乳腺叶状肿瘤的超声诊断(附33例分析)

目的探讨乳腺叶状肿瘤的声像图特点和超声诊断价值,以提高诊断水平。方法回顾分析33例经手术病理证实的乳腺叶状肿瘤患者,观察其超声的声像图表现:病变的部位、大小、形态、边界、内部回声与后方回声、有无液化和钙化,利用彩色多普勒超声观察肿块内部及周边的血流分布情况。结果 33例乳腺叶状肿瘤中,良性12例,交界性12例,恶性9例。乳腺叶状肿瘤的二维声像图表现:体积较大的分叶状肿块,边界清晰、规则,内部以实性低回声为主,回声大部分均匀,部分可见散在的无回声区,无或少有钙化,后方回声增强,所有肿块的内部和/或周边均可探及血流信号。结论超声对乳腺叶状肿瘤的定性诊断具有较高的临床应用价值。     

原发性乳腺淋巴瘤的彩色多普勒声像图分析及其价值

目的：回顾性分析11例原发性乳腺淋巴瘤的声像图表现,以提高超声对原发性乳腺淋巴瘤的认识及诊断水平。方法复习2005年-2013年来我院经活检或手术病理证实的11例乳腺原发性淋巴瘤的彩色多普勒超声表现,分析其声像图特征。结果11例患者中,10例可见具体肿块,1例表现为乳腺结构紊乱,呈弥漫性低回声而无明确肿块。乳腺淋巴瘤单发5例,多发6例。10例为低回声,1例为高回声。其中5例为形态不规则的极低回声,其内部伴有条索状强回声,肿块边界不清,后方回声多增强,彩色多普勒显示血流信号较丰富。结论乳腺团块边界欠清晰,形态欠规则的低或极低回声,内伴有条索状高回声,后方回声增强,血流丰富且肿块多发时。应考虑到乳腺淋巴瘤可能。     

超声对诊断乳腺恶性淋巴瘤的价值

目的评价超声诊断乳腺恶性淋巴瘤的临床价值。方法回顾性分析我院17例乳腺恶性淋巴瘤的超声表现,所有病例均经病理证实。结果本组病例均为女性。肿块大小0.7～5.5cm,14例可见明确肿块,3例表现为乳腺结构紊乱呈弥漫性低回声团而无明确肿块边界。多数肿块呈形态不规则低回声,内伴有条索状高回声,肿块边界不清,边缘不光整,后方回声增强,彩色多普勒显示血流信号较丰富。结论乳腺恶性淋巴瘤具有一定的超声特征,对该病的诊断具有一定的临床价值。     

肢体腱鞘巨细胞瘤的高频超声表现

目的探讨肢体腱鞘巨细胞瘤(TGCT)的高频超声特点。资料与方法回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的15例肢体TGCT的高频超声表现及临床特点。结果 15例TGCT共23个肿块,位于手、足部12例共20个肿块,膝部及腘窝3例3个肿块,最大径0.5～7.0cm,平均(3.8±1.6)cm。全部肿块均边界清晰,呈椭圆形或不规则形。9例超声表现为不均匀低回声内部散在斑片状高回声区,4例呈均匀低回声型,2例呈均匀或不均匀低回声内部散在不规则无回声区。11例共15个肿块内部或边缘可见彩色血流信号,以AlderⅠ～Ⅱ级为主。2例肿块邻近骨皮质凹陷,1例肿块侵入关节囊。结论 TGCT好发于手、足小关节周围或肌腱附近,声像图主要表现为实质性低回声肿块,单发或多发,血流信号丰富。肿块可包绕肌腱、压迫骨皮质、侵犯关节囊。     

肾脏嗜酸细胞腺瘤的超声表现及病理对照分析

目的探讨肾脏嗜酸细胞腺瘤的超声表现与病理对照关系。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的21例肾脏嗜酸细胞腺瘤声像图特征,并与病理结果进行对照。结果 21例均为单发病灶,边界清晰,右肾12例,左肾9例。表现为圆形或卵圆形15例,边缘浅分叶6例。呈中等略强回声9例,等回声5例,低或略低回声7例。内回声均匀者11例,中央区可见放射状瘢痕6例,瘤体内散在小囊样回声4例。彩色多普勒超声表现:肿块周边多可见环形血流信号,肿瘤内部可见点条状血流信号。结论肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤特征性表现为形态规则略强回声包块,中央可见放射状低回声区,超声检查对其诊断有一定临床价值。     

高频彩色多普勒超声诊断与鉴别诊断阴囊肿块的价值

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声对阴囊肿块的诊断与鉴别诊断价值.材料和方法:对34例阴囊肿块行彩色多普勒超声检查,恶性病变23 例,良性病变11例,分析恶性病变及良性病变的超声声像图特征.结果:恶性病变声像图特征是睾丸形态失常,体积增大,肿瘤呈低回声(15/23)或不均匀混合回声(8/23),边界不清楚,CDFI显示肿块周边和内部血流丰富,呈条状或树枝状血流.良性病变声像图特征是睾丸大小形态常正常,病变多呈低回声,边界清楚,形态规整,CDFI显示病变内血流信号较少(8/11)或无血流信号(3/11).超声对阴囊肿块性质的诊断准确率88.2%(30/34),与手术和穿刺病理结果无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论:彩色多普勒超声对阴囊肿块诊断与鉴别诊断有较高的临床应用价值.     

肝脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤彩色多普勒超声特征分析

目的 探讨肝脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤超声声像图特征。方法 选取我院经手术切除病理证实肝脏血管上皮细胞肿瘤12例患者资料，超声声像图特征及超声造影特征。结果 12例患者有14个病灶，肿瘤平均直径约(5.75±4.07) cm,以高回声为主71.4%(10/14),内部回声多数不均匀71.4%(10/14),高回声为主的病灶内可见边界清晰散在分布的小片状低回声区，病灶内可见点状或短线状强回声92.8%(13/14),多数病灶内可见点状或点条状血流信号57.1%(8/14),超声造影主要表现为病灶动脉期均呈快速高增强，门静脉期及延迟期缓慢消退呈等增强。结论 肝脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤超声声像图及超声造影表现具有一定的特征性，对于超声准确诊断该病能够提供一定的帮助。     

肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的超声诊断

目的探讨肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的超声表现,以提高其诊断准确性。方法回顾性分析总结经病理证实的7例肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤,所有病例术前均接受超声检查,将超声结果和病理进行对照分析。结果7例肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤的声像图特点均为边界清晰,形态基本规则,内部呈均匀中等强回声或中等强回声与低回声相间,肿瘤内部未见无回声区,内部未测及血流信号。结论肾上腺髓质脂肪瘤是一种少见的良性无功能性肿瘤,具有特征性的声像图表现,超声检查可作出正确诊断,最后确诊仍依靠病理学检查。     

超声对乳腺叶状囊肉瘤的诊断价值

目的：探讨乳腺叶状囊肉瘤的声像图特点和超声诊断价值。方法：回顾分析12例经手术病理证实的乳腺叶状囊肉瘤的声像图表现；观察病变的部位、大小、形态、边界、内部与后方回声、有无液化和钙化；利用彩色多普勒超声观察肿块内部及周边的血流分布情况。结果：乳腺叶状囊肉瘤的二维声像图表现为：体积较大的分叶状肿块，边界多清晰、规则，内部以实性低回声为主，回声可不均匀，部分见有散在的无回声区，少有钙化，后方回声增强。所有肿块的内部和／或周边均可探及血流信号。彩色多普勒超声在判断肿瘤的病理分级方面价值有限。结论：超声对乳腺叶状囊肉瘤的定性诊断具有较高的临床应用价值。     

隆突性皮肤纤维肉瘤的超声表现

目的：分析隆突性皮肤纤维肉瘤（DFSP）的声像图表现,探讨超声对该病的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析19例经病理诊断为DFSP的超声表现,结合文献资料,分析该病的声像图特点。结果：19例术前超声表现为位于皮下的单发结节,最大径1.7～6.0 cm,18例（94.7%）呈椭圆形,1例（5.3%）呈类圆形;2例（10.5%）可见小分叶,余病灶形态规则;所有病灶边界清楚,内部呈不均匀低回声,后方回声增强;病灶周边及内部均可见血流信号,1例（5.3%）为Ⅰ级血流,3例（15.8%）为Ⅱ级血流,15例（78.9%）为Ⅲ级血流,可测及低阻力动脉频谱,RI为0.46～0.68。术后病理表现为皮下单发结节,最大径2.2～8.0 cm,组织学表现倾向为DFSP。19例均未发现转移病灶。结论：DFSP的声像图表现具有一定的特征性,可作为临床诊断的参考依据。     

Stress MR imaging for evaluation of popliteal artery entrapment

The popliteal artery entrapment (PAE) syndrome has been recognized as a cause of arterial occlusion in young people. It is the result of an anomaly of the relationship between the popliteal artery and the gastrocnemius muscle. Eight young healthy volunteers (16 legs) and six patients (10 legs) with suspected PAE underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Gradient-echo images were obtained in axial planes with the leg at rest and during active plantar flexion against resistance. Imaging at rest allowed identification of PAE signs in only one leg, which had an anomalous medial course of the popliteal artery. In the other cases, only the stress technique was able to show signal loss in the popliteal artery due to muscular compression (two legs) or the presence of accessory muscle slip around the vessel (two legs), as confirmed at surgery. MR imaging is therefore a useful technique for the diagnosis of PAE because of its capability of combining information obtainable with other modalities.     

MR imaging of muscle and tender points in fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a syndrome manifested by chronic, diffuse muscu-loskeletal aching and soreness, palpable muscle tender points, and other symptoms. Standardized clinical diagnostic criteria have recently been developed. Skeletal muscle has been postulated as the end organ in this disease. Biochemical, histologic, electromyographic, and conventional radiographic studies have demonstrated no definitive abnormality. This study sought to establish whether magnetic resonance (MR) imaging could demonstrate any abnormality in these patients. Eighteen patients were entered in the study, 14 of whom were able to complete their examinations. T1 -weighted, T2-weighted, gradient-echo, and STIR (short-tau inversion-recovery) sequences were performed in all patients, with selected patients examined with T1weighted, gadopentetate dimeglu-mine-enhanced sequences. The trapezius and suboccipital regions were imaged in patients who, clinically, had active fibro-myalgia. No abnormalities could be detected. The authors conclude that the conventional MR imaging used in this study was unable to depict any primary skeletal muscle abnormality in fibromyalgia.     

Uterine contractions: Possible diagnostic pitfall at MR imaging

A total of 206 nongravid patients with various gynecologic problems underwent pelvic magnetic resonance (MR) examinations that included both sagittal T2-weighted and contrast agent–enhanced T1-weighted images. MR images were retrospectively reviewed to identify changes in endometrial configuration on serial images obtained during the same MR examination. In 20 MR examinations (all in women of reproductive age), endometrial distortion due to myometrial bulging was noted on T2-weighted or contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. It was absent on other MR images obtained at different times. Myometrial bulging exhibited low signal intensity in 18 examinations. The finding resembled adenomyosis or leiomyoma on T2-weighted or contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. These results evidence the presence of transient myometrial bulging and transient low-intensity myometrium in the nongravid uterus. This phenomenon is thought to represent uterine contraction. Clinicians should be aware of the potential presence of transient low-signal-intensity myometrial bulging that could present diagnostic problems in the normal uterus.     

Controversies in cervical spine imaging in trauma patients

No area of emergency radiology has generated as much discussion in recent years as the subject of cervical spine imaging for trauma patients. This review will be in three parts. The first will examine the indications for cervical imaging and will focus on those factors that make patients at high risk or low risk for cervical injury. The second part will discuss the merits of radiography and computed tomography as the main screening diagnostic examination. In addition to the roles of each modality in the evaluation process, such factors as efficacy of diagnosis, time (duration) of study, and cost will be discussed. Finally, the third part will explore the methods currently employed to clear the cervical spine in comatose patients.Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Emergency Radiology, Las Vegas, Nevada, 22–25 October, 2003     

Brodie Abscess: MR imaging appearance in 10 patients

The magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of Brodie abscess have not yet been fully evaluated. Ten patients with Brodie abscess, eight of long bone and two of vertebra, were studied with MR imaging. Long bone abscess had a characteristic “target” appearance with four layers: (a) a center with low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted and STIR (short-inversion-time inversion recovery) images, (b) an inner ring isointense to muscle on T1-weighted images and with high signal intensity on T2-weighted and STIR images, (c) an outer ring hypoin-tense on all images, and (d) a peripheral halo hypointense on T1-weighted images. In six of eight cases, a soft-tissue mass was found. The two vertebral abscesses had a less specific appearance, with low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted and STIR images. Only the peripheral halo was clearly identified in both cases.     

Pericerebellar fluid collections in infancy,sequelae of birth injury? A retrospective CT study

Summary Retrospective analysis of axial CT scans from 600 consecutive pediatric patients revealed 37 patients (6%) with abnormal low density pericerebellar spaces. Fourteen of these 37 patients (38%) were diagnosed as cerebellar atrophy, whereas 23 of the 37 patients (62%) were diagnosed as mass-like pericerebellar fluid collections. Detailed analysis of the morphology of these spaces suggests that the CT criteria proposed in this paper distinguish between (a) those low attenuation pericerebellar spaces that represent cisternal dilatation caused by cerebellar atrophy (Group I — Atrophy) and (b) those low attenuation pericerebellar spaces that represent low density mass-like collections of fluid which distort a relatively normal cerebellum (Group II — Collections). Analysis of the medical records of the patients in Group II — Collections reveal a high incidence of prematurity, developmental delay, difficult birth and head trauma, possibly indicating that such collections represent sequelae of birth.     

Localized proton MR spectroscopy of the brain in children

Small-voxel (3.0–8.0 cm³), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging–guided proton MR spectroscopy was performed in 54 patients (aged 6 days to 19 years) with intracranial masses (n = 16), neurodegenerative disorders (n = 34), and other neurologic diseases (n = 4) and in 23 age-matched control subjects without brain disease. A combined short TE (18 msec) stimulatedecho acquisition mode (STEAM) and long TE (135 and/or 270 msec) spin-echo point-resolved spatially localized spectroscopy (PRESS) protocol, using designed radio-frequency pulses, was performed at 1.5 T. STEAM spectra revealed short T2 and/or strongly coupled metabolites; prominent resonances were obtained from N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho), and total creatine (tCr). Lactate was well resolved with the long TE PRESS sequence. Intracranial tumors were readily differentiated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collections. All tumors showed low NAA, high Cho, and reduced tCr levels. Neurodegenerative disorders showed low or absent NAA levels and enhanced mobile lipid, glutamate and glutamine, and inositol levels, consistent with neuronal loss, gliosis, demyelination, and amino acid neuro-toxicity. Preliminary experience indicates that proton MR spectroscopy can contribute in the evaluation of central nervous system abnormalities of infants and children.     

Adrenal tissue characterization with 0.5-T MR imaging: Value of T2*-weighted images

The authors investigated the value of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 0.5 T for distinguishing adrenal adenomas from adrenal metastases. The series included 23 adrenal adenomas (18 nonhyperfunctioning, five hyperfunctioning) and 23 adrenal metastases from various organs. Adrenal tumor–liver signal intensity ratios on T1-, T2-, and T2*-weighted images were calculated for adrenal tissue characterization. Adrenal adenomas were more precisely distinguished from adrenal metastases on T2*-weighted images (21 of 23, 91%) than on T2-weighted images (15 of 23, 65%). T1-weighted images were not useful for this distinction. In conclusion, T2*-weighted images were better than routine T2-weighted images for distinguishing adrenal adenomas from adrenal metastases. It can be postulated that the total signal intensity of adrenal adenomas, which contain some fat components, decreased on T2*-weighted images because of an out-of-phase effect.     

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging assessment of vascularized free fibular grafts

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may be a noninvasive method for assessing perfusion of vascularized bone grafts placed for treatment of avascular necrosis. One proximal femur of seven beagles was devascularized, with insertion of a vascularized fibular graft. MR imaging at 1 week (seven dogs) and 6 weeks (five dogs) after surgery included pre- and postcontrast spin-echo sequences, unenhanced twodimensional time-of-flight (TOF) vascular imaging, and dynamic gradient-echo imaging during infusion of gadolinium. Relative signal intensity values of selected regions obtained from the dynamic gradientecho images were plotted as percent enhancement versus time. In the operated hip, MR imaging did not show enhancement in six of seven femoral heads and greater trochanters at 1 week after surgery, with similar results after 6 weeks. MR imaging of fibular grafts 6 weeks after surgery showed an initial rapid increase in enhancement and a subsequent slower increase in five of five dogs, although no enhancement was seen in six of seven dogs at 1 week. These findings contrasted with a rapid initial increase in enhancement followed by slow decline in non-operated hips. Two-dimensional TOP imaging did not show the vascular pedicle of the graft in any dog. Findings of radionuclide bone scanning performed 1 week after surgery were consistent with devascularization of the operated femur and fibular graft. However, tetracycline distribution and histologic findings confirmed the viability of five of five grafts within the devascularized femurs 6 weeks after surgery. Thus, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging at 6 weeks after surgery is valuable for assessing vascular bone graft perfusion, while similar imaging at 1 week may suggest otherwise.