具有肝脏靶向性的白藜芦醇脂质体

目的制备白藜芦醇脂质体(RES-LIP)和半乳糖苷修饰的白藜芦醇脂质体(RES-GLIP),探讨并比较二者的肝靶向作用。方法采用薄膜超声分散法制备RES-LIP和RES-GLIP;透射电镜观察其形态及粒径分布;RP-HPLC测定载药量、包封率。小鼠尾静脉给药后,RP-HPLC测定白藜芦醇(Resveratrol,RES)在血清及肝、脾、肾、肺中的浓度。结果RES-LIP和RES-GLIP的粒径分别为(100.5±40.2)nm和(80.4±42.3)nm,载药量分别为19.81%和19.11%,包封率分别为96.52%和95.87%。RES-sol、RES-LIP和RES-GLIP的靶向效率分别为0.29、0.46和3.87。RES-GLIP的靶向作用明显强于RES-LIP和RES-sol。结论RES-GLIP在体内具有良好的肝靶向性,制备半乳糖苷修饰的白藜芦醇脂质体对提高药物疗效,减少用药剂量,降低药物毒副作用具有显著意义。     

十六酸拉米夫定酯固体脂质纳米粒的肝靶向研究

目的　制备十六酸拉米夫定酯固体脂质纳米粒 (LAP -SLN)和半乳糖苷修饰的十六酸拉米夫定酯固体脂质纳米粒(LAP -GSLN) ,探讨并比较二者的肝靶向作用。方法　采用薄膜超声分散法制备LAP -SLN和LAP -GSLN ;透射电镜研究其形态、粒径及粒径分布 ;RP -HPLC测定载药量、包封率。小鼠尾静脉给药后 ,RP -HPLC测定拉米夫定 (Lamivudine ,LA)在血清及肝、肾、肺、脾中的浓度。结果　LAP -SLN和LAP -SLN的粒径分布分别为 2 80 .8± 98.2nm和 2 5 7.4± 92 .3nm ,载药量分别为 9.6 3%和 9.11% ,包封率分别为 97.6 9%和 95 .82 %。LA -sol,LAP -SLN和LAP -GSLN的靶向效率分别为 0 .89,1.2 6和 4 .6 6。结论　LAP -SLN和LAP -GSLN在体内具有良好的肝靶向性 ,对提高药物疗效 ,减少用量 ,降低毒副作用有一定意义。LAP -GSLN的靶向作用强于LAP -SLN。     

链霉素聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯毫微粒的制备工艺研究

目的 对链霉素毫微粒的制备工艺进行研究，优选最佳制备工艺。方法 以可生物降解的氰基丙烯酸正丁酯为聚合材料，采用乳化聚合法制备SM—PBCA—NP；以载药量、包封率、粒径分布为评价指标，通过单因素试验初选、均匀设计法精选，优化制备工艺。结果 按优化工艺条件，制得载药毫微粒：平均粒径76nm，分布范围30-120nm，载药量62％，包封率87％。结论 经过优化筛选出的工艺，为链霉素聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯毫微粒的最佳制备工艺。     

载药磁性纳米微粒靶向治疗肿瘤研究进展

载药磁性纳米微粒是将药物、生物活性物质或治疗用放射性核素等包裹于磁性纳米微粒内或吸附、连接于磁性纳米微粒表面，或混合、溶解于材料基质中而构成，其大小为纳米级。在足够强的外加磁场作用下，其在体内定向移动、定向浓集，从而达到提高治疗效果、降低毒副作用的目的。     

188Re标记免疫靶向磁性纳米微粒及其生物学分布

目的研究^188Re标记具有HER-2／neu癌基因靶向特异性的Herceptin免疫磁性纳米微粒及其在小鼠体内的生物学分布。方法利用戊二醛作为交联剂，将人源性单克隆抗体Herceptin与化学修饰的磁性纳米微粒进行连接，构建免疫磁性纳米微粒。采用直接标记法将^188Re标记到免疫磁性纳米微粒上。采用羰基铼标记法，以fac-[^188Re（CO）3（H2O）3]^＋作为放射性标记前体，对表面固载组氨酸的磁性纳米微粒进行标记。分别测定所制备^188Re标记物的标记率和体外稳定性及免疫磁性纳米微粒的单克隆抗体免疫活性，并观察^188Re标记的磁性纳米微粒及免疫磁性纳米微粒的小鼠体内生物分布。结果经扫描电镜证实免疫磁性纳米微粒的单个粒径大小平均为60nm，而表面固载组氨酸的磁性纳米微粒的粒径平均为30nm。^188Re对Herceptin、免疫磁性纳米微粒及固载组氨酸的磁性纳米微粒的标记率均〉90％，在小牛血清中具有良好的体外稳定性，并且磁性纳米微粒上连接的单克隆抗体仍保持较高的免疫活性。小鼠体内分布实验显示^188Re标记的磁性纳米微粒及免疫磁性纳米微粒在血液中有较高的放射性分布且血循环时间较长，同时两者在肝内均有较多的摄取。结论^188Re标记的磁性纳米微粒及免疫磁性纳米微粒在体外及动物体内较稳定，无明显的^188Re脱落。可用于下一步荷瘤裸鼠体内的研究。     

脾动脉栓塞治疗肝癌合并脾亢的应用观察

肝癌常伴有脾机能亢进,可有血像减低,给治疗带来困难.1992年1月至1993年4月,我们在肝动脉栓塞(HAE)治疗肝癌的同时行脾动脉栓塞(SAE)治疗脾亢21例,收到较好疗效,今报告如下。材料和方法材料和药物:医用明胶海绵剪成10mm×2mm×2mm 细条或医用明胶海绵经高压剪成小颗粒碎块备用;地塞米松10～20mg,庆大霉素16万 U 溶于生理盐水30ml内,76%泛影葡胺或优维显数毫升。方法:采用 Seldinger 技术.经股动脉穿刺送入6～7F“RH”或盘曲导管于腹腔动脉造影。观察造影片,明确肝癌诊断,了解肝、脾动脉走行后,先行肝动脉灌注化疗(HAI)和栓塞(HAE),然后将导管选择性插入脾动脉,注入明胶海绵数条或高压消毒明胶海绵碎块.一     

HER-2靶向硼脂质体的制备与影响因素研究

目的制备具有良好靶向性的硼脂质体，为硼中子俘获治疗的研究与应用建立一个有效的靶向给药途仆方法采用新型的主动载药方法-pH梯度法制备硼脂质体，分析不同药脂比例对包封率的影响，优化Trastuzumab连接到DSPE—PEG-NHS分子微团的时间因素，采用微团转移法将Trastuzumab-PEG-DSPE掺入预先制备的硼脂质体，比较不同时间和温度对掺入量的影响，测试脂质体的稳定性、温度对Trastuzumab与受体结合能力的影响以及硼脂质体的受体靶向特异性。结果制备的硼脂质体大小均匀，直径约为100nm，圆形小囊状，药物包封率高。Trastuzumab与DSPE-PEG-NHS室温下孵育1h可达到足够高的连接率。60℃的水浴中作用4h，90％的Trastuzumab-PEG-DSPE掺入了脂质体脂膜。脂质体稳定，37℃保存2周仍有95％的抗体与脂质体相连。实验所用温度对Trastuzumab与HER-2结合的能力影响不大。制备的硼脂质体与HER-2受体的结合能被浓度不断增高的Trastuzumab所置换。结论本法制备的硼脂质体大小均匀，外观圆整，药物包封率高，有良好稳定性。实验过程对抗体特性无明显影响，硼脂质体具备与HER-2受体特异性结合的能力。     

叶酸受体靶向载紫杉醇高分子造影剂体外寻靶及超声显影实验研究

目的探讨叶酸受体靶向载紫杉醇（PTX）高分子造影剂（FOL—PLGA—PTX）的体外寻靶能力与超声显影情况。方法通过单乳化法及碳二亚胺法制备叶酸受体靶向载PTX高分子纳米微球,利用Malvern激光仪检测造影剂平均粒径和表面电位,用HPLC检测包封率和载药量,并通过免疫荧光法和流式细胞术检测造影剂表面叶酸连接情况及和荧光抗体的结合率。体外培养人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞,观察靶向造影剂与细胞的结合情况,评价其体外寻靶能力。考察靶向造影剂经高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）辐照后增强超声显影特性,并以DFY型定量仪进行定量。采用两独立样本t检验及单因素方差分析分析数据。结果叶酸受体靶向载PTX高分子超声造影剂的平均粒径为（244．43±13．32）nm,包封率及载药量分别为（86．23±1．23）％和（8．62±0．12）％;流式细胞术测得FOL—PLGA-PTX表面叶酸平均连接率高达（98．49±1．28）％,体外细胞寻靶实验中FOL—PLGA-PTX与SKOV3细胞平均结合率为（84．32±4．25）％,高于非靶向造影剂组（16．45±2．89）％（F=289．45,t=10．654,P〈0．01）和游离叶酸干预组（36．33±3．23）％（t=8．923,P〈0．01）;FOL-PLGA—PTX经HIFU体外辐照前后平均灰度值分别为39．32±3．64和126．44±7．15,差异有统计学意义（t=4．829,P〈0．01）。结论成功制备了叶酸受体靶向载PTX高分子超声造影剂,其包封率与载药量均较高,具备良好的体外寻靶能力与HIFU辐照增强超声显影特性。     

使用PVA微粒为栓塞剂的部分性脾栓塞术

目的 评价以聚乙烯泡沫醇(PVA)颗粒为栓塞剂行部分性脾栓塞术的疗效及并发症。资料与方法17例脾大患者以PVA颗粒为栓塞剂行部分性脾栓塞(PSE)，并以同期明胶海绵颗粒为栓塞剂的19例对照，观察两者疗效及并发症发生情况。结果 PSE栓塞前及栓塞后PVA组与明胶海绵组两组间比较，白细胞计数(WBC)及血小板计数(PLT)无明显差异。PVA组栓塞部位分布均匀率为88．2％，明胶海绵组分布均匀率为31．6％。副反应主要为发热和腹痛。PVA组2例发生脾巨大囊状液化，l例发生反应性胸膜炎。结论 PVA颗粒及明胶海绵颗粒均可作为PSF的栓塞剂而取得较好疗效，但PVA微粒栓塞时分布更加合理。     

酮洛芬聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯毫微粒制备工艺研究

目的：制备酮洛芬聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯毫微粒（ KP-PBCA-NP）。方法：采用乳化聚合法制备空白PBCA—NP，以粒径为指标，应用L9（3^4）正交试验优化处方工艺；吸附法制备KP—PBCA—NP，以包封率、载药量为指标，应用U10（10^8）均匀法设计实验，进行条件优化。结果：制备PBCA—NP的优化条件为反应液pH2～3，Pluronic F68的含量为1．0％～1．5％，优化条件下制备PBCA—NP平均粒径为50nm；在制备KP-PBCA—NP时，当反应液的pH值为1，PBCA含量为0．5％，KP含量为0．8mg／ml时，可获得较高的包封率（平均为95．64％）和载药量（15．32％）。结论：控制工艺条件，可制备不同粒径的PBCA—NP作为各种药物载体，并且可以从此为载体制备可用于注射给药的KP—PBCA—NP。     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

Kidney and iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast agents

In patients with renal failure, iodinated contrast agents may cause acute deterioration of the renal function and gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) may cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). The administration of a contrast agent must thus be reviewed for each patient and evaluation of renal function is paramount even though its estimation using formulas derived from the creatinine level may fluctuate. For iodinated contrast agents, contrast induced nephropathy is reduced by hydratation, preferably intravenous, when the GFR is less than 60 ml/min. The risk for intravenous injections is less than the risk for arterial injections, and the GFR threshold may be reduced to 45 ml/min. For gadolinium-based contrast agents, patients at risk for NSF are those with end-stage renal disease and patients undergoing dialysis. In such cases, the injection of a gadolinium-based contrast agent is only considered after a risk-benefit analysis has been completed, an alternate linear or macrocyclic agent issued and the dose limited to 0,1 mmol Gd/kg. Recently, recommendations from US and European agencies have converged. Learning objectives: to be familiar with the risk factors of CIN with iodinated contrast agents; to be familiar with hydration procedures for patients at risk of CIN; to be familiar with the diagnostic criteria of NSF; to be familiar with the classification of GBCA with regards to the risk of NSF; to be familiar with the contraindications of the different groups of GBCA.     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.