新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的MRI研究进展

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(hypoxia ischemic encephalopathy,HIE)是指由围生期缺氧窒息导致的脑缺氧缺血性损伤.随着MRI技术的不断发展,MRI不仅能反映新生儿HIE的解剖、病理改变,而且能够反映其早期分子水平和代谢水平的变化,进行HIE病变性质与程度评价,并且无放射性损害,是HIE理想的影像检查方法.该文就近年来MRI在HIE诊断、判断预后等方面应用的研究进展作一综述.     

铁代谢与新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病

铁稳态的维持对机体至关重要,铁承担着氧运输和电子传递,并参与神经递质和髓鞘的合成.近年来大量的研究发现铁在局部沉积将对机体产生毒害作用,特别是铁过剩现象出现在中枢神经系统的组织和细胞,甚至是神经细胞的细胞器内,将导致中枢神经系统发生不可逆转的病理性改变.该文综述了脑缺氧缺血后脑中铁及循环铁的变化,并讨论了铁代谢与新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病发病机制方面的研究进展.     

铁代谢与新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病

铁稳态的维持对机体至关重要,铁承担着氧运输和电子传递,并参与神经递质和髓鞘的合成.近年来大量的研究发现铁在局部沉积将对机体产生毒害作用,特别是铁过剩现象出现在中枢神经系统的组织和细胞,甚至是神经细胞的细胞器内,将导致中枢神经系统发生不可逆转的病理性改变.该文综述了脑缺氧缺血后脑中铁及循环铁的变化,并讨论了铁代谢与新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病发病机制方面的研究进展.     

新生儿胆红素脑病的研究进展

胆红素脑病是新生儿黄疸较严重的合并症,可分为急性胆红素脑病和慢性胆红素脑病,后者又称之为核黄疸。其发生机制目前尚未完全清楚,临床表现不一,但听觉和运动障碍是其主要后遗症。脑干听觉诱发电位的检测对早期诊断核黄疸及筛选感音神经性听力丧失非常有益。胆红素脑病的急性期MRI可显示双侧苍白球对称性T1加权高信号,而慢性期转变为T2加权高信号。磁共振波谱在胆红素脑病中的临床应用价值尚有待研究和证实。     

MRI鉴别新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病与急性胆红素脑病的价值

目的：新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE) 与急性胆红素脑病的脑损害部位、早期临床症状存在相似性,应用影像学方法鉴别两类疾病有一定的临床意义。该文探讨常规磁共振成像（MRI）和扩散加权成像（DWI）鉴别新生儿HIE与急性胆红素脑病的价值。方法：回顾性分析该院2006年11月至2008年6月收治住院的15例伴有基底节累及的HIE新生儿和18例急性胆红素脑病新生儿的常规MRI表现;并进一步分析其中11例HIE及10例急性胆红素脑病患儿的DWI特点。结果：5例HIE患儿T1WI出现苍白球高信号,16例急性胆红素脑病患儿表现为苍白球高信号,HIE患儿苍白球高信号的出现率低于急性胆红素脑病（P<0.01）。9例HIE患儿出现壳核高信号,急性胆红素脑病患儿壳核均无高信号。急性胆红素脑病患儿底丘脑高信号的出现率高于HIE患儿（55.6% vs 13.3%, P<0.05）。HIE组和急性胆红素脑病组分别有8例和2例患儿还出现了脑内其他部位的异常信号（P<0.05）。7例HIE患儿DWI上,基底节出现高信号,而急性胆红素脑病患儿均无基底节异常信号。结论： 常规MRI及DWI有助于鉴别新生儿HIE和急性胆红素脑病。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（3）：181-184］     

磁共振成像对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病预后的早期评估

目的：了解足月新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）的临床特点,探讨头颅磁共振成像对HIE预后的早期评估价值。方法：对近5年收治的348例足月新生儿HIE的临床资料进行回顾性分析,包括病史、临床表现、磁共振检查及随访结果等。结果：足月新生儿HIE占同期收治新生儿总数的8.25%,76.2%患儿由出生时窒息引起,其中轻度窒息占59.2%,重度窒息占40.8%。总的预后不良率为10.1%,其中重度脑病的预后不良率27.3%, 中度为10.0%, 轻度为1.5%。磁共振表现为弥漫性脑实质出血与脑梗死、基底节与内囊损伤、细胞毒性脑水肿时重度、中度、轻度脑病患儿的预后不良率分别是100%, 87.5%, 81.8%。结论：HIE仍是新生儿常见疾病,可导致死亡或遗留伤残;其中轻度窒息所占比例大,应引起重视。磁共振成像对预后具有早期判断价值,当出现弥漫性脑实质出血与脑梗死、基底节与内囊损伤、细胞毒性脑水肿时预后可能不良,尤其当两种或以上异常同时存在时。［中国当代儿科杂志,2007,9（5）：407-410］     

新生儿串联质谱遗传代谢病筛查结果判读

遗传代谢病是由于基因缺陷导致体内某些物质代谢障碍,病种繁多,可累及多系统,临床表现无特异性。如未早期诊断和干预,总体预后差。串联质谱可检测血中的氨基酸和肉碱,是诊断氨基酸、有机酸、脂肪酸代谢病的有效手段,近年来被越来越广泛地应用于新生儿疾病筛查,大大有利于遗传代谢病的早期诊断。文章对新生儿串联质谱遗传代谢病筛查结果的判读进行介绍。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病磁共振诊断与损伤类型的分类建议

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)有比较统一的临床诊断与分度标准,但是符合相同诊断标准的窒息所致HIE的临床表现、神经病理损伤类型有很大差异。磁共振成像(MRI)能很好地呈现HIE损伤类型、损伤进程,且与其远期神经发育结局密切相关,但不同MRI检查序列所反映的损伤表现可能不尽相同。弥散加权序列适宜的检查时间为出生后2~4 d,常规序列为出生后的4~8 d。HIE的MRI主要损伤类型有丘脑基底节+内囊后肢损伤、分水岭样损伤累及皮层和皮层下白质、局灶-多灶性微小性白质损伤,以及广泛全脑性损伤。严重的急性产时窒息易导致深部灰质损伤(丘脑基底节),也可累及脑干,锥体束是最易受累的白质纤维束,而反复间断性缺氧缺血以及伴有感染、低血糖等易导致分水岭区和深部白质损伤。但上述损伤类型有时很难明确区分,而是以某一类型为主,并非所有HIE都有特征性的MRI表现。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病研究进展

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)发生机制关键是二次能量衰竭,目前,人们利用电生理学、细胞生理学和影像学等手段寻找能量衰竭过程中的特征性标志物,为其诊断、预后提供依据.HIE临床治疗方法多样,其中,亚低温治疗应注意治疗时问窗的选择,而高压氧、神经保护剂、神经干细胞移植等疗效尚需进一步的临床验证.     

新生儿遗传代谢病筛查阳性及确诊患者的管理

新生儿遗传代谢病筛查是出生缺陷防控的第三级防御措施,随着我国各地筛查率不断提高,如何提高筛查阳性召回率及保证确诊患儿规范管理的问题突显。文章将针对筛查阳性及确诊病例管理中可能存在的诸多难点提出建议对策,旨在进一步提高我国新生儿遗传代谢病规范筛诊治质量,真正体现新生儿疾病筛查与诊治并重。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病脑电背景演变与脑损伤程度的相关性研究

目的 探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy,HIE)患儿脑电图(electroencephalogram,EEG)背景演变与脑损伤程度之间的相关性.方法 回顾性研究56例确诊为HIE并完善了连续视频脑电监测(continuous video electroenceph...     

Cooling in mild encephalopathy: Costs and perils of therapeutic creep

Increasing confidence in therapeutic hypothermia and ambiguity of cooling guidelines has led to many clinicians extending its use to untested populations like mild encephalopathy, or even no encephalopathy. Poor quality clinical neurological examination for encephalopathy staging coupled with a fear of litigation if a baby with mild encephalopathy progress to moderate or severe encephalopathy appears to be the primary driver for this therapeutic creep. Recent data suggesting increased apoptosis with cooling uninjured brains, and lack of hypothermic neuroprotection in partial prolonged hypoxia, implies that such therapeutic creeps may cause more harm than benefit. Currently available preclinical and clinical data do not support the clinical use of therapeutic hypothermia for mild encephalopathy, although phase II clinical trials are ongoing. We recommend that until further evidence from adequately powered randomised controlled trials are available, cooling in mild encephalopathy need to be considered experimental and parental consent should be obtained before providing this therapy.     

Microdialysis for metabolic monitoring in neonates after surgery

Microdialysis is a new method for continuous metabolic monitoring. We studied the possibility of using microdialysis in neonates treated in a paediatric intensive care unit after surgery. A microdialysis catheter was inserted in the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in 14 neonates for a median of 93 h (range 24–106h). In four neonates, two microdialysis catheters were used simultaneously. Samples were taken hourly for analysis of glucose, lactate and glycerol. Dialysate and blood concentrations were compared. Serum/whole blood glucose values ( n = 68) were in the range 2.1–15.4 mM. The serum glucose levels showed good agreement with the dialysate concentrations of glucose, although these infants were subjected to various forms of stress, drugs and glucose infusions. The whole blood glucose levels were significantly lower than the dialysate levels. The microdialysis concentrations of glucose varied considerably. As almost identical dialysate glucose levels were found when two microdialysis catheters were used simultaneously, the variability probably reflects true changes in blood glucose levels. Our results indicate that microdialysis can be used in neonates.     

Neuroimaging in the term newborn with neonatal encephalopathy

Neuroimaging is widely used to aid in the diagnosis and clinical management of neonates with neonatal encephalopathy (NE). Yet, despite widespread use clinically, there are few published guidelines on neuroimaging for neonates with NE. This review outlines the primary patterns of brain injury associated with hypoxic-ischemic injury in neonates with NE and their frequency, associated neuropathological features, and risk factors. In addition, it provides an overview of neuroimaging methods, including the most widely used scoring systems used to characterize brain injury in these neonates and their utility as predictive biomarkers. Last, recommendations for neuroimaging in neonates with NE are presented.     

T1WI信号强度与1H MRS在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病诊断中的价值

目的：探讨T1加权的信号强度和氢质子波谱（1H MRS）在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）诊断中的价值。方法：收集2007年1月至2009年12月西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院新生儿科收治的HIE患儿30名为HIE组,选择该院同期出生的正常足月儿10名为对照组,所有研究对象在出生15 d内行头颅磁共振检查。结果：①HIE组的后外侧豆状核信号强度高于或等于内囊后肢的信号强度,对照组后外侧豆状核信号强度低于内囊后肢的信号强度,信号强度的对比在两组间的差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;②额叶与基底核的乳酸/肌酐、谷氨酸盐/肌酐比值在HIE组中明显升高,二者的比值在两组间的差异有统计学意义（P<0.05 或0.01）。③后外侧豆状核与内囊后肢的信号强度与1H MRS的乳酸/肌酐、谷氨酸盐/肌酐比值呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。结论：MRI中后外侧豆状核与内囊后肢在T1加权上的信号强度对比对新生儿HIE具有较高的诊断价值,其与1H MRS相结合有利于提高HIE诊断准确性。     

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??Abstract??Due to the metabolic disturbance?? hyperammonemia?? hypoglycemia?? metabolic acidosis and energy deficiency usually presented in many kinds of Inborn Errors of Metabolism ??IEM???? which could cause metabolic encephalopathy with poor outcome. The blood and urine samples collected and tested during the acute stage were very important for the early diagnosis and proper treatment. Early initiation of management including supportive therapy?? removal of toxic metabolite?? provision of optimum vitamins and cofactors?? specific drugs and special dietary management?? was critical for increasing the survival rate and decreasing the morbidity.