肝内胆管结石的CT诊断

目的 :探讨肝内胆管结石的 CT表现及诊断价值。方法 :对 6 5例肝内胆管结石的 CT征象进行分析 ,并与超声对照。结果 :(1) CT诊断肝内胆管结石的准确率达 98.5 % ;(2 )因结石的密度不同可分为四类 ,即高密度、软组织密度 ,低密度和混杂密度结石 ;(3)肝内胆管扩张以局限性囊、柱状扩张为特征 ;(4 ) CT可准确显示和诊断其合并症。结论 :CT是肝内胆管结石有效的诊断手段 ,其诊断准确性特别是对并发症的诊断优于 B超     

多排CT胆道成像诊断肝胆管结石的方法和技术

目的:多排CT胆道成像诊断肝内及肝外主胆管结石的价值。方法:采用临床流行病学诊断试验的方法,对经手术、病理或ERCP证实的40例多排CT胆道成像结果进行回顾分析。结果:多排CT胆道成像诊断肝胆管结石的特异度、敏感度、准确度均达到90%以上,明显优于B超。结论:多排CT胆道成像诊断肝胆管结石的特异度、敏感度、准确度基本与ERCP相近,该技术拓展了肝内外胆管结石的诊断途径,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

CT在肝内胆管结石诊断中的应用

目的探讨肝内胆管结石的CT表现及诊断价值。方法对35例肝内胆管结石CT征象进行分析。结果CT诊断肝内胆管结石33例,准确率达95%;CT可准确显示和诊断其合并症。结论CT是肝内胆管结石有效的诊断手段,其诊断准确性特别是对并发症的诊断优于B超。     

MDCT漏诊肝外胆管结石的特征分析及对策

目的 回顾性分析经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术(ERCP)确诊肝外胆管结石的MDCT影像特征,探讨其误诊及漏诊的原因.方法 对43例经ERCP确诊的肝外胆管结石患者行MDCT及MRI(MRCP)检查,并与ERCP结果对照.结果 密度＜ 40 HU结石及泥沙样全部漏诊.密度40～60 HU组中,＜0.5 cm、0.5～1.0 cm、＞1.0 cm结石误漏诊率分别为100％ 、40％、11％.密度＞60 HU组中,＜0.5 cm、0.5 ～ 1.0 cm、＞1.0cm结石误漏诊率分别为20％、20％、17％.密度40 ～ 60 HU组中,胆总管无扩张及胆总管扩张患者误漏诊率分别为100％、60％.密度＞60 HU组中,胆总管无扩张及胆总管扩张患者误漏诊率分别为50％、22％.结论 肝外胆管结石的误诊及漏诊受其密度、大小、位置、胆管扩张情况等多重因素影响.     

基于MRI预测肿块型肝内胆管细胞癌分化程度的研究价值

目的:探讨磁共振成像(MRI)定性、定量参数在肿块型肝内胆管细胞癌细胞分化程度的预测价值。方法:回顾性分析2016年3月-2022年3月81例经手术病理证实为肿块型肝内胆管细胞癌(MICC)患者临床、病理、MRI资料。将患者分为中分化组(29例)和低分化组(52例),采用t检验或χ²检验比较两组在临床、MRI定性以及定量参数方面的差异，将单因素分析中具有统计学差异的变量纳入Logistic回归进行分析用来建立MRI模型。受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线被用于分析模型的诊断效能。结果:单因素分析显示两组间肝内转移灶、动态强化模式、肝胆期强化模式、扩散加权成像(DWI)、直径的差异有统计学意义(P值分别为0.032、<0.001、0.035、0.017、0.001)。动态强化模式、直径是预测MICC分化程度的独立预测因子，所得MRI模型ROC曲线下面积0.806,敏感度71.2%,特异度79.3%。结论:动态强化模式、直径是预测MICC分化程度的独立危险因素，MRI模型具有良好的诊断效能。     

MRI结合MRCP对肝门部胆管狭窄病因的评价

目的:探讨MRI结合MRCP对肝门部胆管狭窄病因的诊断价值.材料和方法:回顾性分析66例肝门部胆管狭窄患者的临床、MRI资料,所有病例均进行MR平扫、增强及MRCP检查,其中12例经ERCP证实、6例经PTC证实,48例经手术病理证实.结果:66例肝门部胆管狭窄患者中,26例损伤性狭窄,9例肝门部胆管癌,6例肝门部转移性肿瘤,14例炎性狭窄,4例胆管结石,Mirizzi综合征及硬化性胆管炎各2例,3例先天性胆管囊肿.胆管受累范围按Bismuth分级,MRI和MRCP均显示了胆管狭窄情况及病变特征.结论:MRI和MRCP对肝门部胆管狭窄病因的诊断具有重要价值,对指导临床采取正确的治疗措施具有重要意义.     

MRCP结合薄层扫描对胆管结石的诊断价值(与B超比较)

目的:通过与B超比较评价MRCP结合薄层扫描(简称MR)图像对胆管结石的诊断价值。材料和方法:对87例经手术或ERCP证实为胆管结石的患者,分别按结石部位和大小分组,对术前MR与B超诊断结果进行对比分析。结果:MR诊断胆管结石总准确率为93.1%(81/87),B超诊断总准确率为78.2%(68/87),前者明显高于后者,χ2=7.89,P>0.05;按部位比较,MR与B超对左、右肝管结石诊断准确率无明显差异(P<0.05),对胆总管结石,MR准确率明显高于B超(分别为95.2%和77.4%,χ2=6.82,P<0.05);按结石大小分组,≥2cm组,MR与B超诊断率均为100%,P>0.05;1~2cm(含1cm)组,两种方法诊断率分别为100%和93.1%,P<0.05;<1cm组46例,MR明确诊断40例(87.0%),B超仅明确诊断29例(69.0%),MR检出率明显高于B超(χ2=7.01,P<0.05)。结论:MRCP结合薄层扫描无创、安全,对胆管结石的诊断准确率高,尤其对胆总管结石及<1cm结石的诊断具有明显优势。     

ROC曲线评价超声和MRI对甲状腺良恶性结节的诊断价值

目的利用ROC曲线评价超声(ultrasonography,US)和MRI对甲状腺良恶性结节的诊断价值。方法对33例患者的52个甲状腺结节行US及MRI检查,以术后病理结果为金标准,比较两种方法的敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比和准确率,并绘制ROC曲线。结果 US和MRI诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比和准确率分别为85.72%、93.55%、13.29、0.15、90.38%和57.14%、83.87%、3.54、1.96、73.08%,两者的曲线下面积分别为0.896、0.705,两者差异具有显著的统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对甲状腺结节良恶性的诊断,US比MRI更具有一定的优势。     

MRCP结合薄层扫描对胆系结石的诊断价值

目的 :评价MRCP结合梗阻部位薄层扫描图像 (或MRI原始图像 )对胆系结石的诊断价值。方法 :对 14 6例经临床手术及病理证实为胆系结石病人的MRCP结合梗阻部位薄层扫描图像 (或MRI原始图像 )、MRCP、US检查结果进行对比分析。结果 :MRCP结合梗阻部位薄层扫描图像 (或MRI原始图像 )诊断胆系结石总准确率为 97.9% ,MRCP诊断胆系结石总准确率为 89.0 % ,US诊断胆系结石总准确率为 89.7% ,MRCP结合梗阻部位薄层扫描图像与MRCP、US的诊断总准确率比较 ,相差具有显著性意义 (χ12 =4.52 ,P1<0 .0 5;χ2 2 =4.2 8,P2 <0 .0 5)。结论 :MRCP结合梗阻部位薄层扫描 (或MRI原始图像 )可进一步提高对胆系结石的诊断准确率     

多序列MRI和MSCT诊断胆道结石对照研究

目的 对比探讨多序列磁共振成像(MRI)及多层螺旋CT (MSCT)诊断胆道系统结石的价值.方法 抽取2011年7月～2012年7月共58例胆道结石病例,均行MSCT平扫和多序列MRI检查,MRI检查序列包括:轴位T2 WI、轴位T2WI压脂、轴位T1WI、冠状位T2WI、厚层块MRCP和薄层MRCP.2种检查时间间隔不超过2天,所有病例均经手术和病理证实.按结石所在部位分成肝内胆管结石、上段胆总管结石、下段胆总管结石及胆囊结石进行统计.将MSCT和多序列MRI诊断结果进行对比,应用配对四格表行x2检验统计分析.结果 共102个部位存在结石,其中胆囊结石30个部位,上段胆总管结石9个部位,下段胆总管结石36个部位,肝内胆管结石27个部位.多序列MRI诊断100个部位存在结石,MSCT诊断66个部位存在结石,多序列MRI诊断正确率为98.03％(100/102),MSCT诊断正确率为64.7％(66/102),二者差异有统计学意义(x2=40.0,P＜0.01).结论 多序列MRI诊断胆道系统结石明显高于MSCT,为外科手术提供可靠的诊断依据.     

Detection of rotator cuff tears: the value of MRI following ultrasound

Objective

To evaluate the need for additional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following ultrasound (US) in patients with shoulder pain and/or disability and to compare the accuracy of both techniques for the detection of partial-thickness and full-thickness rotator cuff tears (RCT).

Methods

In 4 years, 5,216 patients underwent US by experienced musculoskeletal radiologists. Retrospectively, patient records were evaluated if MRI and surgery were performed within 5 months of US. US and MRI findings were classified into intact cuff, partial-thickness and full-thickness RCT, and were correlated with surgical findings.

Results

Additional MR imaging was performed in 275 (5.2%) patients. Sixty-eight patients underwent surgery within 5 months. US and MRI correctly depicted 21 (95%) and 22 (100%) of the 22 full-thickness tears, and 8 (89%) and 6 (67%) of the 9 partial-thickness tears, respectively. The differences in performance of US and MRI were not statistically significant (p?=?0.15).

Conclusions

MRI following routine shoulder US was requested in only 5.2% of the patients. The additional value of MRI was in detecting intra-articular lesions. In patients who underwent surgery, US and MRI yielded comparably high sensitivity for detecting full-thickness RCT. US performed better in detecting partial-thickness tears, although the difference was not significant.     

Accuracy of tumour size assessment in the preoperative staging of breast cancer: comparison of digital mammography, tomosynthesis, ultrasound and MRI

Purpose

Accurate measurement of breast tumour size is fundamental for treatment planning. We compared the accuracy of digital mammography (DM), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the preoperative evaluation of breast cancer size.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively reviewed 149 breast cancers in 110 patients who underwent DM, DBT, US and MRI between January 2010 and December 2011, before definitive surgery. The lesions were measured by two radiologists, without knowledge of the final histological examination, considered the gold standard. For each imaging modality, the maximum tumour size was measured to the nearest millimetre; the measurements were considered concordant if they were within ±5 mm. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated for each imaging modality.

Results

The median pathological tumour size was 22.3 mm. MRI and DBT had a level of concordance with pathology of 70% and 66%, respectively, which was higher than that of DM (54%). DBT and MRI measurements had a better correlation with pathological tumour size (R:0.89 and R:0.92, respectively) compared to DM (R:0.83) and US (R:0.77).

Conclusions

DBT and MRI are superior to DM and US in the preoperative assessment of breast tumour size. DBT seems to improve the accuracy of DM, although MRI remains the most accurate imaging modality for breast cancer extension.     

输尿管恶性肿瘤的影像学诊断

目的：探讨输尿管恶性肿瘤的影像学表现，提高对该病的诊断水平。方法：选择过去5年经手术和病理证实的12例输尿管恶性肿瘤患者，回顾性分析其静脉尿路造影、US、CT和MRI表现，并与手术及病理结果进行对照。结果：CT与MRI准确地检出了所有12例肿瘤，对其向周围组织的浸润范围和腹腔淋巴结肿大也作了正确的判断。静脉尿路造影仅显示3例输尿管狭窄或梗阻，6例患侧尿路未见显影或显影不佳。尽管US检出了所有12例肿瘤所致的尿路积水，但仅2例诊断为输尿管肿瘤，4例提示输尿管狭窄。结论：CT和MRI对诊断输尿管恶性肿瘤有很高的敏感性，并能对其准确分期。尿路造影和US对肿瘤所致的输尿管狭窄和梗阻有一定的诊断价值，但通常不能直接显示肿瘤及其向周围组织的浸润。     

Imaging features of iliopsoas bursitis

The aim of this study was firstly to describe the spectrum of imaging findings seen in iliopsoas bursitis, and secondly to compare cross-sectional imaging techniques in the demonstration of the extent, size and appearance of the iliopsoas bursitis as referenced by surgery. Imaging studies of 18 patients (13 women, 5 men; mean age 53 years) with surgically proven iliopsoas bursitis were reviewed. All patients received conventional radiographs of the pelvis and hip, US and MR imaging of the hip. The CT was performed in 5 of the 18 patients. Ultrasound, CT and MR all demonstrated enlarged iliopsoas bursae. The bursal wall was thin and well defined in 83% and thickened in 17% of all cases. The two cases with septations on US were not seen by CT and MRI. A communication between the bursa and the hip joint was seen, and surgically verified, in all 18 patients by MR imaging, whereas US and CT failed to demonstrate it in 44 and 40% of the cases, respectively. Hip joint effusion was seen and verified by surgery in 16 patients by MRI, whereas CT (4 of 5) and US ( n=12) underestimated the number. The overall size of the bursa corresponded best between MRI and surgery, whereas CT and US tended to underestimate the size. Contrast enhancement of the bursal wall was seen in all cases. The imaging characteristics of iliopsoas bursitis are a well-defined, thin-walled cystic mass with a communication to the hip joint and peripheral contrast enhancement. The most accurate way to assess iliopsoas bursitis is with MR imaging; thus, it should be used for accurate therapy planning and follow-up studies. In order to initially prove an iliopsoas bursitis, US is the most cost-effective, easy-to-perform and fast alternative.     

Comparison of ultrasound,CT and MRI in the assessment of parotid masses

In order to compare the advantages and failings of the current imaging procedures used for the staging of parotid masses, 121 patients were investigated: 30 with ultrasound (US) and CT, 55 with US and MRI, and 36 with US, CT and MRI. The accuracy of the three imaging modalities was evaluated in detecting parotid lesions; in assessing their location (intra- or extraglandular) and nature (benign or malignant); and in defining their intraglandular extent (superficial or deep lobe) as well as their relationship with surrounding structures. The imaging findings were related to the cytohistological data from US-guided biopsy or from surgical resection. In the 36 patients studied with all three modalities the diagnostic accuracy (excluding double errors in the same patient) was 77.7% for US, 86.1% for CT and 94.4% for MRI. US was thus shown to be less accurate than CT or MRI, and MRI not significantly superior to CT. US with fine-needle aspiration cytology should be the first-line imaging technique; CT and MRI have to be- considered for lesions more than 3 cm in diameter or for masses arising in the deep lobe of the gland. The results of this series show that MRI provides better results than CT in displaying the relationship of the mass with contiguous structures. Correspondence to: L. Grazioli     

Ovarian cysts on prenatal MRI

Objective

Ovarian cysts are the most frequently encountered intra-abdominal masses in females in utero. They may, at times, require perinatal intervention. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an adjunct to ultrasonography (US) in prenatal diagnosis, we sought to demonstrate the ability to visualize ovarian cysts on prenatal MRI.

Materials and methods

This retrospective study included 17 fetal MRI scans from 16 female fetuses (23–37 gestational weeks) with an MRI diagnosis of ovarian cysts after suspicious US findings. A multiplanar MRI protocol was applied to image and to characterize the cysts. The US and MRI findings were compared, and the prenatal findings were compared with postnatal imaging findings or histopathology.

Results

Simple ovarian cysts were found in 10/16 cases and complex cysts in 7/16 cases, including one case with both. In 11/16 (69%) cases, US and MRI diagnoses were in agreement, and, in 5/16 (31%) cases, MRI specified or expanded the US diagnosis. In 6/16 cases, postnatal US showed that the cysts spontaneously resolved or decreased in size, and in 1/16 cases, postnatal imaging confirmed a hemorrhagic cyst. In 4/16 cases, the prenatal diagnoses were confirmed by surgery/histopathology, and for the rest, postnatal correlation was not available.

Conclusion

Our results illustrate the MRI visualization of ovarian cysts in utero. In most cases, MRI will confirm the US diagnosis. In certain cases, MRI may provide further diagnostic information, additional to US, which is the standard technique for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment planning.     

Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography and tumor size assessment: a valuable tool for appropriate surgical management of breast lesions

Purpose

To compare the accuracy of Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography (CESM), MG, US, and breast MRI in estimating the size of breast lesions requiring surgery. The postoperative histology size of the lesion was used as the gold standard.

Material and methods

Two hundred thirty-three non-benign lesions in 189 patients were included in the analyses. All the selected patients underwent CESM and at least one other conventional diagnostic exam (US, MG, or MRI). Subsequently, all the patients underwent surgery preceded by cytological/histological examination. The largest diameter of the lesion at imaging was measured by a radiologist with more than 10 years’ experience and then compared with the size of the lesion in the histological sample at the surgery (gold standard).

Results

Among the 233 breast lesions, 196 were evaluated with US, 206 with MG and 160 with MRI. We found no statistically significant differences between size measurements using CESM and MRI compared with the measurements at the surgery (p value 0.63 and 0.51), whereas a significant difference was found for MG and US (p?<?0.001).

Conclusion

CESM is a reliable method for estimating the size of breast lesions: its performance seems superior to US and MG and comparable to MRI.

     

The role of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound in patients with adnexal masses

AIMS: To evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in characterizing adnexal masses, and to determine which patients may benefit from MRI. METHODS: We prospectively studied 72 women (mean age 53 years, range 19 to 86 years) with clinically suspected adnexal masses. A single experienced sonographer performed transabdominal and transvaginal greyscale spectral and colour Doppler examinations. MRI was carried out on a 1.5T system using T1, T2 and fat-suppressed T1-weighted sequences before and after intravenous injection of gadolinium. The adnexal masses were categorized as benign or malignant without knowledge of clinical details, according to the imaging features which were compared with the surgical and pathological findings. RESULTS: For characterizing lesions as malignant, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of MRI were 96.6%, 83.7% and 88.9%, respectively, and of US were 100%, 39.5% and 63.9%, respectively. MRI was more specific (p<0.05) than US. Both MRI and US correctly diagnosed 17 (24%) cases with benign and 28 (39%) cases with malignant masses. MRI correctly diagnosed 19 (26%) cases with benign lesion(s), which on US were thought to be malignant. The age, menopausal status and CA-125 levels in these women made benign disease likely, but US features were suggestive of malignancy (large masses and solid-cystic lesions with nodules). CONCLUSION: MRI is more specific and accurate than US and Doppler assessment for characterizing adnexal masses. Women who clinically have a relatively low risk of malignancy but who have complex sonographic features may benefit from MRI.     

The value of in-utero magnetic resonance imaging in ultrasound diagnosed foetal isolated cerebral ventriculomegaly

AIM: To assess whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a useful adjunct to ultrasound (US) when imaging cases of foetal isolated cerebral ventriculomegaly. To assess whether, in such cases, ventricular morphology is a useful indicator for the underlying pathology, as has recently been suggested. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 30 cases of isolated ventriculomegaly diagnosed using US and referred for in utero MRI. The gestational age of each case was noted and the MRI report. Both ventricles were measured and each case was categorized according to severity and morphology. The MRI report was compared to the final diagnosis. RESULTS: Of the 30 cases evaluated 18 had mild ventriculomegaly (<15 mm; gestational age range 20-31 weeks, mean 22.8, median 22) and 12 had severe ventriculomegaly (>15 mm; gestational age range 21-37 weeks, mean 28, median 28.5). Additional abnormalities were found in 50% of cases overall (44% mild, 58% severe) using MRI. CONCLUSIONS: Using MRI additional abnormalities were identified in 50% of the foetuses. The morphology of the cases did not suggest underlying pathology in this group. In utero MRI is a useful adjunct to US in cases of foetal cerebral ventriculomegaly referred after initial diagnosis using US.     

Diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism

AIM: To preoperatively localize enlarged parathyroid glands in patients with hyperparathyroidism (HPT). METHODS: Besides clinical and biochemical workup, high-resolution ultrasonography (US) is the most commonly used imaging method.Additionally,Tc-99m-MIBI scintigraphy in subtraction or biphasic technique, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used. RESULTS: US fails to detect a minimum of 10% of enlarged parathyroid glands,most commonly due to ectopic location, or difficult examination conditions, such as nodular goiter or previous surgery. If attempted US localization is unsuccessful, multiphase scintigraphy, using Tc-99m-sestamibi, can help to locate ectopic adenomas in the mediastinum. With SPECT, ademomas can be found which escape detection on planar scans due to their small size.With combined use of US and scintigraphy, a correct localization of parathyroid adenomas is possible in up to 90%. CT and MRI are of limited value due to their low specificity. CONCLUSION: For newly diagnosed hyperparathyroidism, high-resolution US is the method of choice for localizing parathyroid adenomas.If ultrasound fails to detect a lesion, Tc-99m-MIBI scintigraphy is recommended. In patients scheduled for re-operation for recurrent or persistent HPT, a preoperative detection of a parathyroid adenoma should be attempted whenever possible, in order to minimize the extent of surgery. The role of CT or MRI is mainly to help to better anatomically localize a suspected adenoma previously detected with scintigraphy.