脊椎血管瘤的影像诊断（附30例分析）

目的：探讨脊椎血管瘤的影像表现特征及临床意义。材料与方法：结合临床资料回顾性分析３０例脊椎血管瘤的Ｘ线、ＣＴ或ＭＲＩ影像特征。结果：Ｘ线片可见椎体呈典型的栅栏样改变，ＣＴ可见网眼状影像中夹杂着低密度脂肪，在ＭＲＩ Ｔ１加权像上呈等或高低混杂信号，Ｔ２加权像上呈均匀高信号，并见随回波时间延长信号逐渐变亮这一典型血管瘤信号特征，ＭＲＩ可发现脊髓受压变性程度。据ＭＲＩ表现和临床资料，作者提出了脊椎血管瘤     

脊柱爆裂骨折的影像学评价

目的：阐述脊椎爆裂骨折的Ｘ线、ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ表现及其对治疗的指导作用。材料与方法：回顾性分析１２０例脊椎爆裂骨折的影像和临床资料,其中颈椎１４例,胸椎３４例,胸腰椎交界处５９例,腰椎１３例;男８９例,女３１例,平均年龄３３岁。伤后全部行Ｘ线正侧位片;９０例ＣＴ平扫,其中４１例行ＣＴ多平面重建;ＭＲＩ平扫６７例。结果：Ｘ线、ＣＴ表现为椎体高度减低,椎体纵或横形骨折崩解,终板骨折移位并突入椎管,椎管狭窄,椎板骨折,棘突间或椎弓间距增大;ＭＲＩ同时还显示了脊髓受压信号异常及后纵韧带、棘间韧带、椎间盘的撕裂。结论：平片诊断爆裂骨折需与单纯压缩骨折鉴别,明确诊断需ＣＴ证实;ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ能对爆裂骨折明确诊断;平片对指导治疗作用不大,ＣＴ有一定价值,爆裂骨折需行ＭＲＩ检查以帮助决定外科手术的方式     

胸部创伤的放射学诊断及其进展

本综述了胸部创伤的放射学诊断方法及其表现。胸部平片仍为胸部创伤的首选影像学诊断方法，而ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ、ＵＳ、ＤＳＡ以及核素扫描均作为平片的有效补充。只有提高对创伤平片征象的认识及了解ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ、ＵＳ、ＤＳＡ及核素扫描的优缺点，才能有效地加以利用和提高诊断水平。     

MRI显示四肢原发恶性骨肿瘤范围的价值

目的：评价ＭＲＩ显示四肢原发恶性骨肿瘤范围的价值。材料与方法：对比分析１７例经手术病理证实的四肢恶性骨肿瘤的平片、ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ表现，并将ＭＲＩ所见与相应大体病理标本的断面对照分析。结果：显示肿瘤病灶纵向范围，ＭＲＩ优于平片（Ｐ〈０．０１）；显示肿瘤病灶横向范围，ＭＲＩ和ＣＴ无显著性差异。ＭＲＩ可清晰显示肿瘤病灶的边缘，断层标本取材证实距病灶边缘０．５ｃｍ内“正常”组织无瘤细胞浸润。结论：ＭＲＩ显示     

椎管内胚胎性肿瘤的MRI诊断

目的：评价ＭＲＩ对椎管内胚胎性肿瘤的诊断价值。材料与方法：经手术病理证实的椎管内胚胎性肿瘤共１５例，回顾性分析其ＭＲＩ表现。结果：（１）脂肪瘤（３例）具有特征性ＭＲＩ表现，Ｔ１ＷＩ呈高信号，Ｔ２ＷＩ呈中等高信号；通过脂肪抑制技术高信号转变为低信号。（２）皮样囊肿（２例）及表皮样囊肿（７例）好发于马尾及脊髓圆锥处，多发生于儿童，ＭＲＩ表现为Ｔ１ＷＩ低或等低及Ｔ２ＷＩ高或等高混杂密度影，病灶均有Ｔ１ＷＩ等信号包膜，两者ＭＲＩ不易鉴别。（３）畸胎瘤（３例）多位于骶尾部椎管内，ＭＲＩ可同时出现骨质信号、软组织信号及脂肪信号，亦可无骨质信号而单纯表现为软组织信号及脂肪信号。结论：椎管内胚胎性肿瘤诊断主要依据ＭＲＩ表现，结合发病部位和年龄特征可进一步提高诊断正确率。     

后纵隔肿瘤向椎管内蔓延的MRI诊断

目的：评价ＭＲＩ对后纵隔肿瘤向椎管内蔓延的诊断价值。材料与方法：回顾性分析６例（男５例，女１例，年龄３～５２岁）经手术及病理证实的后纵隔肿瘤向椎管内蔓延的临床及ＭＲＩ表现。结果：ＭＲＩ显示肿瘤呈哑铃形５例，卵圆形１例；单个椎间孔开大５例，３个椎间孔开大１例；硬膜囊和脊髓受压移位５例，无受压移位１例；在Ｔ１ＷＩ和Ｔ２ＷＩ图像上，椎管内外肿瘤的信号强度一致。结论：不使用造影剂，ＭＲＩ可以准确的确定后纵隔肿瘤向椎管内蔓延的平面，清楚的显示椎管内病变是否压迫脊髓，了解其压迫程度和范围。结论认为，在确定后纵隔肿瘤向椎管内蔓延中，ＭＲＩ具有重要的临床应用价值     

椎管内血管畸形的MRI诊断

椎管内血管畸形的ＭＲＩ诊断已有不少报道 ,本文旨在论述椎管内动静脉血管畸形 (ＡＶＭ )、海绵状血管瘤的诊断 ,不包括椎体血管瘤、其他椎管内血管性肿瘤的ＭＲＩ诊断。1　材料与方法搜集 8例椎管内ＡＶＭ ,3例髓内海绵状血管瘤 ,1例椎管内硬膜外海绵状血管瘤。其中男 10例 ,女 2例 ,年龄 14～ 5 8岁 ,平均 2 8.8岁。临床表现为以下 3种情况 :( 1)缓慢起病 :开始时病变相应部位的背部或颈部疼痛、不适 ,逐渐出现肢体麻木、无力 ,部分运动障碍和括约肌功能障碍以及感觉平面以下的痛、温觉障碍。本组有 7例。( 2 )急性脊髓卒中性发病 :病变平…     

肌骨肿瘤的MR影象

本介绍了ＭＲＩ对肌骨肿瘤的诊断价值与局限性。强调指出：普通Ｘ线平片仍应作为肌骨肿瘤的首选检查手段，因某些肌骨肿瘤的平片就足以提供强有力的推测性放射诊断。ＭＲＩ能很好地评价骨内侵犯和软组织受累，以及病变同神经血管的关系。但ＭＲＩ为非特异性的，不能可靠地区别良性和恶性病变，不能预测病变的组织学性质，因此，单纯依靠ＭＲＩ表现就判断病变的良恶性是不恰当的。     

原发性椎管内肿瘤的MRI诊断价值

目的：评价ＭＲＩ对原发性椎管内肿瘤的诊断价值。材料和方法：对６３例原发性椎管内肿瘤进行ＭＲＩ扫描，并与手术病理和临床随访结果对照分析。结果：检出神经纤维瘤及神经鞘瘤２７例，脊膜瘤１１例，髓内胶质瘤１４例，蛛网膜囊肿６例，皮样囊肿２例，淋巴瘤２例，脂肪瘤１例。与ＣＴ和脊髓造影等检查相比，ＭＲＩ对本病的检出率和诊断正确率明显提高。结论：ＭＲＩ是发现原发性椎管内肿瘤的首选方法，对本病的诊断与鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

脑血管畸形的MRI及MRA诊断

目的：研究脑动静脉畸形与海绵状血管瘤的ＭＲＩ及ＭＲＡ特征，评价不同的成像方法对脑血管畸形的诊断价值。材料与方法：对２１例脑动静脉畸形及６例海绵状血管瘤分别作了常规ＭＲ成像及ＭＲ血管成像，ＭＲＩ采用ＳＥＴ１和Ｔｕｒｂｏ ＳＥ Ｔ２加权序列，ＭＲＡ采用２Ｄ－ＦＬＡＳＨ及３Ｄ－ＦＩＳＰ序列，６例海绵状血管瘤ＭＲＡ仅使用２Ｄ－ＦＬＡＳＨ序列。所有成像以环形激化头线圈在１．０Ｔ ＭＲ仪上完成。结果：Ｔ１及Ｔ     

Staging and surgical management of pancreatic and biliary cancer and inflammation

Management of benign and malignant diseases of the pancreas, liver, and biliary tract has made remarkable progress in the last two decades. Advances in minimally invasive surgery, interventional radiology, and diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy have changed the treatment of common diseases such as cholelithiasis and more serious diseases such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Advances in biliary tract and pancreatic surgery have paralleled the advances in ultrasonographic imaging, CT, and MR imaging. This article outlines the surgeon's perspective on radiologic imaging and preoperative staging of benign and malignant biliary and pancreatic disease.     

细胞自噬与肿瘤发生发展

自噬是真核生物中一种高度保守的胞内降解途径.其主要通过溶酶体或液泡进行饥饿状态下的营养动员,清除受损蛋白质、细胞器和胞内病原体.自噬主要包括巨自噬、分子伴侣介导自噬(CMA)和微自噬.自噬已被证实与多种人类疾病相关,其在肿瘤发生发展中具有重要意义.近年研究中,对于自噬和肿瘤关系有了进一步的认识,该文就自噬分子机制、调控通路以及与肿瘤发生发展关系的研究进展作一综述.     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

The thyroid and parathyroid glands. CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings

Thyroid imaging approach is based on the preliminary clinical evaluation. Lesions that are smaller than 2 cm should be assessed with US, which is capable of discriminating masses as small as 2 mm and distinguishing solid from cystic nodules. US-guided FNAB provides tissue for cytologic examination of thyroid nodules. CT and MR imaging are indicated for larger tumors (greater than 3 cm diameter) that extend outside the gland to adjoining structures, including the mediastinum, and retropharyngeal region. Metastatic lymph nodes in the neck and invasion of the aerodigestive tract are also in the realm of CT and MR imaging. Thyroid nodules are categorized on scintigraphy as hot or cold nodules. Hot nodules are rarely malignant, whereas cold nodules have an incidence of 10% to 20% of malignancy. Calcifications (amorphous, globular, nodular, and linear) occur in adenomas and carcinomas and have no differential diagnostic features except for psammomatous calcifications, which are a pathognomonic finding in papillary carcinomas and a small percentage of medullary carcinomas. Papillary carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor (80%) followed by follicular (20% to 25%); medullary (5%); undifferentiated; anaplastic carcinomas (< 5%); lymphoma (5%); and metastases. Lymph node metastases are common in papillary carcinoma, 50% at presentation, and less common in follicular carcinomas. The metastatic nodes in papillary carcinoma may enhance markedly (hypervascular); show increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images (increased thyroglobulin content or hemorrhage); and reveal punctate calcifications. Localized invasion of the larynx, trachea, and esophagus occurs predominantly in papillary and follicular carcinomas; the incidence is less than 5%. Ectopic thyroid tissue may be encountered in the tongue (foramen cecum); along the midline between posterior tongue and isthmus of thyroid gland; lateral neck; mediastinum; and oral cavity. Goiter and malignant tumors, notably papillary carcinoma, may develop in ectopic thyroid tissue. Carcinomas may also arise in thyroglossal duct cysts, which develop from duct remnants between the foramen cecum and thyroid isthmus. Infectious disease of the thyroid gland is not common and the CT and MR imaging findings are similar as described under neck infection. Other types of inflammatory disorders including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, granulomatous thyroiditis, and Riedel's struma display no specific imaging features. Imaging studies may, however, be indicated to confirm a suspected clinical diagnosis and assess compromise of the airway (Riedel's struma). HPT is a clinical diagnosis in which hypercalcemia is the most important finding. Parathyroid hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma represent underlying lesions. To relieve the patient's symptoms surgical extirpation is indicated. The surgical success rate without imaging is 95%. The indications for imaging studies vary but it is generally agreed that reoperation after a previous failed surgical attempt and suspicion of an ectopic parathyroid adenoma should be investigated by imaging. These consist of US, nuclear medicine studies, CT and MR imaging. US and technetium sestamibi scanning have the highest accuracy rate for localizing an adenomatous gland at and near the thyroid gland. Ectopic adenomas, particularly if they are located in the mediastinum, are preferrably investigated with CT and MR imaging with gadolinium and fat suppression. Carcinomas and parathyroid cysts are optimally evaluated by CT and MR imaging. On MR imaging adenomas are low in signal intensity on T1-weighted images, high in signal intensity on T2-weighted images, and enhance post introduction of gadolinium.