inappropriate affect and cognitive impairment. The lifetime risk is about 0.5% with heritability of 65–85%. The prevalence of early-onset schizophrenia (defined here as before 15 years of age) has not been well studied, but is likely to be 5–10% of all cases. The rarity of early-onset SCZ has made it difficult to study. We focus on genetic studies of adults with schizophrenia, highlighting results for early-onset schizophrenia where available. Prior to the past 5 years, studies failed to find replicable association or linkage between SCZ and specific genes when appropriate statistical corrections for multiple testing were used. Many false positive results were probably reported using the candidate gene approach. Recently, the development of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) “chips” has permitted large genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses that suggest that across all age groups, a proportion of genetic risk can be attributed to a large number of common SNP, each with a very small effect on risk (odds ratios of 1.1 or less). The greatest known genetic effect is conferred by the 1.5–3 Mb 22q.11.2 deletions, which occurs in ∼ 1/4000–1/6000 births with SCZ developing in 20–30% of carriers. Large SNP and aCGH microarray studies have now identified associations between SCZ and other rare, large copy number variations (CNV, insertions and deletions) with high odds ratios (5–10), including deletions of 1q21, 2p16.3 (neurexin-1 gene), 3q29 and 15q13.3, and duplications of 16p11.2. Some of these CNV are also associated with autism or other developmental disorders as well as epilepsy or intellectual deficiency, suggesting some overlap in the mechanisms that contribute to risks of these disorders. Based on preliminary data from larger-scale analyses in progress, approximately 1–2% of cases carry a CNV that has been clearly associated with SCZ (ORs 4–12). Whole exome and genome sequencing studies of large adult samples will be the next steps to identify rarer SCZ-associated mutations, including point mutations and smaller as well as rarer CNV. Genetic findings are beginning to contribute to an understanding of biological mechanisms of SCZ risk and may lead to new approaches to treatment.     

INACTIVATION OF PULMONARY SURFACTANT AND THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE LUNG INJURIES

Inactivation of pulmonary surfactant may be important in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Treatment of surfactant dysfunction by instilling exogenous surfactants may improve gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics. Surfactants used for treatment vary in their attributes and effects, so when various surfactants are considered for therapy, resistance to inactivation is an important consideration. Animal models of acute lung injury exist in which the relative merits of surfactants can be compared. We hypothesize that the surfactants most resistant to inactivation in vitro will be the ones that are most effective in treatment of animal models of acute lung injury. Surfactants with higher concentrations of surfactant proteins (specifically A, B, and C) are more resistant to inactivation. Nonionic polymers mimic surfactant proteins in preventing surfactant inactivation under some conditions. Adding nonionic polymers to surfactant containing minimal amounts of SP-B and SP-C markedly improves lung function of animals with lung injury. Making surfactants more "inactivation-proof" may improve surfactant therapy of acute lung injuries.     

Plasma Proinsulin and C-Peptide Concentrations in Children with Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia

ABSTRACT. Plasma concentrations of proinsulin and C-peptide were measured in five children presenting with svere hypoglycaemia associated with elevated plasma levels of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in order to determine whether the profile of circulating B-cell products related to the underlying pathophysiology of the pancreas. Results were compared with data from 13 normal infants. Four children, three neonates and a nine year old girl, were subjected to partial or total pancreatectomy. The neonates had nesidioblastosis, nesidioblastosis with a microadenoma, and a functional abnormality without histological derangement respectively; the older child had a localised adenoma. The remaining child, a neonate, had transient hypoglycaemia and elevated IRI levels associated with hyperlactataemia and hyperalaninae-mia. All the children had markedly elevated plasma proinsulin concentrations; the highest levels were seen in the child with an isolated adenoma and in the neonate with nesidioblastosis and a microadenoma. Both of these children also had substantially elevated plasma C-peptide concentrations. The remaining three neonates had plasma C-peptide levels, which although in the normal range for normoglycaemia were inappropriately elevated during hypoglycaemia. It is concluded that elevated proinsulin and C-peptide concentrations are seen in children with hypoglycaemia associated with increased plasma IRI levels and that the profile of the concentrations does not provide a reliable marker for the nature of the underlying pancreatic abnormality.     

Growth tracks in early childhood

Aim: Child growth is modulated by numerous factors and, particularly in infancy and early childhood, often tends to follow apparently irregular patterns, with many centiles crossed before the later growth channels are reached. The aim of this study was to visualize the diversity of individual growth. Design: The study investigated 333 girls and 329 boys without chronic illnesses from four paediatric practices in Kiel, Germany. The children were measured on natural     

Residual pulmonary hypertension in children after treatment with inhaled nitric oxide: a follow-up study regarding cardiopulmonary and neurological symptoms

Inhaled nitric oxide is a potent vasodilator in acute severe pulmonary hypertension and is increasingly used as rescue treatment in intensive care algorithms aiming at reducing severe hypoxaemia in neonates and children. Although the immediate effects may seem impressive, longterm outcome regarding residual pulmonary hypertension and other sequelae has been studied in only a very few patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate residual pulmonary hypertension, cardiopulmonary or neurological symptoms in children after treatment with inhaled nitric oxide in severely hypoxaemic and/or pulmonary hypertensive mechanically ventilated children. The study was performed in four paediatric intensive care units in university hospitals in Sweden, Norway and Australia. Patients who had received inhaled nitric oxide as part of their intensive care treatment for severe hypoxaemia and/or pulmonary hypertension, and in whom 6 mo had elapsed since treatment, were included for evaluation. Thus 36 paediatric or neonatal patients were examined for circulatory, respiratory or neurological disorders with clinical examination, echocardiography, chest X-ray and a capillary blood sample. Four patients with congenital heart disease had residual pulmonary hypertension. Nine patients were receiving bronchodilators. Sixteen patients had minor (n = 15) or moderate (n = 1) changes on a chest X-ray. One patient had a possible delay in psychomotor development. Conclusions: In spite of the severity of their primary illness, we found that the overwhelming majority of the surviving children were asymptomatic and doing well. The few residual circulatory and respiratory symptoms could be related to the initial condition.