自制栅栏定位器在CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检中的应用价值

目的探讨自制栅栏定位器在CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检中的应用价值。方法随机抽取经皮肺穿刺病例160例,A、B两组,A组为使用传统定位器穿刺,B组为使用自制栅栏定位器穿刺,每组80例,并把两组病例的穿刺组织学符合率及并发症进行比较。结果A组病例组织学符合率高,明显减少了由于穿刺时进针的位置和角度不当及穿刺次数过多而产生的并发症。结论自制栅栏定位器在CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检中具有定位准确,穿刺成功率高,并发气胸率低等优点,具有推广价值。     

股静脉穿刺插管血液净化40例

我院自1996年以来,用股静脉穿刺插管建立临时血管通路进行血液净化40例,效果满意。1　临床资料1.1　一般情况　本组40例,男18例,女22例;年龄8～63岁,平均42岁。双腔导管插管28例,留置7例;单腔导管插管12例,留置1例。慢性肾衰首次血液透析19例,维持性透析内瘘栓塞6例,急性肾衰1例,药物中毒14例。血液净化分类:血液透析33例共61次,血液灌流6例6次,血浆置换1例1次。采用美国Quinton13.5cm单腔和双腔导管。1.2　手术方法　取平卧位,穿刺侧大腿略外展外旋,穿刺点在腹股沟韧带下2～3cm,股动脉内侧0.5～1cm处。常规消毒铺巾后以2%利多卡因局麻,以…     

CT扫描孔上标注角度值对肺部穿刺活检的应用价值

CT引导下经皮穿刺活检过程中对穿刺针进针角度的把握是穿刺成功的关键因素,为此已有不少学者采用各种方法制作了不同的穿刺引导架或角度定位器来引导穿刺时的进针角度[1-4]。笔者于2012年2月设计直接在CT扫描孔上标注角度值的方法来引导穿刺进针角度,以提高活检穿刺的成功率,经过实践取得良好效果,现将设计原理、应用方法和实践结果报道如下。     

导管鞘辅助穿刺技术在CT引导微波消融治疗原发性肝癌中的应用

目的 回顾性病例对照研究CT引导导管鞘辅助穿刺技术在微波治疗原发性肝癌的优势及临床应用价值.方法 收集2013年10月至2015年9月接受微波治疗的临床或病理诊断的原发性肝癌患者41例,所有患者均先行TACE治疗,TACE治疗后1个月行经皮微波消融(MWA)治疗,共消融56枚病灶,最大径＜3 cm 43枚,3～5 cm 8枚,＞5 cm 5枚.导管鞘辅助穿刺技术在传统穿刺基础上,先引入导管鞘,再经鞘管同轴送入微波针进行消融.采用传统微波针直接穿刺16例20枚病灶;导管鞘辅助穿刺25例36枚病灶.MWA治疗后1个月查增强MR评估疗效.结果 41例患者成功完成TACE联合经皮MWA治疗.两种穿刺术1次穿刺成功率比较差异具有统计学意义(P=0.004);病灶最大径＜3 cm两组1次穿刺成功率比较差异具有统计学意义(P=0.008),而病灶最大径3～5 cm及＞5 cm两组1次穿刺成功率则无明显差异(P＞0.05);同一种穿刺方法不同大小病灶1次穿刺成功率均无明显差异(P＞0.05).两种穿刺均有一定的并发症发生,其中出血、血管瘘发生率两者比较差异具有统计学意义(P=0.008,P＜0.001),而针道转移发生率则无明显差异(P＞0.05).治疗后1个月两组疗效比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 CT引导导管鞘辅助穿刺技术的应用可有效减少原发性肝癌微波治疗中的穿刺次数,从而降低了出血、血管瘘等穿刺并发症的发生率,提高了手术的安全性,临床值得进一步推广应用.     

CT导向选择性胸部病变切割针活检

作者对56例(13～94岁)胸部病变做了活检。30例基底位于胸膜的伴有局限性胸膜增厚的肿块或邻近胸膜的实质性结节;3例浸润性及1例空洞性病变;2例胸膜外的胸壁病变;15例纵隔肿块,肿块直径2～19cm。56例都用Tru-Cut针活检,其中42例还用18、20、22号针做了抽吸活检。除2例外,都在抽吸活检后立即行切割针活检,48例用大号针一次穿刺成功,6例穿刺两次,1例穿刺三次,1例穿刺四次。细针穿刺一次成功的有37例。均由CT导向。切割针活检必须满足下列解剖上或凝血方面的条件:(1)病变接近胸膜,所要通过的肺组织不超过1cm厚(作者在检查中规定了这一点,以免伤及更多的肺实质);(2)不介入血管;(3)静脉团注50ml 60%肾影葡胺之后,CT扫描无血管分布增多。及(4)抑制凝血酶原时间     

静脉穿刺进针角度的探讨

进针角度是关系到减轻病人的疼痛和一次性进针成功的关键 ,通过临床实践静脉穿刺进针角度的观察 ,得出静脉穿刺时增大针头与皮肤之间的进针角度 (约 60°角 ) ,可减轻进针疼痛。一次进针成功率也准确。1　临床资料和方法1 1　一般资料　自 1998年 2月～ 2 0 0 0年 6月接受静脉输液的清醒患者。共计 43 8例 ,男 196例 ,女 2 42例。年龄 45～ 65岁之间 ,分实验组及对照组进行观察和比较。1 2　操作方法　实验组和对照组均由作者操作。两组均选用扬洲市客乐医用器械厂生产的一次性输液器 ,6号半针头。穿刺对象均是接受静脉输液的清醒患者 ,选用…     

CT引导下栅栏定位器在射频温控热凝术治疗三叉神经痛中的应用

目的 探讨CT引导下应用栅栏定位器射频温控热凝术(RFT)治疗三叉神经痛的疗效.方法 取仰卧位采用Hartel入路穿刺法,利用双栅栏定位器联合CT半冠位扫描,进行卵圆孔及半月神经节定位穿刺.结果 81例患者卵圆孔穿刺手术成功率为100％,80例(98.8％)疼痛即刻消失,1例无效.术后面部明显麻木80例(98.8％),咀嚼无力2例(2.5％),角膜反射减退3例(3.8％).均无严重并发症出现.随访时间1～4年,复发6例,复发率为7.5％.结论 CT引导下应用栅栏定位器使卯圆孔穿刺成功率达100％,治疗三叉神经痛复发率较低,取得了良好的止痛效果,并降低并发症发生率.定位简单易行,值得推广应用.     

IG4电磁导航系统辅助CT引导下肺结节穿刺活检术的临床应用

目的 评价IG4电磁导航系统在CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术中的应用价值.方法 选择40例患者20例行IG4电磁导航系统辅助CT引导下肺穿刺活检,20例行常规CT引导下肺穿刺活检,记录2组定位时间、调针次数、扫描次数、辐射剂量、瞄准精度以及并发症情况.结果 IG4电磁导航系统辅助组中20例患者在穿刺过程中成功应用该系统,其肺活检平均定位时间为(10.05±1.75) min(7.5～14.0 min);穿刺针平均调整次数(1.10±0.31)次(1～5次);平均扫描次数为(3.30±0.73)次(3～6次);剂量长度乘积(DLP)均值为(724.25±186.23) mGy·cm (415.50～1 080.50 mGy·cm);20次穿刺定位中,15次瞄准精度＜5 mm,4次为5～ 10 mm,1次为13 mm,穿刺针瞄准精度均值为(4.72±3.33) mm(1～13 mm).常规穿刺组肺活检平均定位时间(15.10±2.40) min(11～19 min);穿刺针平均调整次数(4.05±1.32)次(3～7次);平均扫描次数为(6.05±1.32)次(5～9次),剂量长度乘积(DLP)均值为(1419.10±387.59) mGy·cm (900.50～1 958.90 mGy·cm).40例患者均无严重并发症发生.两组患者平均定位时间、平均穿刺针调整次数、平均扫描次数、剂量长度乘积均值对比差异均有统计学意义.结论 电磁导航系统辅助下CT引导肺穿刺活检术可缩短定位时间,减少调针次数、扫描次数,同时可减少患者接受的辐射剂量,是一种值得推广的影像引导新方法.     

超声引导下产前诊断性取材的临床应用

目的:探讨在超声引导下行产前诊断性取材的临床应用价值。材料和方法:对407例在我院优生遗传咨询门诊经过筛选符合产前诊断指征者行超声引导下产前诊断取材术。其中孕7～12周行绒毛吸取术42例,孕12～22周行羊膜腔穿刺术198例,孕22～37周行脐带穿刺术167例。结果:42例绒毛吸取术,一次进管成功17例、二次进管成功14例、三次进管成功10例、取材失败1例,成功率达96.4%。167例行脐带穿刺术者共穿刺172次,其中一次进针成功64例(38.3%)、二次进针成功53例(31.7%)、三次进针成功42例(25.1%)、失败8例(4.8%)。失败者中4例1～2周后重新穿刺成功,1例重新穿刺失败,另3例自动放弃穿刺。最终取血成功率为97.6%(163/167)。198例羊膜腔穿刺均1次成功。结论:超声引导下取材可以提高取材成功率和产前诊断准确率。     

避免术侧硬膜外阻滞不全500例

传统的硬膜外神经阻滞是穿刺成功后置入硬膜外导管 ,病人平卧后再于导管注入局麻药 ,而这种方法有时会出现健侧单侧麻醉。为解决这一问题 ,我们于 1990～ 2 0 0 2年采用硬膜外穿刺成功后侧卧位下将局麻药注入硬膜外腔 5 0 0例 ,效果良好。1　临床资料1 1　一般情况　ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级 5 0 0例中 ,男 2 89例 ,女 2 11例 ;年龄 15～ 78岁。胸背部手术 76例 ,腹部 2 4 9例 ,下肢 175例。1 2　方法　硬膜外穿刺时患侧在下 ,穿刺成功后留置导管 3cm ,保持侧卧位于硬膜外腔注入 2 %利多卡因 (含 1∶2 0万肾上腺素 ) 3～ 5ml,5min后再注入利多卡因 6～…     

Staging and surgical management of pancreatic and biliary cancer and inflammation

Management of benign and malignant diseases of the pancreas, liver, and biliary tract has made remarkable progress in the last two decades. Advances in minimally invasive surgery, interventional radiology, and diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy have changed the treatment of common diseases such as cholelithiasis and more serious diseases such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Advances in biliary tract and pancreatic surgery have paralleled the advances in ultrasonographic imaging, CT, and MR imaging. This article outlines the surgeon's perspective on radiologic imaging and preoperative staging of benign and malignant biliary and pancreatic disease.     

细胞自噬与肿瘤发生发展

自噬是真核生物中一种高度保守的胞内降解途径.其主要通过溶酶体或液泡进行饥饿状态下的营养动员,清除受损蛋白质、细胞器和胞内病原体.自噬主要包括巨自噬、分子伴侣介导自噬(CMA)和微自噬.自噬已被证实与多种人类疾病相关,其在肿瘤发生发展中具有重要意义.近年研究中,对于自噬和肿瘤关系有了进一步的认识,该文就自噬分子机制、调控通路以及与肿瘤发生发展关系的研究进展作一综述.     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

The thyroid and parathyroid glands. CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings

Thyroid imaging approach is based on the preliminary clinical evaluation. Lesions that are smaller than 2 cm should be assessed with US, which is capable of discriminating masses as small as 2 mm and distinguishing solid from cystic nodules. US-guided FNAB provides tissue for cytologic examination of thyroid nodules. CT and MR imaging are indicated for larger tumors (greater than 3 cm diameter) that extend outside the gland to adjoining structures, including the mediastinum, and retropharyngeal region. Metastatic lymph nodes in the neck and invasion of the aerodigestive tract are also in the realm of CT and MR imaging. Thyroid nodules are categorized on scintigraphy as hot or cold nodules. Hot nodules are rarely malignant, whereas cold nodules have an incidence of 10% to 20% of malignancy. Calcifications (amorphous, globular, nodular, and linear) occur in adenomas and carcinomas and have no differential diagnostic features except for psammomatous calcifications, which are a pathognomonic finding in papillary carcinomas and a small percentage of medullary carcinomas. Papillary carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor (80%) followed by follicular (20% to 25%); medullary (5%); undifferentiated; anaplastic carcinomas (< 5%); lymphoma (5%); and metastases. Lymph node metastases are common in papillary carcinoma, 50% at presentation, and less common in follicular carcinomas. The metastatic nodes in papillary carcinoma may enhance markedly (hypervascular); show increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images (increased thyroglobulin content or hemorrhage); and reveal punctate calcifications. Localized invasion of the larynx, trachea, and esophagus occurs predominantly in papillary and follicular carcinomas; the incidence is less than 5%. Ectopic thyroid tissue may be encountered in the tongue (foramen cecum); along the midline between posterior tongue and isthmus of thyroid gland; lateral neck; mediastinum; and oral cavity. Goiter and malignant tumors, notably papillary carcinoma, may develop in ectopic thyroid tissue. Carcinomas may also arise in thyroglossal duct cysts, which develop from duct remnants between the foramen cecum and thyroid isthmus. Infectious disease of the thyroid gland is not common and the CT and MR imaging findings are similar as described under neck infection. Other types of inflammatory disorders including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, granulomatous thyroiditis, and Riedel's struma display no specific imaging features. Imaging studies may, however, be indicated to confirm a suspected clinical diagnosis and assess compromise of the airway (Riedel's struma). HPT is a clinical diagnosis in which hypercalcemia is the most important finding. Parathyroid hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma represent underlying lesions. To relieve the patient's symptoms surgical extirpation is indicated. The surgical success rate without imaging is 95%. The indications for imaging studies vary but it is generally agreed that reoperation after a previous failed surgical attempt and suspicion of an ectopic parathyroid adenoma should be investigated by imaging. These consist of US, nuclear medicine studies, CT and MR imaging. US and technetium sestamibi scanning have the highest accuracy rate for localizing an adenomatous gland at and near the thyroid gland. Ectopic adenomas, particularly if they are located in the mediastinum, are preferrably investigated with CT and MR imaging with gadolinium and fat suppression. Carcinomas and parathyroid cysts are optimally evaluated by CT and MR imaging. On MR imaging adenomas are low in signal intensity on T1-weighted images, high in signal intensity on T2-weighted images, and enhance post introduction of gadolinium.