两种机械通气方式在兔海水型肺水肿中的应用比较

目的　观察不同通气方式对海水淹溺型肺水肿的救治作用。方法　应用常规机械通气和高频喷射通气对 4 2只海水淹溺型肺水肿兔进行分组救治。不同时间点观察血气分析、呼吸动力学、血流动力学、肺损伤指标 ,并进行病理学检查和观察存活时间。结果　两种通气方式治疗后血氧分压、血氧饱和度、二氧化碳分压均较未治疗组有明显改善 (P <0 .0 1) ,呼吸动力学、血流动力学异常得到一定程度纠正 ,肿瘤坏死因子 α、肺泡灌洗液中性粒细胞计数等肺损伤指标也显示通气治疗后肺损伤情况减轻。两种通气方式之间比较显示常规机械通气较高频喷射通气治疗能更好地改善海水淹溺型肺水肿时的低氧情况。结论　常规机械通气和高频喷射通气治疗海水淹溺型肺水肿时低氧血症均取得满意效果 ,并减轻了肺损伤的程度。     

常规机械通气治疗兔海水淹溺型肺水肿

目的 观察常规机械通气治疗兔海水型肺水肿。方法 应用常规机械通气对14只海水型肺水肿新西兰大白兔进行救治,着重观察治疗后血气分析、肺损伤指标、病理学的改善情况,并观察部分呼吸动力学、血流动力学指标。结果 常规机械通气治疗后海水型肺水肿兔血氧分压、血氧饱和度、二氧化碳分压均较未治疗组有明显改善(P<0.01),呼吸动力学、血流动力学异常得到一定程度纠正,通气治疗后肺损伤程度减轻。结论 常规机械通气治疗海水型肺水肿时低氧血症取得满意效果,是一种有效的治疗海水型肺水肿的通气方式。     

特布他林对海水淹溺性肺水肿兔的治疗作用

目的观察特布他林对海水淹溺性肺水肿（PE-SWD）的治疗作用。方法将24只新西兰兔制作成海水淹溺性肺水肿机械通气模型，随机分成对照组（C组）和特布他林治疗组（T组）。在不同时间点观察动脉血气分析、呼吸动力学指标。同时检测两组的血管外肺水含量指数（EVLWI）、伊文思兰漏出（ELI）指数、肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α和中性粒细胞计数及肺组织匀浆Na^＋ -K^＋ -ATP酶活性，并进行病理学检查。结果特布他林治疗后PE—SWD兔血氧分压（PaO2）、二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、呼吸动力学指标等均较对照组有明显改善（P〈0．05）。T组EVLWI、ELI及肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α、中性粒细胞计数均低于C组（P〈0．05），而肺组织匀浆Na^＋ -K^＋ -ATP酶活性明显高于C组。结论特布他林可改善海水淹溺所致的低氧血症，减轻肺水肿。     

呼气末正压通气联合控制性肺膨胀治疗海水淹溺急性肺损伤

目的 探讨呼气末正压通气(PEEP)联合控制性肺膨胀(SI)对海水淹溺致急性肺损伤(SWD-ALI)兔的治疗作用及安全性.方法 应用小潮气量机械通气联合PEEP对42只SWD-ALI兔进行分组救治,通气过程中实施SI,在不同时间点观察血气分析、呼吸力学、血液动力学、肺损伤指标,并进行肺组织学检查,以评价治疗效果及安全性.结果 PEEP联合SI治疗后SWD-ALI兔血氧分压(PaO2)等指标较对照组和PEEP治疗组明显改善(P<0.05),肺顺应性也明显好转(P<0.05),呼吸力学、血液动力学无显著恶化,影像学检查显示肺内渗出明显吸收.结论 在SWD-ALI兔治疗过程中应用PEEP,同时实施SI,能够明显改善氧合,提高肺顺应性,是一种安全有效的治疗SWD-ALI的机械通气手段.     

机械通气对海水淹溺肺水肿兔肺组织学的影响

目的：观察常规机械通气(CMV)和高频喷射通气(HFJV)治疗兔海水淹溺肺水肿(PE—SWD)后肺组织病理学改变。方法：应用CMV和HFJV对14只PE—SWD新西兰大白兔进行救治，着重观察治疗前后肺组织病理学的改变。结果：PE—SWD兔HE染色见肺泡及肺间质水肿明显，多数肺泡腔内见均匀红染；肺泡壁毛细血管充血扩张，有肺透明膜形成；可见局灶性肺不张、气肿；肺间质、肺泡腔内见较多炎细胞浸润。CMV、HFJV治疗组上述病变明显减轻，CMV组减轻更明显。结论：机械通气治疗后，PE—SWD兔肺组织水肿、炎细胞浸润等病理学改变有明显改善。     

高压氧、机械通气对海水淹溺肺水肿兔肺组织学及呼吸功能的影响

目的　观察高压氧 (HBO)、机械通气对海水淹溺肺水肿 (PE- SWD)兔肺组织学及呼吸功能的影响。方法　将 2 4只实验动物随机分为 PE- SWD组、HBO治疗组、机械通气治疗组。在不同时间点观察动脉血气分析、呼吸频率、呼吸动力学指标 ,实验结束后进行肺组织病理学检查。结果　 HBO治疗组、机械通气治疗组各相同时间点 Pa O2 明显高于 PE- SWD组 (P<0 .0 1) ;HBO治疗组除个别时间点外 ,p H、Pa CO2 在整个治疗过程中变化不明显 ;机械通气治疗后 p H的变化规律略与 PE- SWD组相同 ,但治疗结束时仍低于其他组 (P<0 .0 1) ,Pa CO2 始终维持在一个较高的水平 (P<0 .0 1)。两种治疗都减轻了肺损伤程度 ,在降低气道峰压、提高肺顺应性方面两治疗组之间比较 ,差异无显著性意义 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　 HBO和机械通气治疗可明显纠正 PE- SWD时的低氧血症 ,减轻肺损伤程度 ,改善呼吸功能。     

机械通气在胸部开放伤后海水灌入胸腔致急性肺损伤救治中的应用

目的探讨机械通气在胸部开放伤后海水灌入胸腔致急性肺损伤（ALI）救治中的应用。方法锐器致胸部开放伤后胸腔内灌注海水（35ml／kg）制备ALI成年杂交犬动物模型，随机分为未救治组、普通救治组、机械通气组，每组6只。未救治组在ALI出现后不实施任何救治措施，普通救治组给以鼻导管吸氧、胸腔闭式引流、静脉输入5％葡萄糖液等，机械通气组将普通救治组鼻导管吸氧改为机械通气。动态观察血气分析、血流动力学变化，检测外周血中炎症介质的变化。结果胸部开放伤后海水灌入胸腔可导致ALI，普通救治组PaO2虽有所升高但仍显著低于正常，机械通气能快速纠正低氧血症，两组在纠正高渗、高钠、高氯血症和改善血流动力学方面无显著差异。结论胸部开放伤后海水灌入胸腔引起严重ALI，机械通气具有良好的治疗效果。     

无创机械通气治疗严重胸外伤后急性肺损伤45例分析

目的探讨无创机械通气治疗严重胸外伤后急性肺损伤（ALI）的可行性和安全性。方法对无创通气治疗急性肺损伤共45例与常规给氧31例进行回顾性对比分析。结果两组治疗前呼吸频率（RR）、急性生理和慢性健康状态评分（APACHEⅡ）、氧合指数（OI）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、血氧饱和度（SaO2）均相似,无创通气均可耐受。两组气管插管机械通气分别为：无创通气6.67%（3/45）,普通给氧者19.35%（6/31）。给氧治疗后各组PaO2均上升,OI逐渐纠正,但无创通气改善快、明显,常规给氧慢且在早期还有恶化倾向,各组OI升高比较差异均有显著性（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论无创通气在严重胸外伤后ALI或急性呼吸窘迫综合征早期患者拒绝气管插管时应用是安全可行的。     

创伤伴低氧血症的呼吸监测与支持

目的　探讨创伤救治中呼吸监测与支持的方法与意义。方法　收集 1991年 1月～1998年 12月本院救治的各种创伤病例 715 2例 ,并着重分析其中 2 89例收入重症监护病房 (ICU)的创伤伴低氧血症伤员的呼吸监测与支持的方法及效果。结果　收入ICU的 2 89例创伤伤员 ,有68例因一般治疗不能缓解的低氧血症行机械通气治疗。平均机械通气治疗 7.5 (1～ 4 4)天 ,其中 6例死亡 ,死亡率 8.82 %。结论　呼吸系统物理检查、无创伤SpO2 监测、动脉血气分析、血流动力学与氧动力学监测可为伤情判断和呼吸支持提供可靠的依据 ;机械通气可缓解多数创伤后继发的低氧血症 ,但应在ICU内进行严密监测。     

分次灌注海水致兔呼吸窘迫综合征模型的建立

目的通过向兔气管插管内灌入海水，建立海水淹溺致急性呼吸窘迫综合征模型。方法14只新西兰大白兔被随机平分为C组（对照组，无任何处理）和S组（海水组，用海水灌注）。观察分次适量海水灌入气管插管后症状学、血气分析、血液动力学、血清中肿瘤坏死因子（TNF—α）和白细胞介素-6（IL-6）的变化。2h后给每组试验兔拍摄肺CT片，并观察其组织病理学变化。结果与C组相比，S组的O2和CO2指数显著降低（P〈0．01），呼吸动力学和血液动力学的情况明显恶化。TNF—α和IL-6增高，这一结果提示肺损伤发生于兔被海水灌注之后。另外，还发现模型兔有明显的肺水肿、肺泡隔断裂和炎性渗出。结论成功复制了既符合海水淹溺的实际情况，又符合国内外急性呼吸窘迫综合征诊断标准的海水淹溺致急性肺损伤动物模型。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

The role of interventional radiology in trauma

Introduction Interventional Radiology has evolved into a specialty having enormous input into the care of the traumatized patient.In all hospitals,regardless of size,the Interventional Radiologist must consider their relationships with the trauma service in order to     

人体中的镭-226、镭-228、钋-210、铅-210

本文报道了广东阳江高本底地区6名、对照地区8名人尸体的骨²²⁶Ra、²²⁶Ra的浓度以及部分居民内脏器官中。²¹⁰Po、²¹⁰Pb的浓度。结果轰明阳江高本底地区和对照地区居民骨镭-226、镭-228的浓度分别为29.9pCi/kg, 26.9pCi/kgl 8.7pCi/kg, 8.2pCi/kg.由此估算出阳江高本底地区屠民骨中²²⁶Ra、²²⁸Ra的负薄璧及对骨衬、骨髓所产生的剂量当量分别为对照地区民民的3.4倍, 3.3倍。两地区居民内脏器官中^{210Po、210Pb的测定分析铡数较少但仍看出, 高本底地区均明显高于对照地区.}     

Carbohydrate Supplementation during Exercise: Does It Help? How Much is Too Much?

KEY POINTS· Carbohydrate intake during exercise can delay the onset of fatigue and improve performance of prolonged exercise as well as exercise of shorter duration and greater intensity (e.g., continuous exercise lasting about 1h and intermittent high-intensity exercise), but the mechanisms by which performance is improved are different.     

Diagnóstico ecográfico del neumotórax

The ultrasonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax is based on the analysis of artifacts. It is possible to confirm or rule out pneumothorax by combining the following signs: lung sliding, the A and B lines, and the lung point. One fundamental advantage of lung ultrasonography is its easy access in any critical situation, especially in patients in the intensive care unit. For this reason, chest ultrasonography can be used as an alternative to plain-film X-rays and computed tomography in critical patients and in patients with normal plain films in whom pneumothorax is strongly suspected, as well as to evaluate the extent of the pneumothorax and monitor its evolution.     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).