IVIM与DSC灌注成像在脑星形细胞瘤分级中的诊断价值

目的：探讨 MR 体素内不相干运动(IVIM)成像与动态磁敏感对比增强(DSC)灌注成像在脑星形细胞瘤分级中的诊断价值。方法对手术病理证实的22例高级别及28例低级别星形细胞瘤患者术前行 MR 常规扫描及 IVIM、DSC 扫描,定量测量2组肿瘤实质区 IVIM 成像参数值,包括标准扩散系数(ADCstandard )、慢扩散系数(D)、快扩散系数(D?)、灌注分数(f)和 DSC 灌注成像参数值,包括相对脑血容量(rCBV)、相对脑血流量(rCBF),采用两独立样本 t 检验分析各参数值在高、低级别脑星形细胞瘤中是否有统计学差异,应用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评价单独及联合应用 IVIM 成像和 DSC 灌注成像的诊断效能。结果肿瘤实质区ADCstandard 值、D 值、rCBV 值、rCBF 值在脑星形细胞瘤分级中有明显统计学差异(P <0.01);D?值、f 值在脑星形细胞瘤分级中无统计学差异(P=0.130,P=0.379);各参数值对脑星形细胞瘤分级的 ROC 曲线下面积为：ADCstandard 值0.823,D 值0.854,rCBV 值0.858,rCBF值0.871,D 值与 rCBV 和 rCBF 值联合应用0.952,0.953。结论D 值及 rCBV、rCBF 值可以对脑星形细胞瘤进行分级,联合应用IVIM 成像与 DSC 灌注成像可以提高脑星形细胞瘤分级的准确性。     

3.0 T磁共振灌注加权成像在脑星形细胞瘤分级诊断中的价值

目的 探讨对比剂首过MR灌注加权成像(perfusion weighted imaging,PWI)在脑高、低级别星形细胞瘤鉴别诊断中的价值.资料与方法 分析40例经手术病理证实的星形细胞瘤患者的MRI资料,所有患者术前均行常规MRI平扫+增强、PWI,其中低级别组(WHOⅠ、Ⅱ级)14例,高级别组(WHO Ⅲ、Ⅳ级)26例.结果 常规MR平扫+增强扫描诊断高级别星形细胞瘤的敏感性为69.2%,特异性为64.3%,阳性预测值为78.3%,阴性预测值为52.9%,准确性为67.5%.高、低级别星形细胞瘤瘤体实质相对脑血容量(rCBV)值和相对脑血流量(rCBF)值差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而相对平均通过时间(rMTT)值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).选择Youden指数最大值作为高、低级别星形细胞瘤最佳诊断临界点时,瘤体实质rCBV值受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)为0.961,阈值为2.71,敏感性为85.0%,特异性为100%,阳性预测值为100%,阴性预测值为78.0%;瘤体实质rCBF值ROC曲线的AUC为0.877,阈值为1.45,敏感性为85.0%,特异性为71.0%,阳性预测值为85.0%,阴性预测值为71.0%.结论 与常规MRI比较,对比剂首过PWI能提高术前星形细胞瘤分级诊断的准确性.瘤体实质rCBV值是星形细胞瘤分级诊断的最特异性指标.     

PWI鉴别诊断单发脑转移瘤和高级别胶质瘤的价值分析

目的探讨磁共振灌注加权成像(PWI)在单发脑转移瘤和高级别胶质瘤鉴别诊断中的价值。方法选择在本院治疗的255例单发脑转移瘤和104例高级别胶质瘤为研究对象(共359例,经病理组织活检确诊),术前均常规进行核磁共振扫描以及PWI检查,详细测量肿瘤区、瘤旁区、肿瘤周围水肿区(瘤周区)以及健侧无肿瘤的正常脑组织CBV(脑血容量)值,得出肿瘤区、瘤旁区、瘤周区相对无肿瘤的正常脑组织的rCBV(相对脑血容量)值,记录患者PWI特征。结果 255例单发脑转移瘤,104例高级别胶质瘤PWI显示:1)在肿瘤区,单发脑转移瘤的rCBV值(4. 85±2. 17),比高级别胶质瘤rCBV值(6. 32±2. 59)低,两者比较无统计学意义(P 0. 05),但均高于健侧正常脑组织的rCBV(2. 15±0. 42),差异具有统计学意义(P 0. 05); 2)转移瘤瘤旁区的rCBV值(1. 31±0. 25)低于高级别胶质瘤瘤旁区rCBV值是(3. 01±0. 56),差异具有统计学意义(P 0. 05); 3)在肿瘤周围水肿区内,单发脑转移瘤的rCBV值(1. 11±0. 31),比高级别胶质瘤的rCBV值低(1. 58±0. 29);差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05); 4)单发转移瘤的PWI在对比剂首过后,信号恢复较高级别胶质瘤明显慢。结论对单发脑转移瘤与高级别胶质瘤采用PWI的检查手段,计算瘤周区的rCBV值,显示其血流灌注特性,有助于两者的鉴别诊断。     

脑CT灌注成像在星形细胞瘤术前分级中的价值

目的:评价CT灌注成像在星形细胞瘤术前分级中的应用价值。方法:对29例星形细胞瘤患者行常规CT及CT灌注成像,所有病例分为2组:低级别星形细胞瘤15例,高级别星形细胞瘤14例。灌注成像先得到TDC,并合成局部脑血容量(rCBV)图和局部脑血流量(rCBF),计算出感兴趣区的rCBF、相对rCBV(rrCBV)、相对rCBF(rrCBF)和局部血管表面通透性(rP)。比较两组间的CT灌注参数,如果差异有显著性意义,用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线判别各参数对区分低级、高级星形细胞瘤的效果。结果:低、高级星形细胞瘤的rCBF分别为46.95±22.92 ml.min-1.100g-1,95.44±42.58 ml.min-1.100g-1;rrCBF分别为2.19±0.98,4.65±1.73;rrCBV分别为3.53±2.39,8.32±5.75;rP(中位数,四分位数间距)分别为(0.09,0.12),(0.30,0.39)。CT灌注参数诊断低、高级星形细胞瘤的效果:rCBFr、rCBFr、rCBVr、P的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.848、0.900、0.786、0.940。结论:rrCBVr、rCBF和rP均能可靠地评价星形细胞瘤的术前病理级别;在满足计算公式的前提条件下,rCBF绝对值和其它相对灌注参数一样,能可靠地评价星形细胞瘤的术前病理级别。     

脑星形细胞瘤的MR灌注成像研究

目的 :研究MR灌注成像的扫描技术、后处理技术及其评价脑星形细胞瘤的价值。方法 :本组病例包括星形细胞瘤 40例、转移瘤 3 0例、正常对照组 3 0例 ,均行MR平扫及灌注检查。结果 :不同部位的正常脑血流灌注量不一致。正常人脑灰、白质相对血容量rCBV(relativecerebralbloodvolume)值为 1.5 6± 0 .3 9。Ⅲ、Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤的rCBV值显著高于正常脑实质者 (P <0 .0 1) ,二者之间差异有显著性意义 ,但IV级星形细胞瘤的rCBV值变化较大。星形细胞瘤与转移瘤病变本身的rCBV值差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但二者的rCBV值均高于正常脑实质。星形细胞瘤“邻近水肿区”的rCBV值显著高于转移瘤周围“邻近水肿区”的rCBV值 (P <0 .0 1) ,而星形细胞瘤、转移瘤“远离水肿区”的rCBV值间差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :MR灌注成像可精确提示正常脑实质及病变的血流状态 ,并能鉴别颅内原发性和继发性病变     

颅内原发性淋巴瘤DSC灌注成像的初步研究

目的探讨颅内原发性淋巴瘤动态对比磁敏感增强(DSC)灌注成像的特点。资料与方法采用平面回波(EPI)序列对9例颅内原发性淋巴瘤患者术前行DSC灌注成像,获得相对脑血容量(rCBV)图、相对脑血流量(rCBF)图、平均通过时间(MTT)图和时间-信号曲线,并计算肿瘤实质最大rCBV比值和MTT比值,结合病理特征与14例高级别(Ⅲ、Ⅳ级)星形细胞瘤作对照。结果颅内原发淋巴瘤肿瘤实质最大rCBV比值为1.71±0.59,而高级别星形细胞瘤肿瘤实质最大rCBV比值为5.17±1.73,两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),但两组病例肿瘤实质MTT比值间的差异无统计学意义(P=0.101)。颅内原发性淋巴瘤肿瘤实质时间-信号曲线首过期后曲线超过基线水平,高级别星形细胞瘤肿瘤实质时间-信号曲线回复基线前可出现一个小的再下降波形,且首过期后曲线均未超过基线水平。颅内原发性淋巴瘤瘤细胞密集,核大浓染,胞质少,可见瘤细胞围绕血管呈"袖套"状排列,肿瘤血管内皮增生少见。高级别星形细胞瘤可见大量肿瘤血管。结论颅内原发淋巴瘤DSC灌注成像呈相对低灌注,肿瘤实质最大rCBV比值低于高级别星形细胞瘤,且时间-信号曲线有别于高级别星形细胞瘤,是由两者不同的病理学基础决定,DSC灌注成像有助于提高颅内原发性淋巴瘤的MRI诊断能力。     

肿瘤周围的~1H-MRS在常见颅脑肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨肿瘤周围的多体素氢质子磁共振波谱(1 H-MRS)在脑星形细胞瘤、脑转移瘤等颅内常见肿瘤中的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法收集本院经手术、活检病理证实的颅脑肿瘤患者66例。其中低级别星形细胞瘤(Ⅰ~Ⅱ级)19例,高级别星形细胞瘤(Ⅲ~Ⅳ级)17例;脑转移瘤30例。采用美国GE公司3.0T MRI扫描仪对所有患者行颅脑常规MRI及1 H-MRS检查。检测、计算、分析肿瘤周围及健侧相应区域的生化代谢物及其比值,包括Cho/Cr、Cho/NAA、NAA/Cr及MI,同时进行加以比较对照。结果高级别星形细胞瘤的瘤周水肿区Cho/Cr比值明显高于低级别星形细胞瘤、脑转移瘤(P0.05);其Cho/NAA比值明显高于低级别星形细胞瘤及脑转移瘤(P0.05)。低级别星形细胞瘤瘤周NAA/Cr比值明显高于高级别星形细胞瘤(P0.05)。低级别星形细胞瘤与脑转移瘤比较各代谢物比值均无统计学意义。MI值各肿瘤间比较无统计学意义。结论肿瘤周围的Cho/Cr、Cho/NAA比值对脑内低级别及高级别星形细胞瘤、脑转移瘤等的诊断及鉴别诊断具有较高的临床应用价值。     

脑膜瘤瘤周水肿的64层螺旋CT灌注成像定量研究

目的:应用64层螺旋CT灌注成像定量估计脑膜瘤瘤周水肿的灌注状况.方法:对15例脑肿膜瘤伴瘤周水肿患者进行MSCT灌注成像,经灌注软件处理分别计算近瘤周水肿区及远瘤周水肿区局部脑血流量(rCBF)、局部脑血容量(rCBV)、表面通透性(PS),并与对侧脑白质灌注参数进行比较;测量并计算水肿指数EI[(V水肿+V肿瘤)/V肿瘤],并与rrCBV(rCBV水肿平均/rCBV对侧脑白质)的进行相关性分析.结果:脑膜瘤近瘤周水肿区、远瘤周水肿区的rCBF和rCBV明显低于对侧脑白质(rCBF:t=5.78和4.34,P=0.001,0.005; rCBV:t=6.46和8.46,P=0.001,0.003),近瘤周水肿区的rCBF和rCBV低于远瘤周水肿区(rCBF:t=3.49,P=0.013;rCBV:t=4.10,P=0.006),三组间PS值的差异均没有统计学意义(P值均＞0.05);水肿指数跟瘤周水肿区的rrCBV值呈负相关(r=-0.72,P＜0.01);2例恶性脑膜瘤近瘤周水肿区的rCBV、rCBF、PS值的均数明显高于良性脑膜瘤近瘤周水肿区.结论:脑膜瘤瘤周水肿区的灌注具有一定特征,有助于鉴别肿瘤良恶性,优化手术方案及相关辅助治疗、评价手术疗效、鉴别肿瘤复发和坏死.     

磁共振弥散张量成像在脑高级别星形细胞瘤和转移瘤瘤周实质区的诊断价值

目的 探讨磁共振弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)在高级别星形细胞瘤和单发脑转移瘤诊断中的价值.方法 25例脑高级别星形细胞瘤和16例单发脑转移瘤,术前行DTI扫描,测定瘤周脑实质区及对侧正常脑实质的平均弥散系数(MD)值及各向异性分数(FA)值,并重建白质纤维示踪图,观察病灶与白质纤维束的关系.结果 高级别星形细胞瘤与脑转移瘤瘤周实质区的FA值分别为0.227±0.05、0.169±0.07,两者存在统计学差异(P＜0.05).DTI白质纤维示踪图可以较为准确地反映病灶与白质纤维束的关系.结论瘤周实质区FA值有助于高级别脑星形细胞瘤与转移瘤的鉴别.     

CT灌注成像对脑肿瘤瘤周水肿的评价

目的　应用CT灌注成像半定量估计脑肿瘤瘤周水肿的灌注状况。方法　应用SomatomPlus4螺旋CT机,对21例脑肿瘤瘤周水肿患者[脑膜瘤4例,胶质瘤(Ⅲ~Ⅳ级)7例、转移瘤10例]进行CT灌注成像,经灌注软件处理分别计算瘤周水肿区局部脑血流量(rCBF)、局部脑血容量(rCBV)、对比剂平均通过时间(MTT),并与对侧脑白质和不同肿瘤瘤周水肿间的灌注参数进行比较。结果　脑膜瘤和转移瘤瘤周水肿的rCBF和rCBV明显低于对侧脑白质(rCBF:t=2 .92和3 .82,P值均<0. 05, 0. 005;rCBV:t=2 .42和3. 53, P<0 .05, 0 .01),胶质瘤瘤周水肿的rCBF和rCBV与正常脑白质无明显差别(t=1 .00和1 .33, P值均>0 .05)。瘤周水肿区与对侧正常脑白质rCBF、rCBV比值,脑膜瘤和转移瘤之间差异无统计学意义(t=0 .23和0. 73, P值均>0 .05),胶质瘤明显大于脑膜瘤和转移瘤(t=3 .05和3. 37, P<0 .01, 0 .005)。结论　脑膜瘤和转移瘤瘤周水肿区的rCBF、rCBV显著降低,而胶质瘤瘤周水肿区接近或高于对侧脑白质,CT灌注能定量脑肿瘤瘤周水肿血流灌注状况,有助于肿瘤的鉴别和随访。     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.     

Kidney and iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast agents

In patients with renal failure, iodinated contrast agents may cause acute deterioration of the renal function and gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) may cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). The administration of a contrast agent must thus be reviewed for each patient and evaluation of renal function is paramount even though its estimation using formulas derived from the creatinine level may fluctuate. For iodinated contrast agents, contrast induced nephropathy is reduced by hydratation, preferably intravenous, when the GFR is less than 60 ml/min. The risk for intravenous injections is less than the risk for arterial injections, and the GFR threshold may be reduced to 45 ml/min. For gadolinium-based contrast agents, patients at risk for NSF are those with end-stage renal disease and patients undergoing dialysis. In such cases, the injection of a gadolinium-based contrast agent is only considered after a risk-benefit analysis has been completed, an alternate linear or macrocyclic agent issued and the dose limited to 0,1 mmol Gd/kg. Recently, recommendations from US and European agencies have converged. Learning objectives: to be familiar with the risk factors of CIN with iodinated contrast agents; to be familiar with hydration procedures for patients at risk of CIN; to be familiar with the diagnostic criteria of NSF; to be familiar with the classification of GBCA with regards to the risk of NSF; to be familiar with the contraindications of the different groups of GBCA.     

Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of self-reported and device-assessed physical activity and sedentary behaviour

ObjectivesTo examine the longitudinal associations and differences between self-reported and device-assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB), using a multifaceted statistical approach.DesignLongitudinal measurement burst.MethodsIn total, 52 university students (78% female) aged 18–38 years (mean = 21.94 ± 4.57 years) participated. The study consisted of three blocks of six days of measurement, during which participants wore an accelerometer on their wrist for the entire block, and self-reported their PA over the 6 days at the end of each block.ResultsMeaningful latent differences between methods were observed for moderate PA and SB across all three assessment periods, such that participants underreported the time spent in each activity. Bland–Altman plots revealed a positive mean difference for vigorous PA, with over-reporting increasing as mean levels increased. Negative mean differences were observed for all other intensities. Underreporting of moderate PA increased as the mean level increased, whereas for light PA and SB, underreporting decreased at high levels. Repeated measures correlations revealed a meaningful association for vigorous PA only, suggesting that as self-reported minutes increase so too do device-measured minutes.ConclusionsWe found evidence of cross-sectional and longitudinal differences and weak associations between self-reported and device-assessed PA and SB. Future work is needed to enhance the quality of self-reported methods to assess PA and SB (e.g., face and content validity), and consider improvements to the processing of device-based data.     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.