兔肝血管影像解剖、变异和肝动脉插管方法的初步探讨

目的观察兔肝脏血管的正常影像解剖及变异；探讨肝动脉插管的最佳方法。方法30只大白兔随机分为2组,分别采用改良外科剖腹直视下插管方法和介入经股动脉透视下插管方法,血管造影观察兔腹腔动脉和肝动脉、门静脉正常影像解剖和变异。结果兔腹腔动脉和肝动脉走行分布与人有较大差别,常见变异主要表现为肝胃动脉分支不同,发生率13.3%。外科法插管成功率86.6%(13/15),介入法插管成功率80%(12/15),肝动脉变异时外科法不能插管。结论兔腹腔动脉和肝动脉正常影像解剖和常见变异均与人有明显不同。外科法和介入法均能较好的完成肝动脉插管操作,各有优缺点。     

MSCTA对肝癌TACE治疗插管操作的指导意义

目的:探讨16层螺旋CT肝脏血管成像(MSCTA)在肝癌经肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)介入治疗中指导插管操作的意义.方法:应用东芝16层螺旋CT机,对40例肝癌患者均行MSCTA检查并用MIP和VRT进行重建,所有患者均行DSA造影.并将两者的图像进行对比,比较两者在显示肿瘤供血血管的起源、走行及变异情况,以及腹腔动脉与腹主动脉的夹角方面的信息.结果:MSCTA中MIP和VRT对二级及二级以上肝动脉的显示率达100%, MIP和VRT对三级及三级以下肝动脉的显示率分别约90%,75%.CTA与DSA对二级及二级以下肝动脉显示率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),对三级及三级以下肝动脉的显示MIP重建图像与DSA图像无显著性差异(P>0.05),VRT重建与DSA有显著性差异(P<0.001).显示肝动脉变异11例,寄生动脉10支,DSA漏诊2例.CTA对肿瘤变异和寄生供血血管的显示以及腹腔动脉与腹腔干动脉的夹角显示;与DSA对比有高度一致的符合率.结论:MSCTA能三维清晰的显示肝动脉分支的起源、走行;检出肝癌供血动脉及肝外寄生供血动脉,清晰显示腹腔干动脉与腹主动脉的夹角;与DSA相比具有高度的一致性,对TACE介入治疗中指导插管操作有重要意义.     

MSCTA对肝癌经导管动脉内化疗栓塞插管操作的指导价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像(MSCTA)对肝癌经导管动脉内化疗栓塞(TACE)插管操作的指导价值.资料与方法 对临床确诊的80例肝癌患者分别行MSCTA和数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查.对比分析:肝癌供血血管的起源、走行、形态、变异以及寄生供血、腹腔动脉与腹主动脉的夹角;比较MSCTA与DSA的符合情况,分析MSCTA对TACE插管操作的指导价值.结果 MSCTA中最大密度投影(MIP)和容积再现技术(VRT)对肝癌规则性供血情况下二级肝动脉的显示率分别为97.5%、95%.MIP和VRT对三级肝动脉的显示率分别为96.25%、75%.MSCTA与DSA对二级肝动脉显示率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),对三级肝动脉的显示率,MIP与DSA图像差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),VRT与DSA差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).MSCTA显示寄生动脉加支,肝动脉变异18例;DSA显示寄生动脉24支,显示肝动脉变异21例;MSCTA发现肝癌寄生动脉和肝动脉解剖变异的阳性率分别为83.3%和85.7%.MSCTA和DSA在发现寄生动脉和肝动脉解剖变异概率上的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).MSCTA显示腹主动脉和腹腔干动脉在矢状面夹角狭窄4例,横断面极度左偏3例;MSCTA显示情况与DSA吻合.结论 MSCTA与DSA比较具有高度的一致性;它能全方位详尽清晰地显示肝动脉分支的起源、走行、形态;检出肝癌变异供血动脉及肝外寄生供血动脉,显示腹腔干动脉与腹主动脉的夹角,对指导TACE术中插管操作具有重要价值.     

胡桃夹综合征及其相关解剖的多层螺旋CT研究

目的:利用多层螺旋CT研究正常人及胡桃夹患者肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉夹角的大小及其对左肾静脉形态的影响。材料和方法:使用16排多层螺旋CT,回顾性观察123例正常人及5例胡桃夹综合征患者肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉夹角的大小,左肾静脉水平肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉间的距离及明确正常人肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉夹角的大小对左肾静脉形态的影响。结果:123例正常人中,肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉夹角为60.9°±19.4°,胡桃夹综合征患者为27.9°±13.2°;正常人左肾静脉平肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉距离为(15.6±7.7)mm,胡桃夹综合征患者为(7.4±2.7)mm,均具有显著性差异。肠系膜上动脉的发出角度可以影响左肾静脉的形态,漏斗状左肾静脉的出现率在肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉夹角>35°时为8.4%(9/107),<35°时为68.7%(11/16),出现率在两组间具有显著性差异(P<0.05);存在漏斗状左肾静脉时经常出现粗大侧支。结论:多层螺旋CT重建功能可以显示肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉夹角的大小,此夹角可以影响左肾静脉及其侧支的形态。     

牧羊钩状导管在肝动脉插管中的应用

肝动脉插管在诊断肝脏占位病变和介入治疗中具有重要的作用［ｌ］,可选用的导管有多种,但最常用的导管为向右两弯型（ＲＨ）导管,Ｃｏｂｒａ导管和盘曲导管［２］（以下简称常规导管）。尽管插管的成功率相当高,但是对于从腹主动脉发出后直接上行或呈锐角向右上行走供应肝脏的血管,例如某些肝总动脉、肝右动脉、胃左动脉等正常变异血管,插管的成功率相对较低。最近,笔者对于用常规导管插管失败的那些从腹主动脉发出后直接上行类的血管,利用牧羊钩状导管插管取得了较高的成功率,现介绍如下。１　材料和方法１．１导管形态　如图所示…     

兔VX2肝癌模型的改良制作及肝血管造影技术探讨

目的：探讨兔VX2肝癌模型建立方法的改良及肝血管造影技术的应用。方法：健康新西兰大白兔共40只,分别采用常规开腹穿刺接种法及改良开腹穿刺接种法。将种植成功的实验兔于第2、3周分别肝动脉、门静脉造影检查。结果：36只实验兔成功建立兔VX2肝癌模型。改良法模型种植成功率较高（95%,19/20）,发生肝内播散转移及腹腔或网膜种植几率小（P〈0.05）。第2周均成功施行了经导管股动脉-肝动脉造影术（36/36,100%）,开腹行门静脉直接穿刺造影成功率97.22%（35/36）。第3周时实际存活实验兔26只均成功开腹行肝动脉及门静脉直接穿刺造影检查（26/26,100%）。结论：①采用改良方法制作的兔VX2肝癌模型,种植成功率较高,所建模型较稳定;②本研究所采用肝动脉及门静脉造影检查策略切实可行,且不影响肝脏血流动力学变化。     

腹腔动脉的多层螺旋CT血管容积重建(VR)解剖研究

目的:利用6层螺旋CT血管容积重建(VR)技术,观察腹腔动脉开口部位、走行及分支、测量腹腔动脉与腹主动脉间夹角及腹腔动脉长度。方法:采用西门子Emotion6螺旋CT机测量正常人腹腔动脉80例。扫描方法:选用准直3mm40例,准直2mm40例。重建层厚4.0mm40例,2.5mm40例,重建重叠1.0mm。注射流率3.5ml/s。动脉期根据年龄、心率分别选用22~28s。每例均进行容积重建(VR)。从不同平面不同角度观察腹腔动脉及其分支情况,测量腹腔动脉长度、与腹主动脉间角度。结果:腹腔动脉及其分支显示率分别为:脾动脉100%,肝总动脉100%,胃左动脉68%,胃十二指肠动脉100%,肝右动脉82%,肝左动脉73%。腹腔动脉开口部位在T12~L1椎体之间,以L1椎体上缘多见。走行方向多种多样。长度:最长5.02cm,最短1.20cm,平均2.76cm。角度:最大143,最小19,平均58.1。结论:6层螺旋CT血管容积重建(VR)技术可以较真实地显示腹腔动脉开口部位、走行及分支,测量腹腔动脉与腹主动脉间夹角、腹腔动脉长度,对介入插管和外科手术可切除性方面有较高的临床指导价值。     

改良向右两弯型导管在肝动脉插管中的应用

本文详细介绍了二种改良向右两弯型导管（ＲＨ１、ＲＨ２）的形状及在肝动脉插管中的应用。其中ＲＨ１型导管由于兼有盘曲型及向右两弯型导管的优点，其肝动脉插管的成功率明显提高至９６％，且可用于其他腹腔内脏动脉的超选择插管，是一种多功能导管，可作为常用导管；而ＲＨ２型导管，由于增加了短臂的长度使得成襻较困难，可是对肝动脉插管的成功率仍很高（９７％）以及本文介绍的新成襻方法，该导管可作为备用导管。     

肝动脉解剖变异及其对肝癌介入治疗的临床意义

目的：研究肝动脉解剖变异及其对肝癌介入治疗的临床价值。方法：采用Ｓｅｌｄｉｎｇｅｒ经股动脉插管法或超选择性动脉插管法对１７３例肝癌患者行肝动脉造影，分析动脉期图像。结果：肝动脉典型分布１５０例（８６．７％），肝动脉变异２３例（１３．３％）。肝动脉异位自肠系膜上动脉最多见，占８．０９％，其次为肝总动脉变异，占４．０５％。与文献报道尚有差异。另外有２例肝动脉异位自右膈下动脉，尚未见文献报道。结论：肝动脉造影的操作顺序是先行腹主动脉造影，再行腹腔动脉和肠系膜上动脉造影，如无异常，上行至肝动脉系统选择性造影插管至靶血管，才能保证肝动脉插管准确性及肝癌治疗中动脉血管阻断的彻底性。     

实验兔VX2肝肿瘤模型制作及动脉插管技术探讨

目的介绍应用VX2细胞株制作兔移植性肝癌模型,并探讨插管技术的应用。方法实验对象为新西兰大白兔(n=80),VX2瘤块组织接种于肝脏,接种后2~3周实验组(n=51)行剖腹直视下肝动脉直接楔入插管,并作DSA造影。对照组1和2(各10只)分别采取经股动脉-肝动脉插管和开腹经胃十二指肠动脉逆行插管方法对比研究。结果实验组插管成功率为98%(50/51),其中88%(45/51)完成超选择栓塞;对照组1和2的插管成功率分别为30%和40%,只有0/10和4/10完成超选择栓塞。结论移植性兔VX2肝癌是介入治疗实验研究较为理想的动物模型,综合影像评价有利于实验动物的筛选。采用肝动脉细针直接穿刺楔入法插管成功率高,可完成超选择栓塞,是值得推广的实验方法。     

分析260例肝动脉的走行形态,分支变化及其对肝癌的临床意义

本文观察分析２６０例肝动脉造影动脉像上肝动脉的走行形态及其分支变化。肝动脉呈水平向右或微向上、下走行者２１９例（８４．２％）；肝动脉本身卷曲或曲折成角者４１例（１５．８％），其中肝总动脉与肝固有动脉间明显曲折成角者１９例，占７．３％。２６０例中肝总动脉起始于腹腔动脉者２５６例（９８．５％），有４例（１．５％）起始于肠系膜上动脉。肝固有动脉有９２．６％系肝总动脉的直接延续。肝右动脉大多发自肝固有动脉     

Celiac Injury Due to Arcuate Ligament: An Endovascular Approach

Celiac trunk injures are rare events, with high mortality rates and difficult management. Endovascular treatment may be considered to avoid bleeding. We report a case of severe bleeding in a 37-year-old man resulting from celiac trunk stretching after a motorcycle crash. Because direct celiac trunk catheterization was not possible, a retrograde catheterization of the common hepatic artery was performed via the superior mesenteric artery. Two vascular plugs (type IV) were released, and the exclusion of the celiac trunk origin was completed with the deployment of an aortic cuff. The patient’s clinical condition immediately improved, and after 6 months’ follow-up, imaging confirmed the complete exclusion of the celiac trunk.     

起源于腹主动脉的膈下动脉与腹腔干关系的多层螺旋CT研究

目的探讨起源于腹主动脉的膈下动脉(inferiorphrenicartery,IPA)与腹腔干的位置关系是否存在规律。资料与方法连续观察200例行Philips256层螺旋CT双期增强扫描(腹部174例,胸腹联合26例)患者IPA起源、起源于腹主动脉的IPA开口与腹腔干开口的位置关系。结果 200例患者右膈下动脉(rightinferiorphrenicartery,RIPA)均显示,共201支;198例患者左膈下动脉(leftinferiorphrenicartery,LIPA)显示,2例LIPA未显示,共203支。IPA左右共干起源占24.0(48/200)。RIPA起自腹腔干占34.8(70/201),腹主动脉占40.8(82/201),右肾动脉占18.4(37/201),右副肾动脉占2.0(4/201),胃左动脉占4.0(8/201);LIPA起自腹腔干占55.7(113/203),腹主动脉占37.9(77/203),胃左动脉占5.4(11/203),脾动脉占1.0(2/203)。起源于腹主动脉的IPA(135例)开口与腹腔干关系存在规律:①98.3(57/58)的RIPA位于腹主动脉壁9～12点位置,LIPA及共干IPA均位于腹主动脉壁12～3点位置;②80.0(108/135)的IPA开口位于腹腔干开口上下10mm以内,其余20.0(27/135)均位于腹腔干开口下10mm以外。③63.8(37/58)的RIPA开口在腹腔干开口下方,43.4(23/53)的LIPA及54.2(13/24)的共干起源的IPA开口在腹腔干开口上方。④IPA开口位置越接近腹主动脉壁9点或3点位置时,其与腹腔干开口的距离越大,86.8(46/53)开口位于腹腔干开口下方;开口位置接近腹主动脉壁12点位置时,52.5(42/80)的IPA开口位于腹腔干上方。结论起源于腹主动脉的IPA与腹腔干的位置关系存在规律,结合这一规律,可简化血管介入科医师插管流程,更快捷、准确地找到IPA。     

腹主动脉CT血管成像的低剂量对比剂应用研究

目的 探讨腹主动脉CTA低剂量对比剂成像的可行性.方法 将98例行腹主动脉CTA检查的患者按照对比剂剂量和注射流率的不同随机分为3组,均采用碘海醇(350 mgI/ml),A组34例,对比剂用量为90ml,生理盐水20ml,注射流率4 ml/s;另外64例对比剂剂量和流率按照公式注射流率=患者体质量×对比剂剂量和体质量的比值/(5+曝光扫描时间)计算获得,每组32例,B组和C组对比剂剂量和体质量的比值分别为0.8～0.9和0.6～0.7 ml/kg.根据原始图像和MIP像评价腹主动脉及其分支、肾动脉及其分支图像质量,并测量血管内的对比剂浓度,采用单因素方差分析比较各组腹主动脉及其分支的CT值,采用x2检验比较肾动脉及其分支的评分.结果 3组中腹主动脉、腹腔干、肾动脉、脾动脉和肠系膜上动脉均清晰显示,3组腹主动脉内CT值分别为(363 ±28)、(362 ±28)和(334±14) HU,腹腔干内CT值分别为(368±28)、(367±28)和(338±15)HU,肾动脉内CT值分别为(365±27)、(364 ±29)和(336±15) HU,脾动脉内CT值分别为(373±28)、(372 ±28)和(343±15)HU,肠系膜上动脉内CT值分别为(374±28)、(372±28)和(344±16)HU,3组间上述血管内CT值差异均有统计学意义(P值均为0.000),两两比较,A组和C组、B组和C组间各血管内CT值差异有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01),A组和B组间各血管内CT值差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).A组每例患者对比剂用量为90ml,B组和C组每例患者人均对比剂用量分别为(51±9)和(40±9)ml,差异有统计学意义(F=537.091,P=0.000),两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P=0.000).A组肾动脉图像质量优秀、良好和一般的为26、7和1例,B组分别为24、7和1例,C组分别为22、8和2例,差异无统计学意义(x2 =0.561,P=0.755).结论 腹主动脉CT血管成像个体化注射方式在满足临床诊断的需要下最大程度的减少了对比剂的用量.     

Catheterization of the Hepatic Artery Via the Left Common Carotid Artery in Rats

The commonly used approach for rat hepatic artery catheterization is via the gastroduodenal artery, which is ligated after the procedure. A new method of rat hepatic artery catheterization via the left common carotid artery (LCCA) is described. The LCCA is repaired after catheterization. The catheterization procedures included the following: (1) opening the rat’s abdominal cavity and exposing the portion of abdominal aorta at the level of the celiac trunk; (2) separating and exposing the LCCA; inserting a microguidewire and microcatheter set into the LCCA via an incision; after placement into the descending aorta, the microguidewire and microcatheter are maneuvered into the hepatic artery under direct vision; (3) after transcatheter therapy, the catheter is withdrawn and the incision at the LCCA is repaired. This technique was employed on 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats with diethylnitrosamine-induced liver cancer, using a 3F microguidewire and microcatheter set. Selective hepatic artery catheterization was successfully performed in 57 rats. One rat died during the operation and five rats died within 7 days after the procedure. It is envisaged that as experience increases, the catheterization success rate will increase and the death rate will decrease. A new approach for selective hepatic artery catheterization via the LCCA in rats is introduced, which makes repeat catheterization of this artery possible and allows large embolization particles to be delivered by using a 3F catheter.     

Hepatic arterial embolization in cases of extensive celiac arterial stenosis.

Transarterial hepatic embolization was attempted in 10 and succeeded in nine patients with hepatocellular carcinoma accompanied by extensive celiac arterial stenosis. All catheterization was done through the femoral artery. In six cases, the tip of the catheter (2.5-F ball-tip microcatheter in three cases, 4-F ball-tip supple catheter in three cases) was placed in the proper hepatic artery through the pancreaticoduodenal collaterals. In three cases, a ball-tip microcatheter was injected from the guiding catheter, which was placed in a pinhole of the celiac trunk. These techniques involving flow-guided ball-tip catheters are of great value for hepatic arterial catheterization in cases of extensive celiac arterial stenosis.     

Image Fusion of Preprocedural CTA with Real-time Fluoroscopy to Guide Proper Hepatic Artery Catheterization During Transarterial Chemoembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Feasibility Study

Purpose

To assess feasibility of proper hepatic artery catheterization using a 3D model obtained from preprocedural computed tomographic angiography (CTA), fused with real-time fluoroscopy, during transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Methods

Twenty consecutive cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transarterial chemoembolization were prospectively enrolled onto the study. The early arterial phase axial images of the preprocedural CTA were postprocessed on an independent workstation connected to the angiographic system (Innova 4100; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI), obtaining a 3D volume rendering image (VR) that included abdominal aorta, splanchnic arteries, and first and second lumbar vertebrae. The VR image was manually registered to the real-time X-ray fluoroscopy, with the lumbar spine used as the reference. The VR image was then used as guidance to selectively catheterize the proper hepatic artery. The procedure was considered successful when performed with no need for intraarterial contrast injections or angiographic acquisitions.

Results

The procedure was successful in 19 (95 %) of 20 patients. In one patient, celiac trunk angiography was required for the presence of a significant ostial stenosis that was underestimated at computed tomography. Time for image reconstruction and registration was <10 min in all cases.

Conclusion

The use of preprocedural CTA model with fluoroscopy enables confident and direct catheterization of the proper hepatic artery with no need for preliminary celiac trunk angiography, thus reducing radiation exposure and contrast media administration.     

Treatment of a traumatic celiac trunk detachment by bridging with a stent graft

Traumatic detachment of the celiac trunk from the abdominal aorta is a rare clinical situation, and proper treatment options have not been established. We report a patient with traumatic separation of the celiac trunk treated by bridging with a covered stent between the celiac trunk and abdominal aorta.     

Impact of Multislice CT Angiography on Planning of Radiological Catheter Placement for Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy

The objective of this study was to assess prospectively the role of multislice CT angiography (MSCTA) on planning of radiological catheter placement for hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC). Forty-six patients with malignant liver tumors planned for HAIC were included. In each patient, both MSCTA and intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were performed, except one patient who did not undergo DSA. Comparison of MSCTA and DSA images was performed for the remaining 45 patients. Detectability of anatomical variants of the hepatic artery, course of the celiac trunk, visualization scores of arterial branches and interobserver agreement, presence of arterial stenosis, and technical outcome were evaluated. Anatomical variations of the hepatic artery were detected in 19 of 45 patients (42%) on both modalities. The course of the celiac trunk was different in 12 patients. The visualization scores of celiac arterial branches on MSCTA/DSA were 3.0 ± 0/2.9 ± 0.2 in the celiac trunk, 3.0 ± 0/2.9 ± 0.3 in the common hepatic artery, 2.9 ± 0.2/2.9 ± 0.3 in the proper hepatic artery, 2.9 ± 0.3/2.9 ± 0.4 in the right hepatic artery, 2.8 ± 0.4/2.9 ± 0.4 in the left hepatic artery, 2.9 ± 0.2/2.9 ± 0.3 in the gastroduodenal artery, 2.1 ± 0.8/2.2 ± 0.9 in the right gastric artery, and 2.7 ± 0.8/2.6 ± 0.8 in the left gastric artery. No statistically significant differences exist between the two modalities. Interobserver agreement for MSCTA was equivalent to that for DSA. Two patients showed stenosis of the celiac trunk on both modalities. Based on these imaging findings, technical success was accomplished in all patients. In conclusion, MSCTA is accurate in assessing arterial anatomy and abnormalities. MSCTA can provide adequate information for planning of radiological catheter placement for HAIC.     

微创内固定支架经皮微创内固定治疗C型老年桡骨远端骨折的临床研究

目的探讨微创内固定支架经皮微创内固定治疗C型老年桡骨远端骨折的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2015年3月—2018年3月厦门大学附属成功医院收治C型老年桡骨远端骨折患者97例,男性62例,女性35例;年龄60~78岁,平均67.4岁。按固定方式不同分为外固定支架组(48例)和微创组(49例),外固定支架组行外固定支架固定治疗,微创组行微创内固定支架经皮微创内固定治疗。比较两组患者手术效果、影像学指标、骨折端骨痂生长愈合情况及术后并发症情况。结果术后6个月,微创组优良率(93.88%)高于外固定支架组(79.17%)(P<0.05),桡骨高度(12.42±4.60)mm高于外固定支架组(8.53±5.59)mm,尺偏角(22.50±5.96)°、掌倾角(11.06±5.82)°大于外固定支架组尺偏角(18.93±5.20)°、掌倾角(8.45±4.78)°(P<0.05);微创组术后1、2个月骨折端骨痂生长愈合情况Lane-Sandhu X线片评分分别为(1.67±0.29)分、(3.78±0.66)分,优于外固定支架组(1.15±0.37)分、(2.82±0.54)分(P<0.05);微创组术后并发症发生率(6.12%)低于外固定支架组(20.83%)(P<0.05)。结论微创内固定支架经皮微创内固定治疗C型老年桡骨远端骨折患者手术效果好,有利于骨折端骨痂生长愈合,术后并发症较少,临床治疗可参考。