Is exercise of value in the prevention of fragility fractures in men?

Exercise during growth seems to build a stronger skeleton resulting in a high peak bone mineral density (BMD) in men. Exercise during adulthood produces benefits in BMD or prevents bone loss, but the changes are of minor biological significance as regards fracture reduction. However, prospective intervention studies suggest exercise to improve muscle strength, co-ordination and balance, even in octogenarians—all traits possible to reduce the number of falls. It is virtually impossible to undertake a randomized blinded study of exercise with fracture as end point due to the large cohorts needed. Retrospective and prospective observational and case control studies suggest activity to be associated with reduced fracture risk. This may be correct, but consistently replicated sampling bias may produce the same observation. The Achilles heel of exercise is the cessation of physical activity. Biologically important benefits in BMD or improvement in muscle size and strength achieved by exercise during growth and young adulthood seem to be eroded in retirement, leaving virtually no remaining benefits in old age, the period when fragility fractures exponentially rise. On the contrary, continued exercise on a lower level may maintain some of the musculoskeletal benefit, but dose– response relationships need to quantified, as do the effects of exercise on bone size, shape, architecture and frequency of injurious falls. Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence of effect, but if we recommend exercise then should this be to children, adults, elderly men or men with fractures? What type of exercise? For how long? How many fewer fractures will result in the community from a community based exercise campaign like the anti-tobacco campaign? The higher level of proof, suggesting exercise to reduce spine and hip fractures must come from well designed and executed prospective randomized studies. Blinded studies obviously cannot be done but open trials can, and should be undertaken.     

Effects of Level Changes of 5-HT and Dopamine in Cerebral Microvasculature on Occurrence of Secondary Damages in Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats

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Evaluation of the diagnostic value of a venous phase in CT angiography of the extremities in the setting of trauma: is vein imaging in vain?

Purpose

This study examined the value of including a venous phase in addition to the initial arterial phase in the CT angiography evaluation of extremity trauma.

Methods

CT studies from 157 patients (average age 38 years, age range 18–89 years, male 83%, female 17%) were obtained for trauma to the upper or lower extremity with both arterial and venous phases and retrospectively reviewed. The detection rate and type of vascular injury were evaluated by using the arterial phase alone and compared to the detection rate when interpreting the arterial and venous phases together.

Results

Arterial injury was identified in 35 cases (22%), and venous injury was identified in seven cases (5%). Four cases of discrepant diagnoses were identified between image interpretation of the arterial phase alone and interpretation using both phases, all of which were venous injuries that were visible only on the venous phase. None of the four cases of venous injury required a change in surgical management. Overall, no significant difference in diagnosis between the two methods of image interpretation (arterial phase alone, arterial and venous phases) was discovered (p > 0.125; CI 95%).

Conclusions

The use of a venous phase in the CT angiography evaluation of extremity trauma does not add significant arterial diagnostic or clinical management value despite its potential of increasing the diagnostic detection rate of venous injury.

     

Significance of runaway calcium homeostasis in type Ⅱ pneumocytes in development of radiation-induced lung injury

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An analysis of the murder of women in a 10-year period in Eskişehir Province located in western Anatolia in Turkey

Murder of women generally occurs as a result of violence by their husbands and relatives. We evaluated the female victims of murder in Eski?ehir, located in western Anatolia, where the education level is high in this study. Our aim was to assess and discuss data related to the victims and murderers.A total of 141 women's murder cases were analysed in the study. After a legal process and the results of the autopsies during 2002–2011 in Eski?ehir, 715 subjects found to have died as a result of murder were chosen. Cases were evaluated in terms of their age, marital status, education level, relationship to the murderer, reasons for violence, type of action and reasons for death.It was determined that 48.2% (n = 68) of the victims had been killed by the husband and 7.8% (n = 11) by the ex-husband. Murderers generally stated that the reason of murder was the woman's request for divorce or breaking up (n = 40, 28.4%).In compliance with the literature, the women were most commonly killed by their husbands in our study. Enhancing women's status and preventing violence against women will decrease such murders.     

List of Articles Published in Brief

96020l1MEBOUsedforHeaIingACaseofPediatricDigestiveTractBurnCausedbySulfuricAcid,/LeiZhenfu(The3rdPeopIe'sHospitaI,ZhigongCity,SichuanProvince)96o2012MEB0UsedforHealing15CasesofPerforatingW0undsCausedbyReinforcingBaratHighTemperature/CuiHaiping.ZhangGangting(The2ndDept.ofSurgery,No.4O6HospitaI,PLANavy)96020l3TheApplicationofNon-compressionBandagingTechniqueinMEBT/ZhangShouhua(MedicaITeam,FireBrigade.TaianCity)96020l4SomePointstotheTreatmentofOraIBurnUsingMEBO/Che…     

Is the appearance of microcalcifications on mammography useful in predicting histological grade of malignancy in ductal cancer in situ?

It has been proposed that the grade of malignancy of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast can be estimated by the morphology of microcalcifications found on mammography. We correlated microcalcifications and histopathology in a retrospective blinded review. We reviewed all patients who underwent excisional breast biopsy over a 5 1/2-year period. Mammograms and pathology slides of all patients (n = 49) with DCIS of the breast were included in a blinded retrospective analysis. Mammographic microcalcifications were divided into four categories, "linear branching", "coarse granular", "fine granular" or "no microcalcification". Independently, pathology specimens were assigned to poorly, intermediately and well differentiated categories according to the consensus classification of DCIS introduced by the European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer. Two patients had no microcalcifications. 25 (53%) of the remaining 47 patients had "linear branching" microcalcifications, 10 (21%) had "coarse granular" and 12 (25.5%) had "fine granular" microcalcifications. 19 patients (40%) had poorly differentiated, 23 (49%) intermediately differentiated and 5 (11%) well differentiated subtypes of DCIS. 14 (56%) of the 25 patients with "linear branching" microcalcifications had poorly differentiated DCIS, 10 (40%) had intermediately differentiated and 1 (4%) had well differentiated DCIS. 3 (30%) of 10 patients with "coarse granular" microcalcifications had poorly differentiated DCIS, 5 (50%) had intermediately differentiated and 2 (20%) had well differentiated DCIS. 2 (17%) of 12 patients with "fine granular" microcalcifications had poorly differentiated DCIS, 8 (67%) had intermediately differentiated and 2 (17%) had well differentiated DCIS. These findings were not statistically significant. In conclusion, "linear branching" microcalcifications tended to be associated with higher pathological grading. However, correlation was poor and there was considerable overlap between categories. Histological type of DCIS cannot be predicted prospectively on mammographic appearances.     

The place of bigamy in the pantheon of crime?

Bigamy is officially classified as a 'sex offence'. The offence is rare and attracts little criminological attention, and the reaction of the courts has become more lenient in recent years, yet the media coverage of bigamy remains quite pervasive. An analysis of the criminal career profile over 32 years (1963-94) of the 42 bigamists convicted in 1973 indicates that they had no other convictions for bigamy and only two had convictions for a sex offence. Among the 25 persons with other convictions, the crimes of theft/handling stolen goods and fraud and forgery predominate. In fact, the criminal careers of these bigamists are more similar to the criminal careers of white collar offenders than of other sex offenders. It is suggested that by looking at convicted bigamists' criminal careers one can more appropriately categorize the crime as deception, and in this context we need to consider how to respond to its perpetrators and victims.     

Dose-effect of chromosome aberration in lymphocytes of human peripheral blood irradiated with high dose of 60Co γ rays in vitro

Objective To explore the dose-effect of chromosome aberration,and establish a dose-effect curve of dicentrie and ring (die+r) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes irradiated with high dose of γ-rays.Methods Human peripheral blood was obtained from three healthy individuals,and exposed to 60Co γ-rays with doses between 0 and 50 Gy.Colchicine was added immediately and the cells were incubated at 37℃ for 52,72 and 96 h,respectively.Metaphase index (MI) and dic+r were counted,and a dose-effect curve was fitted.Dose estimation were performed according to the curve for the two patients who had accidentally received high doses of irradiation.Results MI was reduced with the dose increasing.Frequencies of dic+r were increased until 23 Gy,and then saturation was observed.A dose-effect curve was fitted during 5-23 Gy,and the doseeffect was as follows:γ=-1.608(±0.300)+0.830(±0.051) D-0.013(±0.002) D2(R2=0.998),where γ is the yield of dic+r,and D is the dose.The dose estimated for the two patients were in accordance with those by physical method,ESR method and clinical symptoms.Conclusions The highest dose that could be estimated is 23 Gy with the established dic+r dose-effect curve by using the eolchicine black method and prolonged culture time,which suggests the potential of chromosome aberration analysis as biological dosemeter.     

Analysis of the prevalence and coexistence of synthetic cannabinoids in “herbal high” products in Poland

“Herbal highs” are a group of products marketed in recent years as legal substitutes for marijuana. This article presents the results of examinations performed on samples seized in “head shops” and from individuals during a 3.5-year period, between mid-2008 and the end of 2011 in Poland. Of over 2000 samples delivered for analysis, 420 preparations were selected for this study. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–quadrupole-time-of-flight–mass spectrometry were used for identification of psychoactive components, and high-performance liquid chromatography was used for their quantitation. The most common ingredients of herbal highs were: JWH-081 (144 products), JWH-018 (103), RCS-4 (92), JWH-073 (89), JWH-250 (75), JWH-122 (69), cannabicyclohexanol (55), and JWH-210 (38). Over 50 % of the products contained two or more active ingredients; 136 products (32.4 %) contained two; 56 products (13.3 %) contained three; and 22 (5.2 %) contained more than three. Common combinations of ingredients were investigated by the graph method; substances coexisted mainly with those introduced into the drug market in a similar period of time. The most common dual combinations were JWH-081 + RCS-4 (18 products), JWH-073 + JWH-250 (16), and JWH-081 + JWH-250 (12). JWH-081 was blended with almost all detected synthetic cannabinoids. The main risks of the use of these substances were due to ignorance of great variation in the content and composition of synthetic cannabinoids even if the products had identical labels. This inconsistency could cause serious health damage to users, while ignorance of the fact that more than one third of the products being sold at head shops contain illicit compound(s) could result in unexpected arrest.     

Accuracy of estimation of dental age in comparison with chronological age in Indian population – A comparative analysis of two formulas

Demirjian's 8-teeth method widens the assessment in a wider age group, in comparison with the original 7-teeth method.Aim and objectiveEvaluate age in children, adolescents and young adults using Demirjian's 8-Teeth Method in an Indian population. Compare the effectiveness of existing Demirjian's formula with that of the Indian formula.Materials and methodPanoramic radiographs of 50 male and 50 female patients aged between 5 and 24 years were collected. The radiographs were interpreted using Demirjian's 8-teeth method and the dental age calculated using Demirjian's formula and the Indian formula. Both the formula's were compared using paired 't' test (SPSS Statistics 11.5).ResultsAmong the 100 samples the mean chronological age in 50 males was 13.44 years and mean chronological age in 50 females was 13.12 years. By using Demirjian's formula the mean dental age in male was 11.81 years and that in female was 11.58 years. By using Indian Formula the mean dental age in male was 13.54 years and that in female was 14.06 years. The mean dental age by both the formulas were compared with the corresponding chronological age. It was evaluated that the Demirjian's formula underestimated the mean dental age by 1.63 years in males and by 1.54 years in females, whereas a variation of 0.10 years in male and 0.94 years in female was found with the Indian formula. The mean dental age obtained using Indian formula was approximating with the chronological age in the male and female by a margin of 0.94 years.ConclusionAcharya's Indian formula is more effective in evaluating the dental age closer to the chronological age of an individual in an Indian population in comparison with the existing Demirjian's formula.     

Review of cardiovascular imaging in the journal of nuclear cardiology in 2016: Part 2 of 2—myocardial perfusion imaging

In 2016, the Journal of Nuclear Cardiology published many high-quality articles. Similar to previous years, we will summarize here a selection of the articles that were published in the Journal in 2016 to provide a concise review of the main advancements that have recently occurred in the field. In the first article of this two-part series we focused on publications dealing with positron emission tomography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance. This review will place emphasis on myocardial perfusion imaging using single-photon emission-computed tomography summarizing advances in the field including in diagnosis, prognosis, and appropriate use.     

The role of interventional radiology in trauma

Introduction Interventional Radiology has evolved into a specialty having enormous input into the care of the traumatized patient.In all hospitals,regardless of size,the Interventional Radiologist must consider their relationships with the trauma service in order to     

A Comparison in Healing of Skull Defect Repaired with Four Different Kinds of Graft Materials in Rabbits

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Problems of Psychological Monitoring in Astronaut Training

在进行职业训练时，对受训者的心理变化趋势进行监视是必要的。航天员心理因素的发展水平可通过心理测试来检测，以便能对其重要的心理指标进行评价，并给出综合评价。文中列出应进行测试的心理指标，并根据大量的样本统计给出了经验加权因子。测试结果的积累可以预测航天员将来飞行任务中处理复杂问题的能力，并能帮助改进训练过程及暴露缺点。     

Role of CT in the diagnosis of jejunal–ileal perforations

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the computed tomography (CT) signs of free and covered small-bowel perforations and the potential of CT in recognising the aetiology.

Materials and methods

Thirty-five patients with surgically proven small-bowel perforation were retrospectively evaluated. Fundamental signs (extraluminal air, solution of continuity) and secondary signs (thickening of the mesentery, free or perilesional fluid, wall thickening) were considered.

Results

CT alterations were found in 31/35 (88.6 %) patients: extraluminal air (30/35, 85.7 %), solution of continuity (11/35, 31.4 %), intra-abdominal fluid (27/35, 77.1 %), thickening of the mesentery (20/35, 57.1 %), and wall thickening (14/35, 40 %). In 25/35 cases (71.4 %) pneumoperitoneum was detected, associated with secondary signs (23/25, 82 %), confirmed as free perforations at surgery. In 5/35 patients (14.2 %), peri-intestinal air bubbles and secondary signs were evident, while in 1/35 cases (2.8 %) only secondary signs were seen, namely covered perforations. In 4/35 patients (11.4 %) with a covered perforation, the CT scan was negative. The nature of the perforations was completely recognisable in 26/31 cases (83.9 %), partially identifiable in 4/31 (12.9 %), not evident in 1/31 (3.2 %).

Conclusion

CT investigation is essential in the recognition of a small-bowel perforation and in the definition of its nature.