经皮胆道金属内支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻

金属内支架的产生最初用于治疗血管系统疾病 ,随后放射学家和胃肠病学家利用金属内支架能使狭窄的管腔扩大 ,改善腔内液体流动状态这一原理 ,将该项技术用于介入胃肠病学 ,治疗胆道及近、远端消化道梗阻[1 ] 。近年经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流术 (ＰＴＣＤ)和胆道内支架置入术越来越广泛地用于临床 ,取得了嘱目的成就 ,本文就经皮胆道金属内支架置入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻现状综述如下。一、胆道内支架应用的概论自 1 974年 ,首先有人报道经皮穿肝胆道减压术治疗梗阻性黄疸获得成功后 ,成为缓解梗阻性黄疸的一项重要的介入放射学治疗方法[2 ] 。ＰＴ…     

恶性胆道梗阻ERCP表现及胆道内支架治疗

目的:评价ERCP在恶性胆道梗阻诊断及胆道内支架治疗的价值。方法:回顾性分析19例恶性胆道梗阻ERCP表现和内支架植入情况。结果:19例恶性胆道梗阻ERCP表现直接征象:胆管截断征9例、不规则偏心性或向心性狭窄9例、不规则充盈缺损1例。间接征象:梗阻近端胆总管中、重度扩张,肝内胆管扩张,呈软藤征;胆囊增大;胰管扩张等。19例共植入支架22个,一次操作成功率95.65%,低位梗阻减黄有效率达92.85%,高位梗阻减黄有效率达80.00%。结论:ERCP对于胆道梗阻定位、定性诊断有很大价值,胆道内支架引流术可以作为恶性胆道梗阻姑息性治疗的首选方法。     

恶性胆道梗阻塑料支架植入后阻塞的介入治疗

【摘要】 目的 探讨DSA下恶性胆道梗阻塑料支架植入后阻塞取出、联合经皮经肝途径胆道金属支架植入的安全性、可行性及临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年11月至2020年3月收治的经消化内镜置入胆道塑料支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻后支架阻塞的13例患者的临床资料,包括DSA下取出阻塞胆道塑料支架技术成功率、胆道金属支架植入技术成功率、临床治疗成功率（对比分析术前术后白细胞计数、肝功能指标及术后临床症状改善情况）、术后并发症及胆道金属支架通畅率。结果 所有患者DSA下取出阻塞的胆道塑料支架与经皮肝穿途径胆道金属裸支架植入手术顺利,技术成功率及临床治疗均获成功。术后所有患者的梗阻性黄疸临床症状明显改善,合并严重感染的患者白细胞计数逐渐恢复正常范围,未发生严重并发症。术后所有患者的转氨酶、胆红素等肝功能指标较术前下降,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。整个随访期间,术后1、3、6、12个月时患者胆道裸金属支架通畅分别有13例、12例、11例和9例,胆道金属支架保持通畅的中位时间为（8.4±3.2）个月。结论 对于内镜下置入胆道塑料支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻后发生支架阻塞,DSA下取出阻塞的胆道塑料支架联合经皮经肝穿刺植入胆道金属支架的介入治疗是一种可行、安全、有效的微创手术,值得临床探讨和应用。     

经皮胆道支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻术后并发胆道感染相关因素临床分析

目的 探究恶性胆道梗阻患者行经皮经肝胆道支架植入术后并发胆道感染的系列影响因素,以在今后临床工作中降低胆道感染并发症的发生.方法 对2015年1月-2019年8月在我院行经皮经肝胆道支架植入术的恶性胆道梗阻患者共69例行回顾性分析.根据术后1个月之内是否并发胆道感染分成两组(胆道感染组和非胆道感染组).两组中患者因素和...     

经皮经肝内支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻

目的：探讨国产金属胆道内支治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效和安全性。材料和方法：恶性梗阻性黄疸病人３５例，均采用经皮经肝途径植入胆道支架，其中１６例采用两步法植入，１９例采用一步法植入，５例同时施行了左肝管的球囊扩张术。结果：支架植入后即刻造影显示支架开通良好，内引流作用显著。血清胆红素水平降至正常者２１例（６０％），下降超过５０％但未降到正常者７例，下降未过５０％者３例，无改善者３例。３例病人术后一月内     

经皮肝穿刺胆管内射频消融联合金属支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻的短期疗效及安全性

目的 探讨经皮肝穿刺胆管内射频消融联合金属支架植入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析了156例无法手术的恶性胆道梗阻患者的资料.这些患者首先接受经皮肝穿刺胆管内射频消融术,随后联合胆道内金属支架植入进行内引流.结果 经联合治疗后,患者除血清白蛋白下降外,其他主要肝功能指标均显著改善,TBil由治疗前的(325.6±182.3) μmol/L下降到(211.0±153.2)μmol/L,均未发生肝功能不全,30 d内无一例患者死亡.术后发生严重并发症8例,其中胆漏2例(1.3％),出血6例(3.9％);发生轻微并发症88例,其中胆道感染22例(14.3％),疼痛36例(23.4％),呕吐30例(19.5％).结论 经皮肝穿刺胆管内射频消融联合金属支架植入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻是安全,有效的.     

经皮胆道射频消融治疗恶性黄疸的近期疗效

目的：探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道射频消融联合支架植入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻引起的黄疸的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性收集18例行经皮肝穿刺胆道射频消融联合金属支架植入术的恶性胆道梗阻患者的临床资料。分析近期的疗效及并发症。结果经联合治疗后2 d,患者除白蛋白下降外,其他主要肝功能指标均显著改善,术后1月肝功能进一步改善,白蛋白升至治疗前水平。18例患者均未发生肝功能不全,无患者在30 d 内死亡。严重并发症中,胆管穿孔0例(0.0%),胆漏1例(5.5%),出血1例(5.5%),术后胰腺炎0例(0.0%);轻微并发症中,胆道感染3例(16.7%),疼痛7例(38.9%),呕吐3例(16.7%)。结论经皮肝穿刺胆管内射频消融联合支架植入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻是安全有效的。     

胆道支架与十二指肠支架联合应用治疗胆道消化道梗阻

目的评价联合应用双支架治疗胆道及十二指肠梗阻的疗效。方法20例患者实施治疗。16例患者先经过经皮肝穿刺置入胆道支架解决胆道梗阻,患者出现十二指肠梗阻的症状后,14例患者经口腔、2例患者经胃造瘘口置入十二指肠支架。有4例患者同时有胆道和十二指肠梗阻的症状,同时置入胆道和十二指肠支架。结果所有患者都成功置入了双支架,没有出现并发症和再梗阻的表现。生存期1~14个月,平均5个月。结论联合双支架置入是治疗胆道和十二指肠梗阻的有效的方法。     

Metallic stents in malignant biliary obstruction

Purpose Retrospective analysis of our results with metallic stent placement for malignant biliary strictures. We sought to determine parameters that influence stent patency. Methods A total of 95 Wallstents were implanted in 65 patients (38 men, 27 women; mean age, 65.1 years) with malignant biliary obstruction. Serum bilirubin levels were assessed in 48 patients; the mean value prior to intervention was 15.0 mg/dl. Results In 12 patients (21%) complications occurred as a result of percutaneous transhepatic drainage. Stent implantation was complicated in 13 patients, but was possible in all patients. A significant decrease in bilirubin level was seen in 83.3% of patients following stent implantation. Approximately 30% of patients developed recurrent jaundice after a mean 97.1 days. In 9 patients (15%) the recurrent jaundice was caused by stent occlusion due to tumor growth. The mean follow-up was 141.8 days, the mean survival 118.7 days. Patients with cholangiocarcinomas and gallbladder carcinomas had the best results. Worse results were seen in patients with pancreatic tumors and with lymph node metastases of colon and gastric cancers. Conclusions The main predictive factors for occlusion rate and survival are the type of primary tumor, tumor stage, the decrease in bilirubin level, and the general condition of the patient.     

射频消融导管联合支架介入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床研究

目的探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道腔内射频消融（RFA）联合支架介入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的效果及安全性。 方法纳入无法行手术切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者共13例,均接受经皮肝穿刺胆道腔内RFA联合支架植入术,观察手术并发症、黄疸缓解情况并密切随访术后1、3、6个月的支架畅通情况及生存时间。 结果所有患者均成功接受手术治疗,术后无胆道穿孔、胆漏、胆汁性腹膜炎等严重并发症发生,术后1周,患者血清总胆红素水平较术前显著降低[（95.4±83.0）μmol/L vs. （196.4±148.4）μmol/L, t=5.156,P<0.01],黄疸缓解率为61.5%。随访术后1个月、3个月支架通畅率均为100%,6个月支架通畅率为80%（8/10）。1个月存活率为100%（13/13）,3个月存活率为92%（12/13）,6个月存活率为77%（10/13）,其中2例分别于65 d、132 d后死于晚期肿瘤严重消耗,1例97 d后死于弥散性血管内凝血。2例患者在术后4~5个月内黄疸复发,再次行RFA并重新放入金属支架。 结论联合支架植入治疗在短期内能有效且安全地延长恶性梗阻性黄疸患者胆道支架通畅时间及无症状生存时间,其远期疗效尚需进一步探讨。     

经皮胆道引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

目的　回顾性分析恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入性经皮胆道引流治疗方法及其疗效。方法　对4 7例患者采用经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸。先行PTC后探查通过阻塞段 ,如不能越过阻塞段 ,则直接进行外引流 ;如能越过阻塞段 ,则置入内外引流管作内外引流或置入金属支架或塑料内涵管作内引流。结果　内引流组 18例 ,15例置入金属支架 ,共 18枚 ,3例置入塑料内涵管 ,共 4根 ;内外引流组 15例 ,置入 18根内外引流管 ;外引流组 14例 ,置入 17根外引流管。术后 1周总胆红素从术前的 (5 14 .1± 2 0 4 .3) μmol/L降至 (2 38.4± 14 2 .8) μmol/L(P <0 .0 0 1) ,碱性磷酸酶与丙氨酸转氨酶均下降明显 (P均 <0 .0 0 1)。 4例于术后 1个月内死亡。跟踪随访 37例 ,平均随访 5 .3个月 ,8例仍存活。随访期内 18例 (48.6 % )总胆红素降至正常范围。结论　经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术是对恶性梗阻性黄疸的一种安全、有效的姑息性治疗方法 ,可明显缓解黄疸、减轻痛苦、提高生存质量 ,并可改善肝脏功能 ,有限地延长生存时间。     

Complications of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage in patients with dilated and nondilated intrahepatic bile ducts

Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) have been described as an effective technique to obtain biliary access. Between January 1996 and December 2006, a total of 419 consecutive patients with endoscopically inaccessible bile ducts underwent PTBD. The current retrospective study evaluated success and complication rates of this invasive technique. PTBD was successful in 410/419 patients (97%). The success rate was equal in patients with dilated and nondilated bile ducts (p = 0.820). In 39/419 patients (9%) procedure related complications could be observed. Major complications occurred in 17/419 patients (4%). Patients with nondilated intrahepatic bile ducts had significantly higher complication rates compared to patients with dilated intrahepatic bile ducts (14.5% vs. 6.9%, respectively [p = 0.022]). Procedure related deaths were observed in 3 patients (0.7%). In conclusion, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage is an effective procedure in patients with dilated and nondilated intrahepatic bile ducts. However, patients with nondilated intrahepatic bile ducts showed a higher risk for procedure related complications.     

经皮肝穿刺胆道引流联合支架植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸疗效观察

目的探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道引流（PTCD）及胆道支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的安全性及短期疗效。方法回顾性分析PTCD及胆道支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸患者112例,选择其中具有完整资料的78例作为研究对象,其中PTCD19例,胆道引流及胆道支架植入治疗59例。评价其手术成功率、临床疗效及并发症发生率。结果 78例经皮肝穿刺技术成功率100%,术后1周总胆红素平均水平从术前的（373.2±150.7）μmol/L降至（135.6±60.7）μmol/L（P〈0.001）,肝功能改善明显。总体有效率为88.46%（69/78）,平均生存时间为10.7个月。结论 PTCD联合胆道支架是一种安全、有效的治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的治疗手段,可有效改善肝功能,为进一步治疗肿瘤创造条件。     

A simplified percutaneous hepatogastric drainage technique for malignant biliary obstruction

We describe a technique to bypass a malignant biliary obstruction by creating a direct connection between the left biliary tree and the stomach. First, adherence between the left liver parenchyma and the stomach is achieved by a Cope anchor system. Then, the left biliary tree and stomach are connected by Colapinto needle puncture of the stomach from a left biliary duct with the needle inserted through a 9 Fr transhepatic sheath. Over a stiff guidewire, a Ring drainage catheter is placed. Later, the Ring catheter is replaced by a metallic stent. Four patients with malignant biliary obstruction underwent this procedure. The mean survival time was 77 days with maximum follow-up of 171 days. Neither obstruction nor dislocation of the metallic stents occurred.Presented at the 18th CIRSE Meeting, Budapest 1993     

经皮胆道内支架置入术姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸（附51例报告）

目的：研究经皮胆道内支架置入术姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床价值。材料与方法：５１例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者，在经皮胆道造影后进行了胆道内支架置入。其中置入塑料内支架者９例，自展式金属内支架者４２例，共使用胆道内支架５６枚。结果：全组治疗前、后血清总胆红素相差的均数±标准误为１６７±５２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．００５。５１例中，总胆红素恢复正常或接近正常者３６例，总胆红素下降百分比＞５０％者８例，下降百分比为２５％～５０％者４例，下降百分比＜２５％者３例。全组３０天病死率５．９％（３／５１），早期并发症１９．６％（１０／５１）。２６例有完整随访的患者（平均５．６个月），死亡１１例（４２．３％），内支架阻塞４例（１５．４％），其中３例进行了再次介入治疗。结论：经皮胆道内支架置入术是姑息性治疗手术不能切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效方法。     

Percutaneous drainage and stenting for palliation of malignant bile duct obstruction

Percutaneous biliary drainage and stenting (PTBD) for palliation of malignant obstructive jaundice has evolved to a safe and effective technique. PTBD is equally effective for treatment of distal and proximal bile obstruction. Metal self-expandable stents have proved superior to plastic stents and should therefore be used. Technical success is >90% en clinical success is >75% in all major series. There are a considerable number of complications, but most can be treated conservatively and procedure-related mortality is <2% in most series. Thirty-day mortality after PTBD is >10% in many series, but this is largely due to the underlying disease. About 10–30% of patients will have recurrent jaundice at some point in their disease after PTBD and require re-intervention.     

Radiologic approach to malignant biliary obstruction: Review and commentary

Access to the biliary tree for nonoperative intervention can be achieved endoscopically or by a direct transhepatic approach. If there is a surgical drainage tube in place this may also serve as a route for catheter insertion. Once within the ductal system, catheters can routinely be manipulated through obstructing lesions to provide biliary decompression and relieve jaundice and cholangitis. Permanent palliation can be achieved utilizing totally indwelling endoprosthesis to avoid the problems associated with external drainage catheters. The optimal management of patients with malignant biliary obstruction requires close cooperation between endoscopists and interventional radiologists.