宫颈癌外照射急性放射性直肠炎剂量-体积-时间关系研究

目的 回顾性分析宫颈癌调强放射治疗（intensity-modulated radiation therapy,IMRT）中急性放射性直肠炎的发生与直肠受照剂量、体积以及受照时间关系。方法 收集本院2011年1月至2013年12月行IMRT照射的51例宫颈癌病例,根据RTOG/EORTC毒性分级标准分为1~4级。用剂量体积直方图（DVH）评价标准计划下不同放射性直肠炎分级组的患者直肠受照剂量体积。分析直肠D_max、D_mean、D_{1 cm³}、D_{2 cm³}、D₄₀、V₄₀和出现症状时直肠受照剂量。结果 急性放射性直肠炎发生的平均时间为放疗后（23.06±12.01）d。与发生放射性直肠炎3~4级组相比,放射性直肠炎2级组的直肠D_max值更低,差异有统计学意义（F=5.268,P<0.05）;与发生放射性直肠炎3~4级组相比,放射性直肠炎1级、2级组的直肠D_{1 cm³}、D_{2 cm³}值均低于放射性直肠炎3~4级组（F=4.893、4.406,P<0.05）,而直肠D₄₀和V₄₀值的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 宫颈癌患者IMRT放疗20 d左右较易发生急性放射性直肠炎,且较多发生轻度到中度急性放射性直肠炎,重度急性放射性直肠炎的发生率低。在宫颈癌IMRT放疗时,尽量减小直肠D_max、D_{1 cm³}、D_{2 cm³}的值,对降低重度急性放射性直肠炎的发生率有意义。     

宫颈癌二维近距离后装治疗中危及器官参考点剂量与三维体积剂量的相关性研究

目的 利用宫颈癌二维近距离后装治疗中危及器官（OARs）点剂量预测其三维体积剂量,评估在特定条件下,二维计划OARs体积剂量能否满足三维后装剂量限值要求。方法 回顾性分析基于CT图像的10例宫颈癌患者近距离后装治疗计划,将处方参考点剂量定为600 cGy,膀胱和直肠参考点剂量<360 cGy,设计并优化得到二维后装治疗计划。采用Pearson相关分析法对膀胱、直肠参考点剂量及OARs体积受量做相关性分析,利用线性回归方法得出膀胱、直肠参考点与其体积剂量的线性方程。结果 膀胱、直肠参考点剂量分别与其D_{1 cm³}、D_{2 cm³}、D_{5 cm³}和平均剂量显著正相关（r=0.559~0.668,P<0.05）;膀胱、直肠参考点剂量分别是其D_{2 cm³}的1.404和1.181倍;内外照射完成后膀胱、直肠D_{2 cm³}的相当于200 cGy分次等效生物剂量（EQD2）分别为8 410.0和6 827.0 cGy,均低于二者体积剂量限值。结论 利用膀胱、直肠参考点剂量能在一定程度上预测其体积剂量,对于满足膀胱、直肠参考点剂量低于处方剂量60%二维近距离后装计划,可将膀胱、直肠体积受量控制在相对安全的剂量范围内。而由于缺乏对小肠、乙状结肠剂量检测,二维后装计划在临床使用上仍然具有很大局限性。     

宫颈癌后装治疗中图形优化与逆向模拟退火优化剂量学分析

目的 比较宫颈癌三维后装计划中图形优化（GO）和模拟退火逆向优化（IPSA）剂量分布的差异,为宫颈癌后装治疗计划优化方法的选择提供依据。方法 利用Excel 2007产生的随机数,从已完成治疗的根治性宫颈癌患者中选取21例,原后装治疗计划采用图形优化,基于原图像信息,制定IPSA计划,统计临床靶区（CTV）剂量体积参数V_100%、V_150%,以及均匀性指数（HI）、适形指数（CI）、膀胱和直肠的D_{1 cm³}、D_{2 cm³},对比两种优化方法的剂量特点。结果 两个计划的靶区剂量均能满足处方要求,所有靶区剂量参数的均值接近,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。与GO计划相比,IPSA计划中膀胱D_{1 cm³}、D_{2 cm³}的剂量明显降低（t=3.596、3.490,P<0.05）;直肠剂量参数的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 在宫颈癌三管后装治疗中,采用GO和IPSA对靶区无影响,但IPSA可以减小膀胱的最大受量。     

宫颈癌内外照射后放射性直肠损伤临床预测模型的研究

目的 探讨宫颈癌内外照射放疗不同剂量叠加方式的剂量学差异,建立宫颈癌放疗后慢性放射性直肠损伤(RLRI)的临床预测模型。方法 回顾性分析2020年1月1日至2021年11月30日于川北医学院附属医院肿瘤科接受根治性同步放化疗宫颈癌患者的临床资料,放疗采用外照射+近距离治疗方式,内外照射剂量评估采用内、外照射生物等效剂量(EQD2)参数直接叠加和内外照射三维计划图像形变配准(DIR)剂量叠加,分析两种剂量评估方式剂量学差异。RLRI分级标准采用肿瘤放射治疗协作组标准。运用两种剂量评估方式构建RLRI的预测模型,使用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线计算曲线下面积,以评估不同剂量评估方式的预测准确性。结果 多次近距离治疗剂量叠加的EQD2参数较DIR剂量叠加高危临床靶区D_95%和D_90%分别高2.18和2.92 Gy,直肠D_{2 cm³}、D_{1 cm³}、D_{0.1 cm³}分别高1.74、2.28、2.26 Gy(t=3.82、5.21、4.58、5.17、2.05,P<0.05)。外照射与近距离治疗,直肠D_{2 cm³}、D_{1 cm³}、D_{0.1 cm³}的EQD2参数直接叠加比DIR剂量叠加高6.22、7.61、9.56 Gy(t=9.40、10.59、7.87,P<0.001)。联合预测模型ROC曲线下面积为0.788,最佳预测阈值的灵敏度为0.850,特异度为0.660,Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验显示,拟合优度较好(P>0.05)。传统预测指标DIR剂量叠加的预测模型:直肠D_{2 cm³}、D_{1 cm³}的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.784、0.763,最佳预测阈值的灵敏度分别为0.850、0.750,特异度分别为0.679、0.717。结论 内外照射EQD2参数直接叠加与三维计划图进行DIR剂量叠加评估剂量参数有剂量学差异。DIR剂量叠加直肠D_{2 cm³}、D_{1 cm³}与联合预测模型预测RLRI的价值较高,但联合预测模型预测RLRI计算复杂,建议临床上通过DIR剂量叠加直肠D_{2 cm³}、D_{1 cm³}预测RLRI。     

宫颈癌腔内联合组织间插植近距离后装治疗中IPSA和HIPO逆向优化算法的比较分析

目的 比较宫颈癌腔内联合组织间插植三维后装计划中模拟退火逆向优化（IPSA）和混合逆向优化（HIPO）剂量分布的差异,为宫颈癌腔内联合组织间插植后装治疗逆向计划优化方法的选择提供依据。方法 选取2016年12月至2017年5月于河北省沧州中西医结合医院43例宫颈癌患者资料,所有患者原后装治疗计划采用IPSA优化,基于原图像信息,给定同样的初始约束条件,不进行手动优化,直接计算IPSA和HIPO计划,对高危靶区（HR-CTV）剂量体积参数D₉₀、D₁₀₀、V_100%,以及均匀性指数（HI）、适形指数（CI）、危及器官（OAR）（膀胱、直肠和乙状结肠）D_{2 cm³}的数据进行评价。结果 两组间HR-CTV的D₉₀、D₁₀₀以及CI剂量差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但HIPO组HR-CTV的V_100%为（87.72±0.49）%;HI为（0.51±0.08）,明显高于IPSA组的（85.01±0.55）%,HI（0.42±0.06）,差异具有统计学意义（t=2.54、3.02,P<0.05）。对于OAR,与IPSA计划相比,HIPO计划中膀胱的D_{2 cm³}（3.42±0.17）Gy,直肠的D_{2 cm³}（3.04±0.37）Gy,明显低于IPSA计划膀胱的D_{2 cm³}（3.57±0.28）Gy,直肠的D_{2 cm³}（3.21±0.48）Gy,差异具有统计学意义（t=0.27、0.19,P<0.05）。乙状结肠D_{2 cm³}剂量两者差异无统计学意义。结论 在宫颈癌腔内联合组织间插植后装治疗中,采用HIPO优化比IPSA优化可以获得更好的靶区HI以及减少膀胱和直肠的受照剂量。     

三种不同优化方法在局部晚期宫颈癌腔内联合组织间插植近距离治疗计划中的剂量学比较

目的 比较分析局部晚期宫颈癌腔内联合组织间插植近距离治疗计划3种优化方法的剂量学差异。方法 回顾性选取局部晚期宫颈癌患者20例,对每例患者根据不同优化方法,分别制定3种计划,分别为手动计划组,基于图形优化;逆向1计划组,基于模拟退火优化算法;逆向2计划组,在逆向1组基础上增加了靶区（CTV）最大剂量限定。比较计划中CTV的体积剂量参数V₂₀₀、V₁₅₀、V₁₀₀、D₁₀₀、D₉₀、均匀性指数（HI）,以及直肠、膀胱、乙状结肠的剂量参数D_{0.1 cm³}、D_{1 cm³}、D_{2 cm³}。结果 CTV方面,手动组和2个逆向组的D₁₀₀参数差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但2个逆向组的V₂₀₀、V₁₅₀、V₁₀₀、HI参数明显优于手动组（t=-3.422~9.910,P<0.05）。逆向1组的V₁₀₀和D₁₀₀优于逆向2组（t=7.238、5.032,P<0.05）。危及器官（OARs）方面,与手动组相比,2个逆向组中直肠、膀胱、乙状结肠的D_{0.1 cm3}、D_{1 cm³}和D_{2 cm³}明显降低（t=2.235~5.819,P<0.05）。结论 对于局部晚期宫颈癌腔内联合组织间插植技术,基于3组优化方法的计划均能满足临床需求,且使用逆向优化方法保证了靶区剂量覆盖,同时减少直肠、膀胱、乙状结肠的最大受量。     

基于3D U-net的宫颈癌近距离治疗剂量分布预测

目的 基于三维（3D） U-net深度学习模型,建立预测CT引导下宫颈癌近距离治疗计划的3D空间剂量分布。方法 2021年4-9月收集114例宫颈癌患者三维近距离放疗计划（处方剂量6 Gy）组成数据集,按84 ∶11 ∶19划分为训练集、验证集、测试集。利用3D U-net模型进行500次（epoch）训练,分别评估测试集病例体素级的平均剂量偏差（MDD）与绝对剂量偏差（MADD）、等剂量面包围体积的戴斯系数（DSC）、处方剂量适形度指数（CI）、高危临床靶区（HRCTV）的D₉₀和平均剂量D_mean、膀胱、直肠、小肠、结肠的D_{1 cm³}与D_{2 cm³}剂量学参数。结果 测试集中19例患者的3D剂量矩阵MDD与MADD分别为-0.01±0.03和（0.04±0.01） Gy。50%到150%处方剂量的DSC在0.89到0.94之间,处方剂量CI为0.70±0.04。HRCTV的D₉₀的平均偏差为2.22%,D_mean的偏差为-4.30%。膀胱、直肠、小肠、结肠的D_{1 cm³}与D_{2 cm³}最大偏差分别为2.46%和2.58%。模型预测平均耗时2.5 s。结论 本研究实现了一种基于3D U-net的预测宫颈癌3D剂量分布的深度学习模型,为宫颈癌近距离治疗自动化设计奠定基础。     

局部晚期宫颈癌腔内放疗联合组织间插植的剂量学研究

目的 比较局部晚期宫颈癌单纯腔内放疗与腔内联合组织间插植放疗的剂量学差异。方法 2016年5月—2017年3月局部晚期宫颈癌患者共35例,均行根治性放疗,治疗方法为外照射+腔内联合组织间插植放疗。调强放射治疗处方剂量为46.8~50.4 Gy/26~28次,1.8 Gy/次。腔内联合组织间插植放疗剂量为7 Gy/次,1次/周,共4次。同一患者首先置入三管式后装放疗施源器,采集CT图像制定治疗计划,取出三管式施源器后,置入宫腔管并植入插植针,再次采集图像制定放疗计划。分别评价比较两组计划中靶区及危及器官的受照剂量差别。结果 共制定212次后装放疗计划,其中单纯腔内治疗计划106例,腔内联合组织间插植治疗计划106例。腔内联合组织间插植放疗组计划较单纯腔内放疗组的靶区剂量明显升高,高危临床靶区（CTV）的D₉₀、中危CTV的D₉₀均显著增高（t=-6.01、-2.73,P<0.05）,膀胱、直肠、乙状结肠的D_{2 cm³}显著降低（t=3.07、4.52、2.91,P<0.05）。结论 局部晚期宫颈癌应用腔内联合插植放疗可以明显提高靶区剂量,并降低危及器官膀胱、直肠和乙状结肠的受照剂量。     

食管癌三维适形调强放疗不同靶区照射局部失败的剂量学比较

目的 探讨食管癌不同靶区范围根治性放疗后食管病变局部复发与受照剂量的关系。方法 回顾性分析244例行根治性三维适形调强放疗的食管癌患者资料,比较有无食管病变局部复发患者的靶区体积的剂量、体积参数,并分层比较不同影响因素时两组患者靶区体积的剂量、体积参数的差异。结果 食管病变局部复发组与无复发组各靶体积的剂量、体积参数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。行淋巴引流区预防野(ENI)照射时,复发组与无复发组的剂量、体积参数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而行累及野(IFI)照射时,复发组的GTV-V₆₀、CTV-V₆₀、PTV-V₆₀均明显小于无复发组(t=-2.08、-2.19、-2.08, P<0.05)。行ENI照射时的GTV、CTV、PTV所受剂量和PTV的剂量体积均明显大于IFI照射(t=1.97~3.12, P<0.05)。当食管病变局部GTV<30 cm³和未行同期化疗时,复发者的CTV-D_98%、CTV-D_95%所接受的照射剂量均明显低于无复发者(t=-2.24~-2.07, P<0.05)。结论 食管癌根治性放疗,淋巴引流区预防照射可使治疗靶区体积获得更大的处方剂量和更高的处方剂量体积,能够降低食管病变局部复发。尤其当食管病变偏小和未同期化疗时,从淋巴引流区预防照射中获益更大。     

3D打印共面坐标模板辅助125I放射性粒子植入治疗盆壁复发宫颈癌的剂量学研究

目的 探讨放疗后盆壁复发宫颈癌患者采用3D打印共面坐标模板（3D-PCT）辅助¹²⁵I放射性粒子植入治疗剂量精确性实施的可行性。方法 本研究为单中心的回顾性研究,选取2016年4月至2017年12月北京大学第三医院应用3D-PCT辅助¹²⁵I放射性粒子植入治疗的放疗后盆壁复发宫颈癌患者资料10例。患者年龄37~71岁,中位年龄53.5岁,KPS评分≥ 70分。所有患者均接受过盆腔放疗。病灶体积为3.5~58.0 cm³（中位31.9 cm³）,处方剂量120~180 Gy,粒子活度0.55~0.67 mCi（1 Ci=3.7×10¹⁰Bq）,术前计划植入粒子数目为50（12~81）颗。根据术前计划在3D-PCT引导下行放射性粒子植入术。术后实际植入粒子数目为53（10~82）颗。评估剂量学参数包括D₉₀、D₁₀₀、V₁₀₀、V₁₅₀、V₂₀₀、靶区外体积指数（EI）、适形指数（CI）和均匀性指数（HI）,以及危及器官剂量D_{2 cm³}、D_{1 cm³}和D_{0.1 cm³}。术前计划与术后计划参数的比较采用相关样本非参数检验。结果 术后实际植入粒子数目多于术前计划设计,差异有统计学意义（Z=-2.255,P<0.05）。术后计划与术前计划的靶区剂量学参数D₉₀、D₁₀₀、V₁₀₀、V₁₅₀、V₂₀₀、EI、CI和HI比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。膀胱、肠道的D_{2 cm³}、D_{1 cm³}和D_{0.1 cm³}、直肠D_{0.1 cm³}的术后计划与术前计划剂量差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。直肠D_{2 cm³}和D_{1 cm³}术后计划剂量低于术前计划,差异均有统计学意义（Z=-2.100、-2.240,P<0.05）。结论 3D-PCT辅助¹²⁵I放射性粒子植入治疗盆壁复发宫颈癌,通过术中剂量优化,术后实际剂量达到术前计划设计,可以保证¹²⁵I放射性粒子植入盆壁复发宫颈癌的剂量精确实施。     

New Oily Agents for Targeting Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Purpose: The evaluation of new oily agents for targeting chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods: Five types of oily preparation were injected into the hepatic artery of 54 rabbits inoculated with VX2 carcinoma cells in order to evaluate (1) the safety of these preparations, (2) their histologic distribution and the amount of agents remaining at tumor sites, and (3) computed tomographic (CT) images obtained. Of these preparations, three were made by mixing non-iodinated poppy seed oil and a thickener and then adjusted to have a viscosity lower than, equal to, or higher than that of lipiodol. A fourth preparation was a mixture of lipiodol and a thickener with a higher viscosity than lipiodol alone, and the fifth preparation was lipiodol alone. Results: (1) No injury to the hepatic parenchyma was observed hematologically or histologically. (2) With increase in the viscosity, a significantly larger amount of agent remained at the tumor site. No agent was present at normal sites 14 days after intraarterial injection, regardless of which preparation was given. (3) On CT scans following intraarterial injection, tumor cells were visibly deeply stained in the non-iodinated preparation groups, while the lipiodol groups were not evaluable because of excessively high attenuation. Conclusion: The non-iodinated oily preparations and highly viscous oily preparations developed in the present study were more useful than lipiodol for treatment of hepatic tumors.     

Self-test software for PowerPoint: a tool for self-learning

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: We developed self-test software to improve self-learning efficiency using Microsoft PowerPoint data files. CONCLUSION: This tool can be run on IBM-compatible computer under Microsoft Windows. It is a new useful and interactive tool for self-learning. This tool allows users to do view the cases in the PowerPoint data files by random or sequentially. Goal-oriented effective self-learning is possible from methods that conjecture the possible differential diagnosis without promptly seeing correct diagnosis. Thus effective and interactive self-learning is possible.     

New oily agents for targeting chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma

PURPOSE: The evaluation of new oily agents for targeting chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: Five types of oily preparation were injected into the hepatic artery of 54 rabbits inoculated with VX2 carcinoma cells in order to evaluate (1) the safety of these preparations, (2) their histologic distribution and the amount of agents remaining at tumor sites, and (3) computed tomographic (CT) images obtained. Of these preparations, three were made by mixing non-iodinated poppy seed oil and a thickener and then adjusted to have a viscosity lower than, equal to, or higher than that of lipiodol. A fourth preparation was a mixture of lipiodol and a thickener with a higher viscosity than lipiodol alone, and the fifth preparation was lipiodol alone. RESULTS: (1) No injury to the hepatic parenchyma was observed hematologically or histologically. (2) With increase in the viscosity, a significantly larger amount of agent remained at the tumor site. No agent was present at normal sites 14 days after intraarterial injection, regardless of which preparation was given. (3) On CT scans following intraarterial injection, tumor cells were visibly deeply stained in the non-iodinated preparation groups, while the lipiodol groups were not evaluable because of excessively high attenuation. CONCLUSION: The non-iodinated oily preparations and highly viscous oily preparations developed in the present study were more useful than lipiodol for treatment of hepatic tumors.     

Evidence for a genetic basis for altitude-related illness

Altitude-related illnesses are a family of interrelated pulmonary, cerebral, hematological, and cardiovascular medical conditions associated with the diminished oxygen availability at moderate to high altitudes. The acute forms of these debilitating and potentially fatal conditions, which include acute mountain sickness (AMS), high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), and high altitude cerebral edema (HACE), often develop in incompletely acclimatized lowlanders shortly after ascent, whereas, the chronic conditions, such as chronic mountain sickness (CMS) and high altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH), usually afflict native or long-term highlanders and may reflect a loss of adaptation. Anecdotal reports of particularly susceptible people or families are frequently cited as evidence that certain individuals have an innate susceptibility (or resistance) to developing these conditions and, in recent decades, there have been a number of studies designed to characterize the physiology of individuals predisposed to these conditions, as well as to identify the specific genetic variants that contribute to this predisposition. This paper reviews the epidemiological evidence for a genetic component to the various forms of altitude-related illness, such as innate susceptibility, familial clustering, and patterns of population susceptibility, as well as the molecular evidence for specific genetic risk factors. While the evidence supports some role for genetic background in the etiology of altitude-related illness, limitations in individual studies and a general lack of corroborating research limit the conclusions that can be drawn about the extent of this contribution and the specific genes or pathways involved. The paper closes with suggestions for future work that could support and expand on previous studies, as well as provide new insights.     

Physician Skis for Fitness,Races for Reward

Milton Hanson was looking forward to a five-month cross-country skiing vacation, but the challenge of ski racing induced him to enter a series of international races.