Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene

OBJECTIVES: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) are ubiquitous toxic environmental contaminants. Prenatal and early life exposures affect pubertal events in experimental animals. We studied whether prenatal or lactational exposures to background levels of PCBs or DDE were associated with altered pubertal growth and development in humans.Study design: Follow-up of 594 children from an existing North Carolina cohort whose prenatal and lactational exposures had previously been measured. Height, weight, and stage of pubertal development were assessed through annual mail questionnaires. RESULTS: Height of boys at puberty increased with transplacental exposure to DDE, as did weight adjusted for height; adjusted means for those with the highest exposures (maternal concentration 4+ ppm fat) were 6.3 cm taller and 6.9 kg larger than those with the lowest (0 to 1 ppm). There was no effect on the ages at which pubertal stages were attained. Lactational exposures to DDE had no apparent effects; neither did transplacental or lactational exposure to PCBs. Girls with the highest transplacental PCB exposures were heavier for their heights than other girls by 5.4 kg, but differences were significant only if the analysis was restricted to white girls. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposures at background levels may affect body size at puberty.     

Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Increasing numbers of obese children and adolescents all over the world demand an investment in the primary and secondary prevention of obesity and overweight in this age group. The goal of preventive measures in children is to avoid the negative short- and long-term health problems associated with obesity. Primary prevention aims at establishing a healthy, active lifestyle and keeping children and adolescents within a range of body weight which is considered to be healthy. Constant availability and affordability of palatable and energy-dense food in the affluent society of the western world demands preventive strategies. Universal or public health prevention seems to be the most suitable form because several other cofactors of morbidity and mortality of affluent societies can also be prevented. However, in most European countries there is a lack of awareness of the necessity of prevention programmes, not only among the general population but also among the medical society. More awareness and consciousness to the problem of obesity must be generated in order to lead to effective therapeutic programmes. For those children and adolescents who are already obese, secondary prevention is mandatory. Therapeutic intervention programmes for the obese aim at long-term weight maintenance and normalisation of body weight and body fat. They have to modify eating and exercise behaviour of the obese child and establish new, healthier behaviour and lifestyle. Treatments programmes must include behavioural components in order to permanently change nutrition and physical exercise of the obese children and adolescents. However, long-term results of treatment programmes in European countries are scarce and the reported results, even of multidisciplinary regimens, are not impressive. CONCLUSION: In most European countries there is an urgent need not only for a growing awareness of the problem of obesity in children and adolescents but also for development of new comprehensive approaches in treating this group.     

促红细胞生成素及其受体与细胞凋亡

促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)是一种糖蛋白激素,FPO受体(EPOR)可在骨髓、心、肾、脑、胰腺、视网膜等多种组织中表达.EPO与EPOR结合后可以通过JAK2、信号传导与转录激活因子5、核因子-κB、Ras-丝裂原活化蛋白激酶、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶、胞外信号调节激酶、bcl-2、一氧化氮、热休克蛋白70等信号传导分子介导发挥抗细胞凋亡作用.EPO可调控红细胞的生成及发挥多功能的内源性保护作用.EPO的抗细胞凋亡及细胞保护的临床应用尚需进一步研究.     

促红细胞生成素及其受体与细胞凋亡

促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)是一种糖蛋白激素,FPO受体(EPOR)可在骨髓、心、肾、脑、胰腺、视网膜等多种组织中表达.EPO与EPOR结合后可以通过JAK2、信号传导与转录激活因子5、核因子-κB、Ras-丝裂原活化蛋白激酶、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶、胞外信号调节激酶、bcl-2、一氧化氮、热休克蛋白70等信号传导分子介导发挥抗细胞凋亡作用.EPO可调控红细胞的生成及发挥多功能的内源性保护作用.EPO的抗细胞凋亡及细胞保护的临床应用尚需进一步研究.     

促红细胞生成素及其受体与细胞凋亡

促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)是一种糖蛋白激素,FPO受体(EPOR)可在骨髓、心、肾、脑、胰腺、视网膜等多种组织中表达.EPO与EPOR结合后可以通过JAK2、信号传导与转录激活因子5、核因子-κB、Ras-丝裂原活化蛋白激酶、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶、胞外信号调节激酶、bcl-2、一氧化氮、热休克蛋白70等信号传导分子介导发挥抗细胞凋亡作用.EPO可调控红细胞的生成及发挥多功能的内源性保护作用.EPO的抗细胞凋亡及细胞保护的临床应用尚需进一步研究.     

Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Increasing numbers of obese children and adolescents all over the world demand an investment in the primary and secondary prevention of obesity and overweight in this age group. The goal of preventive measures in children is to avoid the negative short- and long-term health problems associated with obesity. Primary prevention aims at establishing a healthy, active lifestyle and keeping children and adolescents within a range of body weight which is considered to be healthy. Constant availability and affordability of palatable and energy-dense food in the affluent society of the western world demands preventive strategies. Universal or public health prevention seems to be the most suitable form because several other cofactors of morbidity and mortality of affluent societies can also be prevented. However, in most European countries there is a lack of awareness of the necessity of prevention programmes, not only among the general population but also among the medical society. More awareness and consciousness to the problem of obesity must be generated in order to lead to effective therapeutic programmes. For those children and adolescents who are already obese, secondary prevention is mandatory. Therapeutic intervention programmes for the obese aim at long-term weight maintenance and normalisation of body weight and body fat. They have to modify eating and exercise behaviour of the obese child and establish new, healthier behaviour and lifestyle. Treatments programmes must include behavioural components in order to permanently change nutrition and physical exercise of the obese children and adolescents. However, long-term results of treatment programmes in European countries are scarce and the reported results, even of multidisciplinary regimens, are not impressive. Conclusion In most European countries there is an urgent need not only for a growing awareness of the problem of obesity in children and adolescents but also for development of new comprehensive approaches in treating this group.     

促红细胞生成素及其受体与细胞凋亡

促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)是一种糖蛋白激素,FPO受体(EPOR)可在骨髓、心、肾、脑、胰腺、视网膜等多种组织中表达.EPO与EPOR结合后可以通过JAK2、信号传导与转录激活因子5、核因子-κB、Ras-丝裂原活化蛋白激酶、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶、胞外信号调节激酶、bcl-2、一氧化氮、热休克蛋白70等信号传导分子介导发挥抗细胞凋亡作用.EPO可调控红细胞的生成及发挥多功能的内源性保护作用.EPO的抗细胞凋亡及细胞保护的临床应用尚需进一步研究.     

促红细胞生成素及其受体与细胞凋亡

促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)是一种糖蛋白激素,FPO受体(EPOR)可在骨髓、心、肾、脑、胰腺、视网膜等多种组织中表达.EPO与EPOR结合后可以通过JAK2、信号传导与转录激活因子5、核因子-κB、Ras-丝裂原活化蛋白激酶、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶、胞外信号调节激酶、bcl-2、一氧化氮、热休克蛋白70等信号传导分子介导发挥抗细胞凋亡作用.EPO可调控红细胞的生成及发挥多功能的内源性保护作用.EPO的抗细胞凋亡及细胞保护的临床应用尚需进一步研究.