半月板根部撕裂与膝骨性关节炎严重度的关系

【摘要】目的：探讨半月板根部撕裂与膝骨性关节炎（KOA）的关系，并评价MRI对半月板根部撕裂的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析2017年12月-2018年8月KOA患者59例，经关节镜证实有半月板根部撕裂的37例为观察组，无根部撕裂的22例为对照组，将两组膝关节进行的KL分级和Outerbridge分级后对比，并就MRI对根部撕裂及发生部位的诊断结果与关节镜的差异进行对比分析。结果：观察组的KL分级，Ⅰ级9例、Ⅱ级25例、Ⅲ级3例，对照组0级3例、Ⅰ级14例、Ⅱ级4例、Ⅲ级1例，两组间差异有统计学意义（Z=-3.847，P＜0.05）。观察组的Outerbridge分级，Ⅰ级1例、Ⅱ级6例、Ⅲ级12例、Ⅳ级18例，对照组0级1例、Ⅰ级5例、Ⅱ级2例、Ⅲ级10例、Ⅳ级4例，两组间差异有统计学意义（Z=-2.349，P＜0.05）。MRI对半月板根部撕裂发生（χ2=2.053，P=0.152）及部位（χ2=1.007，P=0.604）的诊断与关节镜结果差异无统计学意义。结论:半月板根部撕裂与KOA的严重程度相关，会导致KOA进展加速。而MRI对半月板根部撕裂有着高度敏感性，可辅助临床术前诊断。     

MRI在子宫肉瘤和子宫肌瘤鉴别诊断中的应用进展

子宫肉瘤与子宫肌瘤的治疗方案和预后管理完全不同,对两者的鉴别诊断至关重要。MRI是诊断子宫肿瘤的重要影像方法,尤其是扩散加权成像（DWI）、扩散张量成像（DTI）、扩散峰度成像（DKI）、灌注加权成像（PWI）、MR波谱成像（MRS）、增强梯度回波T₂*加权血管成像（ESWAN）等功能MRI及影像组学,在子宫良恶性肿瘤鉴别、病理分型分级和分子变化等方面可以进行量化分析,从而提供更多有价值的信息。就MRI在鉴别子宫肉瘤和子宫肌瘤中的应用进展作一综述。     

高级别胶质瘤假性进展的功能MRI研究

高级别胶质瘤（HGG）治疗后可发生假性进展,但常规MRI对HGG假性进展的诊断价值有限。目前多种功能MRI技术已用于HGG假性进展与真性进展的鉴别诊断,包括扩散成像、¹H-MR波谱成像（MRS）、灌注加权成像（PWI）、酰胺质子转移成像（APT）等,联合这些功能MRI技术及人工智能可进一步改善诊断效能。就这些功能成像及其参数在假性进展方面的研究进展进行综述。     

膝关节软骨的影像学检查进展

膝关节骨性关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)是一种以关节软骨变性及丢失和关节边缘及软骨下骨骨质增生为特征的慢性膝关节炎。KOA的发病机制尚不明确,与遗传、生物力学、软骨退化、软骨下骨改变和肌肉软组织损伤等因素有关。随着科技的进步,关节软骨的检查方法也不断发展,本文就膝关节软骨的影像学检查进展从X线、CT、MRI 3方面进行综述。     

扩散张量成像在脑小血管病中的研究进展

脑小血管病（CSVD）是引起痴呆、认知下降、步态障碍、卒中等的主要原因之一,临床常根据其MRI表现诊断。扩散张量成像（DTI）作为目前唯一能无创在体显示白质微观结构的MRI技术,可通过不同参数及后处理分析方法提供组织微结构信息,在CSVD的发生发展机制、严重程度及疾病进展等方面研究中起着非常重要的作用。综述DTI主要参数及常见后处理分析方法在CSVD研究中的应用现状及进展。     

骨骼肌MRI在脊髓性肌萎缩症中的临床应用进展

脊髓性肌萎缩症（SMA）是一种发病率高并严重威胁儿童生命健康的遗传性神经肌肉疾病。MRI是神经肌肉疾病的主要影像检查方法,常规MRI能可视化肌肉形态学特征及病理改变,功能MRI能定量评估肌肉病变程度。骨骼肌MRI在评估SMA肌肉病变、治疗效果、吞咽功能及监测SMA进展中具有一定的临床价值。就骨骼肌MRI在SMA中的临床应用和研究进展进行综述。     

MRI在帕金森叠加综合征与帕金森病的鉴别诊断及疾病进展预测中的应用

帕金森叠加综合征（PPS）是一组部分临床症状与帕金森病（PD）相重叠的慢性进行性神经退行性疾病,两者症状的相似性导致了临床鉴别困难。随着神经影像技术的发展,MRI凭借其对结构、扩散、灌注及功能等多模态成像的优势在揭示PPS和PD的脑区灰质体积改变、白质纤维束完整性改变,局部脑区的铁沉积、血流灌注及功能连接等的异常改变方面提供了诸多信息。就MRI在PPS及PD鉴别诊断及疾病进展预测中的应用进展予以综述。     

盆腔器官脱垂病变的MRI技术应用进展

盆腔器官脱垂（POP）的准确诊断对制定治疗策略及评估疾病预后至关重要。MRI具有无辐射、软组织分辨力高及可无创性反映组织微观结构及功能变化等优点,在POP的评估中具有重要价值。目前,传统的动态MRI（dMRI）及三维MRI、扩散张量成像（DTI）、T₂ mapping等功能成像在POP术前、术后及康复治疗后的应用逐步发展。就各种MRI技术在POP诊疗中的研究进展予以综述。     

多发性硬化MR成像研究进展

多发性硬化（multiple sclerosis，MS）是最常见的脱髓鞘疾病，以病灶多发、病程缓解与复发交替为特征。好发于中青年女性，临床上分为5型，即复发缓解型（RR）、继发进展型（SP）、原发进展型（PP）、进展复发型（PR）和良性型。MRI是检查MS的主要影像手段，已成为检测MS病灶最敏感的方法。2000年7月，国际多发性硬化诊断小组对既往用了近20年的Poser标准进行了修订，随后又作了补充，进一步确定了MRI在MS诊断中的地位，目前MRI在MS的诊断、疾病的进展、治疗后的监测和该病的病理变化中发挥着越来越大的作用。     

磁共振新技术评价脑肿瘤伽玛刀治疗效果的研究进展

早期定量评估脑肿瘤的伽玛刀治疗效果对临床治疗方案的制定具有重要意义。扩散加权成像（DWI）、灌注加权成像（PWI）、磁共振波谱（MRS）等MRI新技术能够从分子、功能、代谢角度早期了解脑肿瘤伽玛刀治疗后的病情进展,并为预后提供重要信息。就脑肿瘤的伽玛刀治疗概况及MRI新技术在评价脑肿瘤伽玛刀治疗效果中的应用予以综述。     

Conservative treatment for a symptomatic solitary ganglion cyst of the anterior meniscus invading into the infrapatellar fat pad

Symptomatic meniscal cysts without accompanying meniscal tears are uncommon, especially those which are formed from the anterior meniscus and invading into the infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP). The current recommended treatment for such cysts is excision through open method or arthroscopy. To our knowledge, this is the first case study about a symptomatic solitary meniscal cyst invading the IPFP that was successfully treated with needle aspiration and steroid injection after arthroscopic treatment of the associated disorders. In this paper, similar cases are also reviewed to discuss the treatment and the link between meniscal cyst and meniscal tear.     

膝骨关节炎患者步态动力学相关参数分析

目的:分析膝关节骨性关节炎(KOA)患者下肢关节的动力学变化特点,为进一步研究其发病机制及临床治疗提供依据。方法:选取胫股关节OA患者60名,根据K/L影像分级分为轻型患病组(LKOA)和重型患病组(MKOA);另取年龄、性别、体重、身高与患病组相当的30名正常受试者作为健康对照组(CON)。利用VICON三维动作分析系统测试并比较实验对象下肢各关节动力学相关参数。结果:支撑早期,LKOA组膝关节最大外展力矩大于MKOA组和CON组(P<0.001);MKOA组支撑期中期膝关节内收力矩第1峰值显著大于LKOA组(P<0.05)和CON组(P<0.001);LKOA组支撑末期膝关节内收力矩第2峰值明显低于CON组(P<0.05);MKOA组髋关节内收力矩第1峰值显著低于CON组(P<0.05)。结论:胫股关节KOA病情越重,膝关节内侧面负荷越大;与健康人相比,OA患者髋关节外展力矩较大,重型患者髋关节内收力矩较小。     

膝关节骨性关节炎的X线测量与分析

目的:通过对膝关节骨性关节炎患者X线片的测量,分析膝关节骨性关节炎患者股骨、胫骨和髌骨形态学改变,以及三者之间排列关系的改变,进而分析这些改变在膝关节骨性关节炎中的诊治意义和作用。方法:取正常组100例膝和膝关节骨性关节炎组127例膝,拍摄正位、侧位和髌骨轴位CR片,并对其分组逐一测量股骨角等指标,应用统计学方法对测量结果卡方检验,对检验结果进行分析,并结合临床进行讨论。结果:膝关节骨性关节炎组(KOA组)胫骨角等的检验结果与正常组存在差异,有统计学意义。而股骨角的检验结果与正常组间无差异。结论:①在膝关节骨性关节炎患者影像学分析中,出现了胫骨角等指标的变化。股骨角对于膝关节骨性关节炎的影像学分析不敏感。②在膝关节骨性关节炎患者影像学分析和统计学检验中,验证了膝内翻发生率高于膝外翻,股胫关节内侧间隙狭窄多于股胫关节外侧间隙狭窄。③在膝关节骨性关节炎患者X线分析中,发现髌股关节可出现髌骨外翻脱位。     

Effects of Taichi exercise on knee and ankle proprioception among individuals with knee osteoarthritis

ABSTRACT

The study aimed to investigate the effects of 24 weeks Taichi intervention on knee and ankle proprioception amongst individuals with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Ninety-two patients with KOA were included in the current study, involving 52 participants in the intervention group and 40 participants in the control group. The intervention group performed Taichi exercise for 24 weeks, the control group accepted the health education lectures. The main outcome of this study was the proprioception of the knee and ankle which was measured by an electric-driven movable frame. Between- and within-group differences were evaluated through the repeated-measurement ANOVA. For the Taichi group, the differences in the changes in ankle proprioception were significant on ankle plantarflexion (p = 0.03), ankle dorsiflexion (p = 0.043), ankle varus (p = 0.019) and knee flexion (p = 0.01) between the baseline and post-test measures. Twenty-four weeks Taichi exercise may improve the ankle and knee proprioception of patients with KOA.     

Mobile assessment of the lower limb kinematics in healthy persons and in persons with degenerative knee disorders: A systematic review

Inertial sensor systems are increasingly used in the assessment of persons with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and total knee replacement (TKR). This systematic review aims to (1) investigate the application of inertial sensor systems and kinematics derived from these systems, and (2) assess if current assessment protocols consist of tasks which are, according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) for KOA, relevant for persons with KOA and TKR. A search was conducted in six electronic databases (ACM, CINAHL, EMBASE, IEEE, PubMed, Web of Science) to include papers assessing the knee and one or more adjacent joints by means of inertial sensors in healthy persons or persons with KOA or TKR. Two reviewers checked the methodological quality. Twenty-three papers were included: 18 in healthy persons and five in persons with KOA or TKR. In healthy persons, 11 tasks were related to metrics of the ICF-function and ICF-activity level. In persons with KOA, only walking was assessed. Apart from walking, four additional tasks were related to the ICF-function and ICF-activity level in persons with TKR. In healthy persons, joints located proximally and distally to the knee were assessed, while in persons with KOA and TKR, only the knee and ankle were assessed. This is a shortcoming since hip and trunk motion potentially contain clinically relevant information, in terms of identifying (mal)adaptive compensatory movement strategies. Additionally, physically more demanding tasks should be evaluated as these might be superior in detecting compensatory movement strategies. Former considerations warrant attention in future research.     

Extensive cortical damage in a case of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease: clinicoradiological correlations

MRI demonstrated extensive cortical involvement in a patient with pathologically proven Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease. The whole brain was atrophic; some of the supratentorial cortex, putamen and caudate nucleus gave high signal on T2-weighted images; the changes were more extensive on diffusion-weighted images (DWI). Comparison of the history, and the sites of atrophy and signal change suggested that the latter predominates in regions with long-lasting damage and prevalent gliosis, while high signal on DWI indicate current neuronal loss. This case widens the range of MRI findings in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, and suggests that some information about the progression of the disease can be extracted from single MRI study.     

Neuroimaging in Huntington’s disease

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded trinucleotide CAG sequence in huntingtin gene (HTT) on chromosome 4. HD manifests with chorea, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. Although advances in genetics allow identification of individuals carrying the HD gene, much is still unknown about the mechanisms underlying the development of overt clinical symptoms and the transitional period between premanifestation and manifestation of the disease. HD has no cure and patients rely only in symptomatic treatment. There is an urgent need to identify biomarkers that are able to monitor disease progression and assess the development and efficacy of novel disease modifying drugs. Over the past years, neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have provided important advances in our understanding of HD. MRI provides information about structural and functional organization of the brain, while PET can detect molecular changes in the brain. MRI and PET are able to detect changes in the brains of HD gene carriers years ahead of the manifestation of the disease and have also proved to be powerful in assessing disease progression. However, no single technique has been validated as an optimal biomarker. An integrative multimodal imaging approach, which combines different MRI and PET techniques, could be recommended for monitoring potential neuroprotective and preventive therapies in HD. In this article we review the current neuroimaging literature in HD.     

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: serial changes on diffusion-weighted MRI

We present serial changes on diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) in a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). DWI revealed serial changes of abnormal hyperintense lesions that had become more extensive and conspicuous with progression of neurologic findings, more sensitively than conventional MRI. In the late stage, disappearance of abnormal hyperintense lesions on DWI was observed. DWI proved to be particularly useful for monitoring the progression of CJD.     

Magnetic resonance imaging appearances of different discovertebral lesions

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not only an excellent imaging modality for the demonstration of morphological changes but is also capable of providing pathophysiological and pathoanatomic information about various spinal diseases. Different techniques offer opportunities to demonstrate the degree of water content, the vascularity of tissue components, the accumulation of fat, and new bone production. Thus MRI closely reflects the initial phase as well as the progression of pathoanatomic changes during the evolution of a disease. Due to the high sensitivity of MRI, abnormalities are often established at an early stage of discovertebral disease, when etiological diagnosis may be difficult. The specificity of MRI findings lags behind its sensitivity; similar changes can be demonstrated in etiologically different disease entities, which reflects the limited reactive possibilities of the osteoarticular system. In fact, the MRI morphological and signal intensity features of different discovertebral lesions are commonly determined more by their location and by the reactive capabilities of disc and bone than by their etiology. Early and exact MRI differentiation of various discovertebral lesions is of the utmost clinical importance for prompt institution of appropriate therapy.     

综合康复治疗膝关节骨性关节炎的临床分析

目的：探讨综合康复治疗膝关节骨性关节炎（ KOA）的治疗效果。方法将84例KOA患者随机分为两组。治疗组44例,采用针灸、超短波,中频离子导入、运动疗法、ADL指导的多种治疗。对照组40例,采用中频离子导入治疗,以上治疗均10次为一疗程,每日一次。结果治疗组的疗效优于对照组差异有显著性。结论综合康复治疗是治疗KOA的有效方法。