CT引导下肺部穿刺活检后气胸形成的影响因素

【摘要】 目的 探讨CT引导下肺部穿刺活检后气胸形成的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析89例接受CT引导下肺部穿刺活检患者的临床资料。依据患者是否发生气胸分为气胸组（n=24）与非气胸组（n=65）,对比两组患者围术期各项基础资料信息差异,再将有差异变量纳入logistic回归分析,明确CT引导下肺部穿刺活检后出现气胸危险因素。结果 气胸组年龄≥65岁、穿刺针停留时间＞20 min、病灶直径＜2 cm、病灶与胸壁距离≥2 cm、合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）或肺纤维化患者占比显著高于非气胸组,P＜0.05。经logistic回归性分析显示上述诸因素为CT引导下肺部穿刺活检后出现气胸的危险因素。结论 CT引导下肺部穿刺活检后气胸形成的危险因素较多,在肺穿刺活检手术中应当予以关注。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检的临床应用与结果分析

目的总结CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术的临床应用。方法采用GE—Hispeed螺旋CT机，各种型号病理穿刺针及切割针对36例胸部占位性病变，实施CT引导下经皮穿刺活检术。结果病灶直径1．5cm～10cm大小，平均3．5cm。穿刺成功35例，活检阳性率100％，并发症有气胸3例，咯血1例，术后经抗炎及止血处理，气胸很快吸收，咯血停止。结论CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术成功率高，并发症少而轻，对胸部占位性病的定性诊断具有重要的临床意义。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检的临床意义

目的：讨论总结CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术的临床应用及结果分析，探讨其意义。方法：采用GE-Hispeed螺旋CT机，各种型号病理穿刺针及切割针对36例胸部占位性病变，实施CT引导下经皮穿刺活检术。结果：病灶直径1．5-10cm大小，平均3．5cm。穿刺成功35例，活检阳性率100％，并发症有气胸3例，咯血1例，术后经抗炎及止血处理，气胸很快吸收。咯血停止。结论：CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术成功率高，并发症少而轻，对胸部占位性病的定性诊断具有重要的临床意义。     

CT导引下3 cm以下肺结节切割针活检的价值

目的评价多排螺旋CT引导下经皮肺切割针活检直径≤3 cm肺结节的价值.方法 CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检肺部病灶直径≤3 cm结节81例,用意大利或美国20 G活检针对病灶至少穿刺取材2次.结果肺结节穿刺准确率达100%,病理证实恶性病灶56例,良性病灶24例;其中结节太小取材少不能定性1例,诊断准确率为98.76%.并发症中发生气胸12例(14.81%)、咯血15例(18.52%),穿刺针通过肺大泡而没有引起气胸1例,无严重并发症发生.结论 CT引导经皮穿刺直径≤3 cm肺部结节活检的准确性高且发生并发症较低,可作为肺内3 cm以下孤立性结节灶在临床治疗前病理诊断的首选方法.     

关于CT引导下经肺活检出现气胸与肺内出血危险性的不同影响因素

就不同因素对CT引导下经肺活检出现气胸与肺内出血发生率的影响进行回顾性评价。133例病人接受了CT引导下肺内1个病灶的活检，2例病人活检2次。不同影响因素的分析包括病变大小、病变部位、穿刺针通过胸膜的次数、病变边缘、肺内活检径路长度与穿刺时间。活检针采用18G（gauge）切割针（Trucut，Somatex，Tehow，Germany）。135例活检中23例发生气胸（17％），其中3例需要胸部置管治疗（占全部病人的2％）。病变位于肺实质内时气胸的发生率明显高于病变位于胸膜或胸壁（P〈0．05），     

经皮肺穿刺气胸发生率分析

目的：分析了多种因素对肺穿刺活检气胸发生率的影响。方法46例病人均在X线透视引导下操作。所分析的各种因素为病灶大小、位置、穿刺次数、肺气肿及穿刺后体位。结果：46例病人中9例发生气胸（19．6％）,9例肺气肿病人中4例发生气胸（44．4％）,其中2例经胸腔置管引流治愈。10例病灶＜3cm者3例产生气胸（30％）。穿刺点向下卧位的20例中4例产生气胸（205）;剩余的26例自由卧位中5例产生气胸（19．2％）。结论：经皮肺穿活检中的病灶愈小气胸发生率愈高。肺气肿病人肺穿后气胸发生率较高,且常为症状性气胸。穿刺点向下及非向下卧位对气胸的发生率没有明显影响。     

CT引导下细针穿刺活检对肺部空洞性病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨CT引导下经皮细针穿刺活检在肺部空洞性肿块中的诊断价值.方法 97例肺内孤立性肿块或结节伴有空洞的患者,进行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检,以手术病理或1年随访的最终诊断为标准,计算CT穿刺活检的诊断准确率,比较不同病灶大小及空洞壁厚度下CT穿刺活检的诊断敏感度、特异度及准确率,并采用Logistic回归分析CT穿刺活检并发症的危险因素.结果 CT穿刺活检的敏感度、特异度及准确率分别为97.4％,90.0％及95.9％,不同大小病灶(直径＜2 cm或≥2 cm)、不同空洞壁厚度(＜5或≥5 mm)其敏感度、特异度及准确率无统计学差异(P＞0.05).9例(9.3％)CT穿刺后出现少量气胸,14例(14.4％)出现少许肺泡出血,穿刺并发症与病灶大小、空洞壁厚度、针道深度及穿刺针大小无相关性(P＞0.05).结论 CT引导下经皮细针穿刺活检安全,对肺部空洞性病变的诊断准确性高.     

两种活检针在经皮胸肺穿刺活检中的应用

目的：观察两种不同活检针在CT导向下经皮胸肺穿刺活检的准确率和并发症的发生率。方法：对17例肺内直径≤2cm的病灶用22G抽吸活检针行经皮胸肺穿刺活检；对22例直径〉2cm的病灶用18Gmedi—tech同轴切割针行经皮胸肺穿刺活检。结果：22G抽吸活检针活检确诊率为76．5％，并发症发生率为11．7％；18G同轴切割针活检确诊率为91%，并发症发生率为13．6%。结论：1、根据病灶的大小、位置，选择不同的穿刺针获取不同大小的组织．提高了穿刺活检确诊率和减少了并发症的发生率；2、除不能合作者外，CT导向经皮胸肺穿刺技术可用于几乎所有胸部病灶的活检。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检并发症的相关因素分析

目的:分析引起CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检并发症发生的相关因素.方法:选取2003年10月～2005年9月CT引导下肺穿刺活检的病例284例,分析穿刺并发症的发生与性别、年龄、病灶大小、深度、病灶周围有无肺气肿、穿刺次数、穿刺针粗细等的关系,并进行统计分析.结果:共发生气胸26例,出血(包括肺内出血和针道出血)48例.并发症的发生与病灶大小、深度、病灶周围有无肺气肿、穿刺次数、穿刺针粗细及年龄有关(P＜0.05).结论:CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检常见并发症有气胸和出血.病灶大小、深度、病灶周围肺气肿、穿刺次数、穿刺针粗细以及年龄是肺穿刺活检并发症的相关因素.     

CT引导下经皮穿刺同轴细针活检术诊断纵隔占位性病变40例

目的 评价CT引导下经皮穿刺同轴细针活检术对纵隔占位性病变诊断的技术成功率、诊断正确率和安全性.方法 在CT引导下采用18G带芯穿刺针穿刺40例纵隔占位性病变,然后经18G穿刺针的外套针同轴引入20 G切割活检细针对纵隔病变行经皮同轴穿刺活检.结果 40例患者的纵隔占位性病变接受41次活检,其中1例患者先后接受2次穿刺活检.CT证实41次经皮穿刺的穿刺针皆位于纵隔占位病灶内,37次活检病理结果与临床最终诊断相一致.本组资料穿刺技术成功率100％,穿刺活检诊断准确率90.2％.2例出现少量气胸,肺组织压缩程度小于20％,随访过程中自行吸收,无其他穿刺相关并发症发生.结论 CT引导下经皮同轴穿刺活检术诊断纵隔占位性病变是安全、准确、微创的介入诊断技术.     

Stress MR imaging for evaluation of popliteal artery entrapment

The popliteal artery entrapment (PAE) syndrome has been recognized as a cause of arterial occlusion in young people. It is the result of an anomaly of the relationship between the popliteal artery and the gastrocnemius muscle. Eight young healthy volunteers (16 legs) and six patients (10 legs) with suspected PAE underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Gradient-echo images were obtained in axial planes with the leg at rest and during active plantar flexion against resistance. Imaging at rest allowed identification of PAE signs in only one leg, which had an anomalous medial course of the popliteal artery. In the other cases, only the stress technique was able to show signal loss in the popliteal artery due to muscular compression (two legs) or the presence of accessory muscle slip around the vessel (two legs), as confirmed at surgery. MR imaging is therefore a useful technique for the diagnosis of PAE because of its capability of combining information obtainable with other modalities.     

MR imaging of muscle and tender points in fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a syndrome manifested by chronic, diffuse muscu-loskeletal aching and soreness, palpable muscle tender points, and other symptoms. Standardized clinical diagnostic criteria have recently been developed. Skeletal muscle has been postulated as the end organ in this disease. Biochemical, histologic, electromyographic, and conventional radiographic studies have demonstrated no definitive abnormality. This study sought to establish whether magnetic resonance (MR) imaging could demonstrate any abnormality in these patients. Eighteen patients were entered in the study, 14 of whom were able to complete their examinations. T1 -weighted, T2-weighted, gradient-echo, and STIR (short-tau inversion-recovery) sequences were performed in all patients, with selected patients examined with T1weighted, gadopentetate dimeglu-mine-enhanced sequences. The trapezius and suboccipital regions were imaged in patients who, clinically, had active fibro-myalgia. No abnormalities could be detected. The authors conclude that the conventional MR imaging used in this study was unable to depict any primary skeletal muscle abnormality in fibromyalgia.     

MR imaging of disorders of the brachial plexus

The authors evaluated 64 consecutive patients with suspected brachial plexus (BP) abnormalities of diverse cause with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, using the body coil and a standardized protocol. Of the 43 patients for whom follow-up was available, 25 were suspected of having neoplastic involvement of the BP, nine had sustained injuries, and nine presented with BP symptoms of uncertain cause. MR imaging was 63% sensitive, 100% specific, and 77% accurate in demonstrating the abnormality in this diverse patient population. When patients with neoplastic and traumatic disorders were considered separately, sensitivity increased to 81%, accuracy to 88%, and specificity remained unchanged. In the patients with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic or viral plexitis, the MR imaging findings were normal, serving to exclude other structural abnormalities. It is concluded that MR imaging is valuable in the assessment of a wide range of BP disorders.     

MR angiography of congenital heart disease: Value of segmented two-dimensional inflow technique and maximum-intensity-projection display

Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography of the cardiovascular system was evaluated in 41 patients with congenital heart disease by using a two-dimensional (2D) inflow technique based on a magnetization-prepared gradient-echo pulse sequence with segmented k-space data acquisition and electrocardiographic gating at 0.5 T. Inversion and saturation prepulses were used to suppress stationary tissue and enhance intravascular signal. Presaturation slabs were applied where certain vascular structures had to be suppressed. Sequence parameters were optimized by evaluating signal intensity and contrast characteristics for various flip angles and inversion and saturation delay times. The heart and intrathoracic vasculature were encompassed with 40–50 overlapping sections. Both 2D angiograms and maximum-intensity-projection images were evaluated. Combining data sets acquired in the sagittal and transverse orientations provided the most satisfactory information about the pulmonary arteries. The highest signal-to-noise ratios were obtained with a flip angle of 65° and short prepulse delay times. Two-dimensional MR angiography can provide useful diagnostic information but requires a thorough understanding of in-plane and hemodynamically induced signal intensity changes.     

MR imaging characteristics of noncancerous lesions of the prostate.

Radical prostatectomy specimens from 53 men with clinical stage A or B prostate cancer were retrospectively reviewed and compared with correlative axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained just before surgery. Non-cancerous lesions were evaluated for signal intensity and location. Focal high-signal-intensity areas (n = 72) were present in 81% of patients. The 26% of lesions seen in the central gland all correlated with cystic atrophy. Of the 53 lesions seen in the peripheral prostate, 47 (89%) were cystic atrophy without associated cancer, four (7.5%) cystic atrophy with cancer, and two (3.8%) focal inflammation. Focal low-signal-intensity areas (n = 42) were present in 60% of patients. Of the 31% of lesions in the central prostate, one-fifth correlated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and four-fifths with fibrous tissue. Of the 69% of peripheral lesions, 83% corresponded to fibrous tissue, 10% to BPH, and 7% to normal tissue. Mixed lesions (n = 42) were present in 64% of patients; 86% of these were located centrally and 14% peripherally. All mixed central lesions were BPH; the peripheral lesions were areas of combined cystic atrophy and fibrosis. BPH of low or mixed signal intensity can extend into the peripheral prostate and mimic cancer. High-intensity cystic atrophy associated with cancer can mimic normal tissue.     

Localized proton MR spectroscopy of the brain in children

Small-voxel (3.0–8.0 cm³), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging–guided proton MR spectroscopy was performed in 54 patients (aged 6 days to 19 years) with intracranial masses (n = 16), neurodegenerative disorders (n = 34), and other neurologic diseases (n = 4) and in 23 age-matched control subjects without brain disease. A combined short TE (18 msec) stimulatedecho acquisition mode (STEAM) and long TE (135 and/or 270 msec) spin-echo point-resolved spatially localized spectroscopy (PRESS) protocol, using designed radio-frequency pulses, was performed at 1.5 T. STEAM spectra revealed short T2 and/or strongly coupled metabolites; prominent resonances were obtained from N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds (Cho), and total creatine (tCr). Lactate was well resolved with the long TE PRESS sequence. Intracranial tumors were readily differentiated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collections. All tumors showed low NAA, high Cho, and reduced tCr levels. Neurodegenerative disorders showed low or absent NAA levels and enhanced mobile lipid, glutamate and glutamine, and inositol levels, consistent with neuronal loss, gliosis, demyelination, and amino acid neuro-toxicity. Preliminary experience indicates that proton MR spectroscopy can contribute in the evaluation of central nervous system abnormalities of infants and children.     

Percutaneous needle biopsy of the spine

The purpose of this review article is to provide a brief overview of the recent literature on the two main types of percutaneous biopsy methods done in the spinal column: fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and core needle biopsy (CNB). FNAB is the process of obtaining a sample of cells and bits of tissue for examination by applying suction through a fine needle attached to a syringe. Core needle biopsy involves extracting a cylindrical sample of tissue using a large, hollow needle. The decision for needle biopsy is a joint effort between the clinician, pathologist, radiologist, surgeon, and patient. Specific techniques and approaches with varying needle systems are described for each spinal region. Percutaneous image-guided spine biopsy is a safe and effective procedure. It is the procedure of choice in definitive diagnosis of pathologic lesions of the spine.     

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging assessment of vascularized free fibular grafts

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may be a noninvasive method for assessing perfusion of vascularized bone grafts placed for treatment of avascular necrosis. One proximal femur of seven beagles was devascularized, with insertion of a vascularized fibular graft. MR imaging at 1 week (seven dogs) and 6 weeks (five dogs) after surgery included pre- and postcontrast spin-echo sequences, unenhanced twodimensional time-of-flight (TOF) vascular imaging, and dynamic gradient-echo imaging during infusion of gadolinium. Relative signal intensity values of selected regions obtained from the dynamic gradientecho images were plotted as percent enhancement versus time. In the operated hip, MR imaging did not show enhancement in six of seven femoral heads and greater trochanters at 1 week after surgery, with similar results after 6 weeks. MR imaging of fibular grafts 6 weeks after surgery showed an initial rapid increase in enhancement and a subsequent slower increase in five of five dogs, although no enhancement was seen in six of seven dogs at 1 week. These findings contrasted with a rapid initial increase in enhancement followed by slow decline in non-operated hips. Two-dimensional TOP imaging did not show the vascular pedicle of the graft in any dog. Findings of radionuclide bone scanning performed 1 week after surgery were consistent with devascularization of the operated femur and fibular graft. However, tetracycline distribution and histologic findings confirmed the viability of five of five grafts within the devascularized femurs 6 weeks after surgery. Thus, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging at 6 weeks after surgery is valuable for assessing vascular bone graft perfusion, while similar imaging at 1 week may suggest otherwise.     

Influence of in vivo copper on MR images of the liver in rats

To investigate the effects of in vivo copper on magnetic resonance (MR) images, the authors studied Long-Evans cinnamon rats, which develop hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma as a result of abnormal copper metabolism. The livers of the rats were imaged before hepatitis developed; the absence of hepatic disease was confirmed histopathologically. The copper that accumulated in the liver of the rats was thought to exist in the form of divalent ions, which were suspected of reducing the T1 and T2 of neighboring protons. However, the signal intensities of the liver on T1- and T2*-weighted images did not change, suggesting that in vivo copper, even when accumulated abnormally, does not influence the signal intensity of MR images.     

Comparison of T2-weighted spin-echo and fast spin-echo techniques in the evaluation of myelination

To evaluate T2-weighted fast spin-echo (FSE) and conventional spin-echo (CSE) magnetic resonance (MR) techniques in the assessment of brain myelination, 100 consecutive pediatric patients were imaged prospectively with both CSE and FSE sequences. All patients underwent a routine MR examination that included T2-weighted CSE imaging (imaging time, 10 minutes 21 seconds) and T2-weighted FSE imaging (imaging time, 2 minutes 5 seconds). The two techniques were compared for estimating the degree of myelination (using normal anatomic landmarks) by blind review. With T2-weighted CSE images as the “gold standard” for estimation of normal myelination, FSE images were evaluated to determine if they showed the degree of myelination similarly to CSE images. There was a strong correlation (P <.01) between CSE and FSE images in the estimation of myelination over a wide range of patient ages.