肛管直肠周围脓肿磁共振成像诊断简

肛管直肠周围脓肿（肛周脓肿）为肛管和直肠周围软组织内或其周围间隙内发生的急性化脓性感染。国内将肛周脓肿一般分为肛提肌下脓肿（低位）及肛提肌上脓肿（高位）［1］，确定脓肿的位置非常重要，它已成为深部肛周脓肿治疗成败的关键［2，3］。目前肛周脓肿的术前诊断与评估主要依据肛门指诊。然而，肛门指诊不仅难确定病变涉及的范围，而且深部肛周脓肿发现率低，超声在评价肛周脓肿中的作用在不断发展，然而也存在着某些不足之处［4］；磁共振成像（MRI）检查因其能清晰显示肛周脓肿并描述肛门括约肌复合体而逐渐成为深部肛周脓肿术前诊断的金标准［5］。     

三维肛管直肠腔内超声在肛周脓肿诊治中的应用

目的:探讨三维肛管直肠腔内超声定位肛周脓肿内口、显示脓肿范围的价值。方法:收集应用三维肛管直肠腔内超声检查肛周脓肿的56例患者,在三维立体模块中根据声像图特征进行内口定位、脓肿范围界定。结果:三维肛管直肠腔内超声确诊高位肛周脓肿43例,准确率100%;定位内口51例,准确率91.07%(51/56)。结论:应用三维肛管直肠腔内超声检查肛周脓肿,能够准确定位内口、显示脓腔范围,为临床治疗方法的选择提供依据。     

MRI对肛瘘的诊断价值

目的:探讨高分辨力MRI对肛周窦道及瘘管的诊断价值。方法:收集158例肛瘘患者,术前均行MRI检查,检查序列主要包括矢状面、冠状面快速自旋回波T_2WI、T_1WI及脂肪抑制PDWI,并比较影像学诊断与手术结果。结果 :158例肛瘘共183个原发瘘管,184个内口,171个外口,124个肛周脓肿。MRI对肛瘘原发瘘管,肛周脓肿及内口显示的灵敏度分别为95.6%,99.1%,93.1%。结论 :MRI可准确判断肛瘘的分型、瘘管走行、有无脓肿、支管形成,以及肛瘘内口的位置,为临床治疗提供重要信息。     

MRI动态增强扫描对肛瘘的诊断价值

目的 :评价MRI动态增强扫描联合常规MRI扫描对肛瘘的诊断价值。方法 :51例肛瘘患者行常规MRI扫描及动态增强扫描,比较肛瘘内、外瘘口的显示率及瘘管动态强化曲线。结果:MRI动态增强扫描共显示瘘管70个、内口51个、外口52个、脓肿9个;与手术所见比较,显示肛瘘内口、瘘管数量、肛瘘外口和脓肿准确率分别为96.2%、98.3%100.0%和100.0%,79.3%的瘘管强化峰值为165 s。结论:MRI动态增强扫描能提高肛瘘合并肛周脓肿的检出率,并对瘘管炎症活动性的判定有应用价值。     

超声、CT及MRI在评价体表窦瘘中的对照研究

目的:探讨CT、MRI及超声检查在体表窦瘘中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析53例体表窦瘘患者的临床和影像资料,患者术前均行CT、MRI及超声检查,对照手术所见,评价3种影像学方法对体表窦瘘的诊断准确率及对复杂性窦瘘支管、脓肿及内口显示的敏感度。结果:53例中,单纯窦道22例,复杂性窦瘘31例。单纯窦道患者CT、MRI及超声检查的准确率分别为100%、100%、95.45%,其差异无统计学意义(P0.05);复杂性窦瘘患者CT、MRI及超声检查的准确率分别为93.55%、96.77%、70.97%,其差异有统计学意义(P0.05),CT与MRI的准确率优于超声,而CT与MRI的诊断准确率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。CT、MRI及超声检查对复杂性窦瘘支管的敏感度分别为95.24%、98.41%、55.56%,脓肿的敏感度分别为90.00%、100%、70.00%,内口的敏感度分别为80.00%、80.00%、40.00%。对于支管显示的敏感度,CT与MRI高于超声(P0.05),CT与MRI间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。对于脓肿及内口显示的敏感度,三者间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:对于单纯窦道,超声检查方便经济;复杂性窦瘘,CT、MRI检查存在很大优势。     

MRI在肛瘘临床诊断中的应用价值分析

目的探讨MRI在肛瘘临床诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2009年3月～2012年3月术前经MRI检查的62例肛瘘患者临床资料,并与手术确诊结果进行比较研究。结果本组患者经手术证实原发瘘管72个,内口85个,肛周脓肿45个,MRI诊断原发瘘管真阳性67个,假阳性1个,假阴性4个;经计算MRI诊断原发瘘管的灵敏性94.37%(67/71)。内口真阳性80个,假阳性2个,假阴性3个;经计算MRI诊断内口的灵敏性96.39%(80/83)。肛周脓肿真阳性44个,假阳性1个,假阴性0个;经计算MRI诊断肛周脓肿的灵敏性100.00%(44/44)。经统计学分析发现MRI对原发瘘管、肛周脓肿及内口显示的灵敏性无明显差异(F=0.28,P>0.05)。结论 MRI可准确地判断肛瘘的分型、瘘管走行、有无脓肿和支管形成及肛瘘内口的位置,具有无创伤性、高准确性。     

磁共振成像检查在肛瘘手术中的应用价值

目的讨论磁共振成像(MRI)检查在肛瘘手术中的应用价值。方法收集27例经手术证实为肛瘘的患者,术前均进行MRI检查,其中18例行增强扫描,扫描序列主要包括轴位T1加权成像,轴位、矢状位、冠状位脂肪抑制T2加权成像,轴位弥散成像,增强轴位、矢状位、冠状位脂肪抑制T1加权成像。将MRI检查诊断结果与手术结果进行比较。结果 27例患者中,术前MRI检查发现瘘管30条,支管8条,外口29个,内口25个,并发肛周脓肿2例。MRI对显示主瘘管和支管的准确率分别为96.8%(30/31)和88.9%(8/9),对外口显示的准确率为96.7%(29/30),对内口显示的准确率为92.6%(25/27),对脓肿显示的准确率为100%(2/2)。结论 MRI检查可准确显示肛瘘,特别是复杂性肛瘘的数目、瘘管走行、支管形成及内口的位置和瘘管与周围肌肉(肛管括约肌、肛提肌)关系、有无脓肿形成,为临床手术治疗提供重要的指导信息,具有很高的应用价值。     

一期根治术对高位多间隙肛周脓肿患者肛肠动力学及Wexner评分的影响

目的探讨一期根治术对高位多间隙肛周脓肿患者肛肠动力学及Wexner评分的影响。方法选择2017年2月-2019年2月进行治疗的高位多间隙肛周脓肿患者96例,采用随机数表法分为两组,对照组48例予以切开引流术治疗,观察组48例予以一期根治术治疗,比较两组患者肛肠动力学指标、Wexner评分、术后并发症及复发情况。结果术后3个月,两组ARP、RRP值、Wexner评分均较术前低,AMCP均较术前高,且观察组优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组复发率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论高位多间隙肛周脓肿患者采用一期根治术治疗效果确切,可有效改善肛肠动力学及肛门控便能力,降低疾病复发率。     

MRI直肠阴道造影在直肠阴道瘘分类中的应用

目的:探讨MRI直肠阴道造影在直肠阴道瘘分类中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析44例确诊的直肠阴道瘘患者的MRI资料,分析内口位置、主瘘管数目及阴道侧内口距离,结果用于评估直肠阴道瘘的高、中、低位分类。以手术结果为金标准,计算各项诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值,绘制ROC曲线,评价MRI的诊断准确率。结果:44例中,高位瘘32例,中位瘘8例,低位瘘4例。2位医师对距离的测量结果一致性较好(ICC=0.962)。MRI定位阴道侧内口至处女膜缘距离平均(3.9±1.3)cm,与手术结果比较差异无统计学意义(P 0.05)。MRI诊断直肠侧内口、阴道侧内口、主瘘管数量及直肠阴道瘘分类均有较高的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值与阴性预测值,诊断价值高(AUC分别为0.904、0.932、0.955、0.932),2位医师对各项诊断的一致性较好。合并肛瘘、肛周脓肿4例,肛管内括约肌及会阴肌损伤6例。结论:MRI直肠阴道造影可直观显示直肠阴道瘘的瘘管、内口,并准确分类,且能发现脓肿、肛瘘、肌肉损伤等并发症。     

肛瘘的术前MRI表现与手术结果的对照分析

目的 探讨术前MRI检查对肛瘘诊断及分型的价值.方法 回顾性分析经手术证实的36例肛瘘患者的临床资料及MRI表现,并与手术结果对照分析,总结肛瘘的MRI表现特点及应用价值.结果 36例肛瘘手术显示内口42个,主瘘管45条、瘘管分支15条,外口42个,脓肿16个.与手术结果对照,MRI显示肛瘘内口的准确率为90.5%(38/42个),显示瘘管分支的准确率为80%(12/15条),显示主瘘管、外口及脓肿的准确率均为100%.按照Parks分型,MRI分型符合率为88.9%(32/36例).结论 MRI能准确显示肛瘘内、外口的位置,瘘管的数量及走行,能够对肛瘘进行准确分型.     

Clinical examination, endosonography, and MR imaging in preoperative assessment of fistula in ano: comparison with outcome-based reference standard

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the relative accuracy of digital examination, anal endosonography, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for preoperative assessment of fistula in ano by comparison to an outcome-derived reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ethical committee approval and informed consent were obtained. A total of 104 patients who were suspected of having fistula in ano underwent preoperative digital examination, 10-MHz anal endosonography, and body-coil MR imaging. Fistula classification was determined with each modality, with reviewers blinded to findings of other assessments. For fistula classification, an outcome-derived reference standard was based on a combination of subsequent surgical and MR imaging findings and clinical outcome after surgery. The proportion of patients correctly classified and agreement between the preoperative assessment and reference standard were determined with trend tests and kappa statistics, respectively. RESULTS: There was a significant linear trend (P < .001) in the proportion of fistula tracks (n = 108) correctly classified with each modality, as follows: clinical examination, 66 (61%) patients; endosonography, 87 (81%) patients; MR imaging, 97 (90%) patients. Similar trends were found for the correct anatomic classification of abscesses (P < .001), horseshoe extensions (P = .003), and internal openings (n = 99, P < .001); endosonography was used to correctly identify the internal opening in 90 (91%) patients versus 96 (97%) patients with MR imaging. Agreement between the outcome-derived reference standard and digital examination, endosonography, and MR imaging for classification of the primary track was fair (kappa = 0.38), good (kappa = 0.68), and very good (kappa = 0.84), respectively, and fair (kappa = 0.29), good (kappa = 0.64), and very good (kappa = 0.88), respectively, for classification of abscesses and horseshoe extensions combined. CONCLUSION: Endosonography with a high-frequency transducer is superior to digital examination for the preoperative classification of fistula in ano. While MR imaging remains superior in all respects, endosonography is a viable alternative for identification of the internal opening.     

肛门直肠周围脓肿、肛瘘的磁共振诊断与应用价值

目的:探讨磁共振成像在肛门直肠周围脓肿、肛瘘诊断中的临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2008年9月~2010年3月经病理证实的58例肛门直肠周围脓肿/肛瘘患者,其中男性肛周脓肿12例,肛瘘30例,女性肛周脓肿6例,肛瘘10例。病例均于术前行常规盆腔磁共振检查,其中40例行增强检查,扫描序列包括矢状、冠状T2WI,轴位T1WI、T2WI,轴位T2脂肪抑制序列,增强轴位、矢状脂肪抑制T1WI序列。术前诊断与手术及病理结果对照。结果:58位患者,术前磁共振发现脓肿24个,瘘管40条,内口32个;4例内口及5例支瘘管漏诊。结论:磁共振检查对肛门直肠周围脓肿、肛瘘诊断及明确脓肿、肛瘘位置、数目,累及范围、瘘管走行及其与周围结构关系具有很高的应用价值。     

磁共振成像对肛瘘分级的价值

目的探讨磁共振成像（MRI）对肛瘘分级价值。方法经手术证实的肛瘘患者26例,全部行MRI检查,检查序列主要包括轴面T1WI、T2WI和轴面、冠状面抑脂T2WI序列。结果 26例肛瘘中,Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级3例,Ⅴ级2例。MRI诊断26例肛瘘中共有28个瘘管,26个内口,31个外口,14个脓肿,敏感度分别达93%、93%、97%、100%。结论 MRI可以对肛瘘准确分级,对正确的手术治疗非常重要。     

自制可调节肛肠水囊在普通MRI肛瘘术前分型中的应用

目的:初步评价自制可调节肛肠水囊在肛瘘患者术前普通MRI分型中的应用价值。方法:使用Philips 1.5 TAchievaDual MR扫描仪和体线圈对18例经手术证实的肛瘘患者在放置自制可调节肛肠水囊前、后均各行一次MRI检查。序列包括TSE的T_1WI及T_2WI SPAIR横断位和冠状位。放置水囊前后比较瘘管末端位置,并且对瘘管、分支及脓腔进行计数。结果用于评估肛瘘临床术前分型,同时与手术结果相对照。结果:18例肛瘘患者MRI检查共发现瘘管31根、分支19根、内口22个以及脓腔10个。使用水囊前后,MRI对瘘管末端位置的显示有显著不同(x~2=5.56,P0.05)。使用水囊前,MR显示1例为低位单纯型、2例为低位复杂型、2例为高位单纯型、8例为高位复杂型肛瘘,5例无法确定;使用水囊后,相应数据分别为1、2、3、11例,1例无法确定。使用水囊前后,MRI对肛瘘的分型与手术的相符率分别为72%(13例)和94%(17例),差异无统计学意义(P=0.08)。结论:通过使用自制可调节肛肠水囊,普通MRI能够提供更多有关瘘管及其走行的信息,有助于肛瘘患者的术前分型。     

Typical MR imaging findings of perianal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the MR imaging findings of patients with hematologic malignancies who have symptoms suggesting perianal infection and to demonstrate the importance of imaging.Subjects and methodsThe study included 36 patients with hematologic malignancies who underwent anorectal MR imaging in our department between September 2011–May 2016. Two radiologists experienced in abdominal radiology viewed the MR images in consensus. Abscesses, fistulous or sinus tracts, signal alterations and contrast enhancement in keeping with an inflammation and edema in the perianal region were recorded.ResultsPerianal abscess was found in 16 of the 36 patients. In 10 of these 16 patients there was also extensive inflammatory signal alterations in perianal and/or perineal soft tissues.In six of the 36 patients perianal fistula was detected. A sinus tract was seen at the level of subcutaneous external anal sphincter in one patient. Inflammatory signal alterations in the surrounding soft tissues were present in three of these seven patients.There were abscesses in labium majus in two patients and in one patient there were perineal abscesses with accompanying inflammatory signal alterations.In six of the 36 patients no abscess or fistula/sinus tract was seen. There were only inflammatory signal alterations with contrast enhancement in perianal or subcutaneous tissues.In two patients presenting with perianal pain and hemorrhoids, minimal inflammatory changes were detected on MR images.There were two patients with normal MR imaging findings.ConclusionAs digital examination of the anorectum and rectoscopy are avoided in neutropenic patients, MR imaging, which clearly demonstrates the perianal pathology should be preferential.     

Value of MRI performed with phased-array coil in the diagnosis and pre-operative classification of perianal and anal fistulas

PURPOSE: To assess the value of MRI performed with phased-array coil in the diagnosis and preoperative staging of perianal and anal fistulas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 20 patients (13 with Crohn's disease) with clinical evidence or suspicion of anal fistulas underwent pelvic MRI (1.5 T) performed with phased-array coil. Images were obtained in the axial and coronal planes using TSE T2-weighted high resolution sequences with and without fat suppression, T2-weighted HASTE and T1-weighted FLASH sequences, with and without fat suppression, before and after gadolinium enhancement. The following parameters were considered: presence of a fistula and relation with the sphincters, and presence of abscesses or complications. All patients underwent surgery. The MRI and surgical findings were assessed using the Park's fistula-in-ano classification and the St. James MR imaging classification of perianal fistulas. Surgery was considered the gold standard. RESULTS: MRI documented no evidence of fistula in 2 patients, intersphinteric fistulas in 5 (grade 1 and 2 St. James), trans-sphincteric fistulas in 9 (grade 3 and 4 St. James), translevator in 2 (grade 5) and complex ano-rectum-vaginal fistulas in 2. Concordance with surgery was 90%. CONCLUSIONS: MRI is an accurate technique for the identification and classification of anal and perianal fistulas and their complications. In our experience the phased-array coil offers both high field of view and spatial resolution, enabling the demonstration of perianal pathology.     

质子加权预饱和脂肪抑制序列在肛瘘中的应用价值

目的评价质子加权预饱和脂肪抑制序列(PDW PFS)对肛瘘显示的准确性及图像质量的清晰性,探讨PDW PFS在肛瘘中的应用价值。资料与方法 20例经手术证实的肛瘘患者术前进行MRI检查,序列包括T1WI、T2W频谱选择性衰减反转恢复序列(SPAIR)和PDW PFS。MRI检查前均向患者肛管直肠内置入肛肠水囊以撑开肛管和直肠。获得图像后,观察患者的瘘管、内口和肛周脓肿,评估和比较MRI各序列显示的瘘管、内口、脓腔,并对PDW PFS和T2W SPAIR序列瘘管的信号强度(SI)、信噪比(SNR)及瘘管与周围肌肉的对比噪声比(CNR)进行测量及比较。结果 PDW PFS序列显示瘘管(100%)、内口(95.7%)、肛周脓肿(100%)的准确率较T1WI及T2WSPAIR序列为高。Kruskal Wallis检验显示上述各序列对瘘管(χ2=6.95,P<0.05)及内口(χ2=31.53,P<0.05)的显示具有显著统计学差异,PDW PFS序列显示瘘管及内口最多。PDW PFS序列SI、SNR值和CNR值均显著高于T2W SPAIR序列(P<0.05)。结论 PDW PFS成像技术具有较高的图像SNR和CNR,更易认识辨别瘘管和内口,可以作为一种新的无创性磁共振成像技术应用于肛瘘成像。     

肛瘘磁共振成像:探讨自制可调节肛肠水囊在肛瘘分级中的价值

目的:探讨普通MR成像中使用自制可调节肛肠水囊在肛瘘患者分级中的应用价值.方法:18例经手术证实的肛瘘患者于使用自制可调节肛肠水囊前、后均各行一次MRI检查.序列包括T_1 WI横断位和冠状位、T_2 W SPAIR横断位,冠状位及矢状位.放置水囊前后比较瘘管末端位置,并且对瘘管、内口、分支及脓腔进行计数,同时观察瘘管走行.所获结果被用于评估肛瘘MR诊断分级,并同时与手术结果相对照.结果:18名肛瘘患者MRI检查共发现瘘管31根、内口22个、分支19根以及脓腔10个.使用水囊前后MRI对瘘管末端位置的显示有显著不同(χ~2=5.56,P<0.05).使用水囊前,MR显示1例1级低位单纯线形括约肌内肛瘘,1例低位和2例高位2级括约肌内肛瘘伴脓肿或分支,1例3级高位经括约肌肛瘘,6例4级经括约肌肛瘘伴脓肿或分支,其中5例为高位,1例为低位,2例5级高位肛提肌上和经肛提肌肛瘘,另有5例无法确定;使用水囊后,2级高位括约肌内肛瘘伴脓肿或分支上升为3例,4级低位经括约肌肛瘘伴脓肿或分支上升至2例,高位上升至7例,另有1例无法确定,余小变.使用水囊前后,M RI对肛瘘分级与手术的相符率分别为72%(13例)和94%(17例).结论:通过使用自制町凋节肛肠水囊,普通M RI能够获得更多有关瘘管及其走行的信息,有助于肛瘘患者的分级.     

CT imaging with fistulography for perianal fistula: does it really help the surgeon?

ObjectiveTo prospectively evaluate the relative accuracy of computed tomography (CT) fistulography for preoperative assessment of fistula in ano.Materials and MethodsEthical committee approval and informed consent were obtained. A total of 22 patients (15 male and 7 female, age 21–58 years) who were suspected of having fistula in ano underwent preoperative CT fistulography (CTF). The CT images of 0.6 mm were obtained respectively before and after fistulography; contrast-enhanced CT scan was also performed in 22 patients. CTF images were evaluated by two expert radiologists to assess the fistulas in the following respects: (a) the volume-rendered imaging; (b) the extensions of active inflammatory tissue; (c) the internal opening and external opening; (d) the hidden areas of tract or abscess; and (e) the deep abscess adjacent to fistula. CT findings in 18 patients were compared with surgical findings or exam under anesthesia.ResultsThe CTF findings in 18 cases were basically in accordance with the surgical findings and/or examination findings under anesthesia. Both coronal and transverse planes were useful in assessing the location and direction of tracts or abscesses. Complicated spatial information within the perianal soft tissue about the fistula with secondary ramifications or abscesses can be easily demonstrated to the surgeons. Contrast-enhanced images were useful in assessing the inflammatory lesion activity and infiltrated area.ConclusionCTF exquisitely depicts the perianal anatomy and shows the fistulous tracks with their associated ramifications, enables selection of the most appropriate surgical treatment, and therefore minimizes all chances of recurrence.