脑室周围-脑室内出血对早产儿排尿方式的影响

目的 探讨脑室周围-脑室内出血(PIVH)对早产儿排尿方式的影响.方法 31例胎龄在32～36周适于胎龄早产儿分为两组,正常组16例,胎龄(34.2±1.1)周,日龄(11±2)d;PIVH组15例,胎龄(34.1±1.1)周,日龄(11±1)d进行连续8h自由排尿观察,记录每组早产儿在观察时间内的排尿次数、每次排尿量、残余尿量、清醒排尿及间断排尿,对两组早产儿排尿参数进行统计学分析.结果 PIVH组早产儿残余尿量显著高于正常组[(2.4±0.8)ml比(2.0±0.7)ml](P＜0.05),清醒排尿比例显著低于正常组[(35±6)％比(44±8)％](P＜0.05),PIVH组与正常组早产儿在观察时间内的排尿次数[(7.4±1.0)比(7.2±1.0)]、每次排尿量[(15.6±5.7)ml比(16.5±6.0)ml]及间断排尿比例(47％比44％)差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 脑室周围-脑室内出血对32～36周胎龄早产儿残余尿量及排尿时意识状态具有显著影响,提示脑室周围-脑室内出血早产儿排尿方式与正常早产儿存在差异.     

新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎与自发性肠穿孔临床对比分析

目的分析新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)与自发性肠穿孔(SIP)的临床特征。方法回顾分析1996年5月至2016年8月收治的NEC发生肠道穿孔以及同期收治的SIP患儿临床资料,比较两组患儿围生期相关指标,主要合并症或并发症,治疗结局等。结果共纳入101例肠穿孔患儿,NEC组70例、SIP组31例。两组患儿的性别比、生产方式、胎龄、出生体质量、窒息、宫内窘迫、早产和低体质量比例,以及发病日龄、住院天数方面的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。NEC组患儿病死率高于SIP组,合并或并发低蛋白血症以及败血症的比例均高于SIP组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。NEC组最常见穿孔部位为大肠,其次为小肠;SIP组最常见穿孔部位为小肠,其次为大肠;NEC组与SIP组患儿穿孔部位及穿孔数量比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与SIP患儿相比,NEC患儿更容易罹患败血症及低蛋白血症,病死率也更高。     

早产儿脑损伤225例超声诊断及高危因素分析

目的 采用床旁超声诊断早产儿脑室内出血(IVH)和脑室周围白质软化(PVL),分析其发生率与高危因素的关系.方法 对225例早产儿(男161例,女64例)行床旁头颅超声检查,同时记录血气分析、血糖、生化、血常规及重要治疗等高危因素,采用方差分析、x2趋势检验分析早产儿颅脑损伤和各高危凶素的相关性.结果 ①225例早产儿中142例发生了PIVH,发生率为63.1%,39例发生了PVL,发生率为17.3%;②胎龄≤32周发生率为78.7%(59/75),33～3.4周为63.0%(34/54),35～36周为51.0%(49/96);③不同出生体重早产儿PIVH发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=16.576,P<0.01);④PIVH发生率与剖宫产、低血糖、生后酸中毒、高碳酸血症、低氧血症等无关联(P均0.05),与使用呼吸机、有围产期缺氧病史及血小板低有关联(x2=5.674～7.055,P均<0.05);⑤PVL与胎龄小、出生体重低有关联(F=40.874、28.577,P<0.01).结论 胎龄和出生体重越低,IVH和PVL发生率越高.出生时及宫内缺氧、应用机械通气及血小板低于正常者,IVH发生率高.IVH与分娩方式、有无低血糖、生后酸中毒、低氧血症等未见明显关系,有待扩大样本量进一步证实.     

早产儿颅内出血振幅整合脑电图背景模式及睡眠觉醒周期的特点

目的 分析不同程度脑室周围-脑室内出血（PIVH）早产儿振幅整合脑电图（aEEG）背景模式及睡眠觉醒周期的特点。方法 选取56 例胎龄25~33 周的PIVH 早产儿及31 例同胎龄段无PIVH 早产儿,将PIVH 患儿按Papile 分级标准分为轻度出血组（Ⅰ、Ⅱ级）和中重度出血组（Ⅲ、Ⅳ级）,对各组早产儿aEEG的结果进行比较分析。结果 与轻度出血组及对照组比较,中重度出血组患儿的电压连续性降低,睡眠觉醒周期（SWC）缺失率高,aEEG 评分低（P 结论 aEEG 背景活动及SWC 的改变与早产儿PIVH 的严重程度有关。     

产前联合应用地塞米松与维生素K1预防早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血的效果

目的探讨产前联合应用地塞米松(DEX) VitK1预防早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血(PIVH)的疗效。方法将264例胎龄<35周早产儿随机分成3组:A组产前母亲应用DEX组133例,孕妇在分娩前静脉点滴DEX 10 mg/d,连用2 d。B组产前母亲联合应用DEX与VitK1组(DEX VitK1组)44例:孕妇在分娩前静脉点滴DEX外,给予VitK110 mg/d,连用2~7 d。C组分娩前母亲未用DEX和VitK1为对照组,共87例。婴儿出生后常规作头颅超声,了解是否存在PIVH及其程度。结果3组早产儿PIVH发生率分别为DEX组52.6%,DEX VitK1组31.8%,对照组65.2%,3组间有显著差异(χ2=13.469 P=0.001);DEX VitK1组重度PIVH发生率显著降低。结论产前联合应用DEX与VitK1能够显著降低早产儿PIVH的发生率,并减轻其程度。     

早产儿视网膜病变相关因素分析

目的 探讨早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)发病情况及相关危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2008年12月至2011年2月我院出生的1 356例体重2500 g以下或胎龄小于37周早产儿的临床资料,分为ROP组(n=208)和非ROP组(n=1148),分析全部早产儿自生后4～6周或矫正胎龄32周筛查眼底改变情况.结果 1356例早产儿中,208例发生ROP,发病率为15.34％,其中,严重病变36例(2.65％).与非ROP组相比,ROP组患儿在出生体重[(1 528 ±243)g vs(1 960±187)g]、胎龄[(30.92±0.72)周vs (32.87±1.28)周]、吸氧＞8d(123例vs 865例)、应用肺表面活性物质(18例vs 216例)、败血症(42例vs 154例)、宫内窘迫(63例vs 511例)、贫血(64例vs 237例)等方面比较,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).Logistic回归分析结果显示出生体重、胎龄、吸氧＞8d、败血症及应用肺表面活性物质是ROP发生的高危因素(P＜0.05).同时,不同出生体重、不同胎龄患儿ROP发病率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 出生体重及胎龄越低,ROP发病率越高,病变程度越严重.婴儿出生的成熟度越低,ROP尤其是严重ROP发病可能性越高.     

血浆渗透压、血气、血糖变化与早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血的相关性

目的　研究血浆渗透压、血气和血糖变化与早产儿脑室周围 脑室内出血 (PIVH)的相关性 ,为临床防治提供参考依据。方法　PIVH患儿 173例入院后常规作血生化检测和血气分析 ,并与无PIVH的 164例早产儿比较。结果　低血糖、酸中毒、高碳酸血症和缺氧均与早产儿PIVH密切相关 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ,两组早产儿血浆渗透压差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　早产儿血浆渗透压与PIVH无相关关系 ,对早产儿要重视纠正低血糖、酸中毒、高碳酸血症和缺氧 ,以降低早产儿颅内出血发生率 ,减少伤残。     

新生儿行为神经测定联合儿心量表评价院外转运早产儿的智能发育状况

目的评价院外转运对早产儿智能发育的影响。方法选取我院2007年院外转运的141例早产儿为转运组,同期在我院产科出生,胎龄、出生体重以及呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)、颅内出血(ICH)和脑室周围白质软化(PVL)等疾病发病情况与转运组相匹配的早产儿100例为对照组,所有病例均没有窒息抢救史,均完成了新生儿行为神经测定(NBNA)及儿心量表检测(NET),每组分为<32周、32～34周及>34周3个胎龄段,根据两组NBNA评分及儿心量表评分情况分析各胎龄组早产儿的智能发育状况,通过比较两组智能发育状况评价院外转运对早产儿智能发育的影响。结果(1)胎龄<32周:转运组和对照组NBNA评分(34.6±1.5比35.0±1.3)及儿心量表评分(88.5±8.0比91.7±10.1)之间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);(2)胎龄32～34周:转运组NBNA评分(34.7±1.1)低于对照组(35.5±0.9),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组儿心量表评分(92.0±8.8比97.1±11.3)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);(3)胎龄>34周:转运组和对照组NBNA评分(35.5±1.3比35.5±0.8)及儿心...     

早产儿重度脑室周围-脑室内出血临床高危因素分析

目的 探讨早产儿重度脑室周围-脑室内出血的高危因素.方法 选择2008 -2009年我院新生儿重症监护病房重度脑室周围-脑室内出血的早产儿为观察组,同期轻度脑室周围-脑室内出血早产儿为对照组,对引起早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血可能的15项临床因素进行统计学分析.结果 观察组32例,死亡6例,放弃治疗12例;对照组93例,死亡1例,放弃治疗2例.单因素分析显示,胎龄、出生体重、前置胎盘、产时窒息、宫内窘迫、低氧血症、高碳酸血症、机械通气、吸入高浓度氧等与早产儿重度脑室周围-脑室内出血有关(P均＜0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,胎龄(OR=3.545)、出生体重(OR=3.453)、产时窒息(OR=3.232)、机械通气(OR =3.643)和吸入高浓度氧(OR=3.449)为早产儿重度脑室周围-脑室内出血的高危因素(P均＜0.05).结论 早产儿脑室周围-脑室内出血的高危因素较多,而且预后差,早期预防早产儿重度脑室周围-脑室内出血并采取积极干预措施具有重要意义.     

早产儿贫血影响因素分析

目的分析早产儿在校正胎龄6月龄时发生贫血的影响因素。方法收集2014年6月至2015年11月门诊随访早产儿校正胎龄6月龄时的血红蛋白检测结果以及其他相关临床资料,分析影响早产儿贫血发生的相关因素。结果共入选早产儿124例,其中男70例、女54例,出生胎龄中位数33.7周,平均出生体质量(1 910±539)g。校正6月龄时38例发生贫血,贫血发生率为30.6%。贫血组和非贫血组的性别、出生胎龄、出生体质量差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);两组在校正6月龄时的身长、体质量、头围差异也无统计学意义(P0.05);两组喂养方式差异有统计学意义(P0.001),其中贫血组的母乳喂养率较高为65.8%。在不同出生胎龄和不同出生体质量早产儿中,母乳喂养率的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论早产儿在校正胎龄6月龄时的贫血发生与母乳喂养有关,有必要对此进行进一步的分析和干预。     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

alpha -SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE COMPARING HYPOPLASTIC AND NORMAL FETAL LUNGS

We investigated the intra-acinar pulmonary vascular muscularization in the developing human fetal lung between the 17th and 24th gestational weeks, that is, during the canalicular phase of lung development. Fifteen hypoplastic and 25 normal developed lungs were included in this study using monoclonal alpha -smooth muscle (sm) actin antibodies for smooth muscle detection. Computer-aided image analysis was performed for morphometrical measurements and statistical evaluation. Alphasm-actin-immunoreactive intra-acinar vessels down to a luminal diameter of less than 10 mu m were detected in hypoplastic as well as in normally developed lungs. Crucial differences presented as follows: significantly higher density of intra-acinar vessels, especially due to alpha -sm-actin-negative vessels less than 30 mu m in luminal diameter, in the control group; significantly higher alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity per section unit as well as per vessel in the hypoplastic lung group. As suggested by others, alpha-sm-actin-positive cells of the intra-acinar vessel wall in the developing human lung were demonstrated to be smooth muscle cells, their immediate precursors, and pericytes. We conclude that the increased alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity represents muscularization of the vessel wall in functional terms and may be regarded as one structural cause among others for the establishment of persistent fetal circulation in hypoplastic lungs.     

Whole-body mineral measurements in Swedish adolescents at 17 years compared to 15 years of age

Aim: To provide reference data for bone mineral variables in 15- and 17-y-old adolescents and to analyse the relationships between these variables and measures of bone and body size, gender, puberty, growth, various lifestyle and environmental factors and socioeconomic background.

Methods: In the same 321 randomly selected adolescents (147 boys and 174 girls) living in two different regions of Sweden, the total bone mineral content (TBMC), bone area (BA) and total bone mineral density (TBMD) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at ages 15 and 17 y. The effects of bone and body size, gender, growth, sexual maturity, physical activity, region of domicile, social conditions, food habits, smoking and alcohol intake on TBMC and TBMD were examined in multivariate analyses.

Results: In the 15-y-old adolescents, BA, height, gender, physical activity, maturity and weight explained 91% and 48%, of the variance in TBMC and TBMD, respectively. In similar analyses in the 17-y-olds, the corresponding figures were 92% and 62%, respectively, when BA, height, growth, physical activity, gender and region emerged as significant in the model. In all these analyses, BA explained most of the variance in TBMC and TBMD. No significant reduction of variance was found when different measures of social conditions, smoking, food habits, alcohol or dietary intakes of energy, calcium or vitamin D were included in the models. The reason why region of domicile had a significant impact on TBMC in the 17-y-olds is not known. The fact that the normal fluoride concentration in drinking water (1.1 mg/L) is 10 times higher in the region where TBMC was higher than in the other region is an interesting observation.

Conclusion: Almost 90% of the variance in TBMC and 50% of that in TBMD was explained by measures of bone and body size and only a few percent by gender, physical activity, Tanner stage, growth and region of domicile.     

VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS INFECTIONS IN THE PEDIATRIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT PATIENT

Varicella zoster virus (VZV), a member of the human herpesvirus family, causes the clinical syndromes of chickenpox during primary infection and shingles on later reactivation. In immunocompromised patients, including those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, VZV can produce life-threatening infections. The most serious forms of VZV infection involve hematogenous dissemination of the virus to vital organs, such as the lung, brain, and liver. Advances in immunoprophylaxis, antiviral chemotherapy, and vaccine development have provided effective tools to limit the morbidity and mortality previously associated with VZV infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. In this review, we discuss virologic aspects of VZV, pathogenesis of VZV infection, methods of viral diagnosis, clinical manifestations of infection in both normal and immunocompromised patients, and available preventative and therapeutic measures.     

The potential role of rapamycin in pediatric transplantation as observed from adult studies

Although pediatric patient and renal graft survival rates have shown marked improvements during the past decade, the persistent toxicities of immunosuppressive drugs and chronic allograft attrition remain major obstacles in transplant therapy. Results in adult patients suggest that complete steroid withdrawal is possible in the majority of recipients under treatment with a cyclosporin A-rapamycin (CsA RAPA) regimen. Furthermore, preliminary studies suggest that a marked reduction in the dose of CsA may be possible under the umbrella of RAPA coverage. The gain in immunosuppressive efficacy afforded by RAPA has not only been obtained without an increased morbidity owing to infectious or neoplastic causes, but also with the potential for reducing the incidence and/or progression of chronic rejection.     

Génétique des schizophrénies : mise en perspective des schizophrénies à début précoce et autres pathologies du développement

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe brain disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, flat and/or inappropriate affect and cognitive impairment. The lifetime risk is about 0.5% with heritability of 65–85%. The prevalence of early-onset schizophrenia (defined here as before 15 years of age) has not been well studied, but is likely to be 5–10% of all cases. The rarity of early-onset SCZ has made it difficult to study. We focus on genetic studies of adults with schizophrenia, highlighting results for early-onset schizophrenia where available. Prior to the past 5 years, studies failed to find replicable association or linkage between SCZ and specific genes when appropriate statistical corrections for multiple testing were used. Many false positive results were probably reported using the candidate gene approach. Recently, the development of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) “chips” has permitted large genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses that suggest that across all age groups, a proportion of genetic risk can be attributed to a large number of common SNP, each with a very small effect on risk (odds ratios of 1.1 or less). The greatest known genetic effect is conferred by the 1.5–3 Mb 22q.11.2 deletions, which occurs in ∼ 1/4000–1/6000 births with SCZ developing in 20–30% of carriers. Large SNP and aCGH microarray studies have now identified associations between SCZ and other rare, large copy number variations (CNV, insertions and deletions) with high odds ratios (5–10), including deletions of 1q21, 2p16.3 (neurexin-1 gene), 3q29 and 15q13.3, and duplications of 16p11.2. Some of these CNV are also associated with autism or other developmental disorders as well as epilepsy or intellectual deficiency, suggesting some overlap in the mechanisms that contribute to risks of these disorders. Based on preliminary data from larger-scale analyses in progress, approximately 1–2% of cases carry a CNV that has been clearly associated with SCZ (ORs 4–12). Whole exome and genome sequencing studies of large adult samples will be the next steps to identify rarer SCZ-associated mutations, including point mutations and smaller as well as rarer CNV. Genetic findings are beginning to contribute to an understanding of biological mechanisms of SCZ risk and may lead to new approaches to treatment.     

INACTIVATION OF PULMONARY SURFACTANT AND THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE LUNG INJURIES

Inactivation of pulmonary surfactant may be important in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Treatment of surfactant dysfunction by instilling exogenous surfactants may improve gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics. Surfactants used for treatment vary in their attributes and effects, so when various surfactants are considered for therapy, resistance to inactivation is an important consideration. Animal models of acute lung injury exist in which the relative merits of surfactants can be compared. We hypothesize that the surfactants most resistant to inactivation in vitro will be the ones that are most effective in treatment of animal models of acute lung injury. Surfactants with higher concentrations of surfactant proteins (specifically A, B, and C) are more resistant to inactivation. Nonionic polymers mimic surfactant proteins in preventing surfactant inactivation under some conditions. Adding nonionic polymers to surfactant containing minimal amounts of SP-B and SP-C markedly improves lung function of animals with lung injury. Making surfactants more "inactivation-proof" may improve surfactant therapy of acute lung injuries.     

Plasma Proinsulin and C-Peptide Concentrations in Children with Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia

ABSTRACT. Plasma concentrations of proinsulin and C-peptide were measured in five children presenting with svere hypoglycaemia associated with elevated plasma levels of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in order to determine whether the profile of circulating B-cell products related to the underlying pathophysiology of the pancreas. Results were compared with data from 13 normal infants. Four children, three neonates and a nine year old girl, were subjected to partial or total pancreatectomy. The neonates had nesidioblastosis, nesidioblastosis with a microadenoma, and a functional abnormality without histological derangement respectively; the older child had a localised adenoma. The remaining child, a neonate, had transient hypoglycaemia and elevated IRI levels associated with hyperlactataemia and hyperalaninae-mia. All the children had markedly elevated plasma proinsulin concentrations; the highest levels were seen in the child with an isolated adenoma and in the neonate with nesidioblastosis and a microadenoma. Both of these children also had substantially elevated plasma C-peptide concentrations. The remaining three neonates had plasma C-peptide levels, which although in the normal range for normoglycaemia were inappropriately elevated during hypoglycaemia. It is concluded that elevated proinsulin and C-peptide concentrations are seen in children with hypoglycaemia associated with increased plasma IRI levels and that the profile of the concentrations does not provide a reliable marker for the nature of the underlying pancreatic abnormality.     

Growth tracks in early childhood

Aim: Child growth is modulated by numerous factors and, particularly in infancy and early childhood, often tends to follow apparently irregular patterns, with many centiles crossed before the later growth channels are reached. The aim of this study was to visualize the diversity of individual growth. Design: The study investigated 333 girls and 329 boys without chronic illnesses from four paediatric practices in Kiel, Germany. The children were measured on natural     

Residual pulmonary hypertension in children after treatment with inhaled nitric oxide: a follow-up study regarding cardiopulmonary and neurological symptoms

Inhaled nitric oxide is a potent vasodilator in acute severe pulmonary hypertension and is increasingly used as rescue treatment in intensive care algorithms aiming at reducing severe hypoxaemia in neonates and children. Although the immediate effects may seem impressive, longterm outcome regarding residual pulmonary hypertension and other sequelae has been studied in only a very few patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate residual pulmonary hypertension, cardiopulmonary or neurological symptoms in children after treatment with inhaled nitric oxide in severely hypoxaemic and/or pulmonary hypertensive mechanically ventilated children. The study was performed in four paediatric intensive care units in university hospitals in Sweden, Norway and Australia. Patients who had received inhaled nitric oxide as part of their intensive care treatment for severe hypoxaemia and/or pulmonary hypertension, and in whom 6 mo had elapsed since treatment, were included for evaluation. Thus 36 paediatric or neonatal patients were examined for circulatory, respiratory or neurological disorders with clinical examination, echocardiography, chest X-ray and a capillary blood sample. Four patients with congenital heart disease had residual pulmonary hypertension. Nine patients were receiving bronchodilators. Sixteen patients had minor (n = 15) or moderate (n = 1) changes on a chest X-ray. One patient had a possible delay in psychomotor development. Conclusions: In spite of the severity of their primary illness, we found that the overwhelming majority of the surviving children were asymptomatic and doing well. The few residual circulatory and respiratory symptoms could be related to the initial condition.