金属内支架置入术治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻

目的　探讨不能手术的胃十二指肠恶性梗阻金属内支架治疗方法和效果。方法　 67例胃十二指肠恶性梗阻 ,胃窦及幽门部梗阻 2 7例 ,十二指肠降段及以远梗阻 2 6例 ,胃十二指肠及胃空肠吻合口梗阻 14例 ,均在X线透视下采用介入放射学方法 ,经口腔共置入记忆合金网状内支架 84枚 ,其中 17例因支架置入 6个月后再梗阻又放置了第 2枚支架。结果　 67例患者支架置入成功后 ,梗阻症状迅速解除 ,当日即能进食。术后 1个月与术前比较 ,体重平均增加 4.7kg ,无严重并发症发生。随访 1～ 2 0个月均进食情况良好。结论　金属内支架置入术操作简单、微创、可重复 ,是无法手术治疗的胃十二指肠恶性梗阻首选有效的治疗方法。     

胃十二指肠恶性梗阻内支架治疗12例报告

目的 用金属内支架缓解不能手术的胃十二指肠恶性梗阻患者的症状。资料与方法 12例胃十二指肠恶性梗阻患者均有反复恶心呕吐症状，且不能手术治疗。在透视监视下，使用介入放射学方法置入13个自膨胀式金属内支架。结果 12例患者支架置入均成功，随访期间患者均能进食，呕吐减轻，生活质量提高。无严重并发症发生。结论 金属内支架置人是一种简单、有效的治疗方法，对不能手术的胃出口部狭窄和术后吻合口狭窄有很好的缓解作用。     

支架置入治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻12例

胃十二指肠恶性梗阻是指胃、十二指肠或其周围脏器恶性肿瘤浸润、压迫胃十二指肠，导致胃十二指肠输出道狭窄或梗阻，并引发进食障碍，上消化道梗阻，食管炎和电解质紊乱的一种严重的恶性肿瘤并发症。近年来，随着支架置入术成功地应用于食管、胆道和血管狭窄性疾病，支架置入治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻也为患者提供一种新的选择。我们总结12例支架置入治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻的临床效果和并发症，并报道如下。     

经肝胃造瘘胃肠道支架成形术

目的探讨病情复杂的胃、十二指肠梗阻的支架成形术的方法及疗效。方法总结分析经口途径较难处理的胃、十二指肠支架成形术病例4例,其中2例Roux-en-Y吻合术后输入段十二指肠恶性梗阻并继发胆道梗阻的患者经肝途径置入支架;1例幽门区恶性狭窄和1例十二指肠降部恶性狭窄患者分别经胃造瘘置入支架。结果所有支架释放成功,患者均在术后第3天开始进流质,无消化道出血等并发症。随访期内均无支架移位及再狭窄。结论掌握技巧,肠道支架成形术在复杂性胃、十二指肠梗阻的治疗是可行的。     

经口支架置入术治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻

目的 探讨经口释放支架治疗胃十二指肠恶性狭窄的治疗方法及临床疗效.方法 12例胃十二指肠恶性梗阻患者,梗阻部位位于胃窦及幽门部4例,胃肠吻合口3例,位于十二指肠降段及以远5例,均在X线引导下采用介入放射学方法,经口腔置入记忆合金支架12枚,并观察术后临床疗效.结果 12例患者均一次性置入支架成功,未出现并发症及不良反应,术后梗阻情况均解除,术后2月,支架均保持通畅,随访结果显示患者死前均未再次出现消化道梗阻症状.结论 金属支架置入术具有操作安全简便、创伤小、恢复快、并发症少等特点,是无法手术治疗的胃十二指肠恶性梗阻有效的治疗方法.     

内镜直视联合X线监视置人支架治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻47例

目的 探讨金属内支架置入治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻的操作技术及疗效。方法 本组47例胃十二指肠恶性梗阻患者均在内镜直视联合X线监视下,置入54枚金属内支架治疗。结果 47例患者支架置入均获得了成功,随访期间患者均能进食流质或普食,呕吐减轻,生活质量提高,未出现严重并发症。结论 内镜直视联合X线监视下金属内支架置入治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻,安全有效,操作简便、时间短,患者痛苦小,定位准确,支架一次性置入成功率高、覆盖病变完全,具有临床推广应用价值。     

光动力疗法联合支架置入姑息性治疗癌性腔道梗阻——附26例报告

目的观察光动力疗法联合支架置入姑息性治疗恶性腔道梗阻的疗效及其并发症。方法26例腔道梗阻,失去手术机会或拒绝手术的中晚期癌症患者,包括15例食管癌、5例支气管癌,6例胆总管癌,行光动力疗法加支架置入姑息性解除腔道梗阻治疗。术后跟踪随访半年,观察疗效、并发症、KPS,定期内镜检查腔道通畅状况。结果26例患者,术后腔道梗阻明显缓解,仅1例食管癌患者发生支架移位,1例胆总管癌患者发生再次梗阻,KPS评分从平均31．0分提高至42．4分,并发症经相应处理后均症状消失。结论光动力疗法联合支架置入姑息性治疗能有效缓解癌性腔道梗阻症状,并发症少,能明显改善腔道梗阻患者的生存质量。     

光动力疗法联合支架置人姑息性治疗癌性腔道梗阻——附26例报告

目的 观察光动力疗法联合支架置入姑息性治疗恶性腔道梗阻的疗效及其并发症.方法 26例腔道梗阻,失去手术机会或拒绝手术的中晚期癌症患者,包括15例食管癌、5例支气管癌,6例胆总管癌,行光动力疗法加支架置入姑息性解除腔道梗阻治疗.术后跟踪随访半年,观察疗效、并发症、KPS,定期内镜检查腔道通畅状况.结果 26例患者,术后腔道梗阻明显缓解,仅1例食管患者发生支架移位,1例胆总管癌患者发生再次梗阻,KPS评分从平均31.0分提高至42.4分,并发症经相应处理后均症状消失.结论 光动力疗法联合支架置入姑息性治疗能有效缓解癌性腔道梗阻症状,并发症少,能明显改善腔道梗阻患者的生存质量.     

胆道支架与十二指肠支架联合应用治疗胆道消化道梗阻

目的评价联合应用双支架治疗胆道及十二指肠梗阻的疗效。方法20例患者实施治疗。16例患者先经过经皮肝穿刺置入胆道支架解决胆道梗阻,患者出现十二指肠梗阻的症状后,14例患者经口腔、2例患者经胃造瘘口置入十二指肠支架。有4例患者同时有胆道和十二指肠梗阻的症状,同时置入胆道和十二指肠支架。结果所有患者都成功置入了双支架,没有出现并发症和再梗阻的表现。生存期1~14个月,平均5个月。结论联合双支架置入是治疗胆道和十二指肠梗阻的有效的方法。     

胃十二指肠良恶性狭窄的内支架治疗

目的探讨金属内支架在治疗不能手术的胃十二指肠交界处良恶性梗阻中的作用、疗效和并发症。方法１１例病人，８例术后吻合口复发狭窄，１例胃幽门良性狭窄，２例恶性狭窄。在透视监视下，使用介入放射学方法置入１１个自膨胀式金属内支架。结果１１例病人支架置入均成功，１０例梗阻症状立即解除，随访期间病人均能进食，疗效满意。本组无严重并发症发生。结论介入放射学置入金属内支架是一个简单、有效的治疗方法，对不能手术的胃出口部狭窄和术后吻合口狭窄有很好的缓解作用。     

Initial experience with Song's covered duodenal stent in the treatment of malignant gastroduodenal obstruction.

PURPOSE: Initial experience with use of Song's covered duodenal stent in the treatment of malignant gastroduodenal obstruction is reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen consecutive patients with malignant gastroduodenal obstruction were treated with peroral placement of Song's covered duodenal stent. The mean age was 58 years (range, 28-90 y). Gastroduodenal obstruction was caused by gastric (n = 8), metastatic (n = 2), gallbladder (n = 3), pancreatic (n = 2), or ampullary (n = 1) cancer. The disease was considered inoperable in all patients. With use of a flexible 20-F introducing system, seven fully covered, three uncovered, and 10 partially covered duodenal stents were placed under fluoroscopic guidance. RESULTS: The technical success rate was 94% (15 of 16) with no major complications. Symptoms of gastroduodenal obstruction improved in 14 patients. Stent migration was observed in three of seven fully covered stents. Patients with migrated stents required endoscopic stent removal and placement of uncovered duodenal stents. Tumor ingrowth was observed in two thirds of uncovered stents. In the 10 procedures with partially covered duodenal stents, no migration or tumor ingrowth was observed. All patients died 1-48 weeks (mean, 12 weeks) after stent placement. CONCLUSION: Peroral placement of Song's covered duodenal stent is a feasible and effective method of palliation in the majority of patients with malignant gastroduodenal obstruction. Migration of fully covered stents and tumor ingrowth of uncovered stents are important limitations that can be overcome with the use of a partially covered duodenal stent.     

Malignant gastroduodenal obstructions: treatment by means of a covered expandable metallic stent-initial experience

PURPOSE: To investigate the technical feasibility and clinical effectiveness of a polyurethane-covered expandable nitinol stent in the treatment of malignant gastroduodenal obstructions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The stent was constructed in-house by weaving a single thread of 0.2-mm nitinol wire in a tubular configuration and was covered with polyurethane solution by means of a dipping method. With fluoroscopic guidance, the stent was placed in 19 consecutive patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction (n = 15) or duodenal obstruction (n = 4). All patients had severe nausea and recurrent vomiting, and their obstructions were inoperable. RESULTS: Stent placement was technically successful in all but one patient. After stent placement, symptoms improved in all but one patient, who had another stenosis at the proximal jejunum. One patient with stent placement in the second portion of the duodenum became jaundiced. During the mean follow-up of 11 weeks, stent migration occurred in five patients 1-4 days after the procedure. All patients with stent migration were treated by means of placing a second, uncovered nitinol stent. Two of these five patients showed recurrence of stricture because of tumor ingrowth; they underwent coaxial placement of a third, covered nitinol stent with good results. CONCLUSION: Placement of a polyurethane-covered expandable nitinol stent seems to be technically feasible and effective for palliative treatment of inoperable malignant gastroduodenal obstructions. Stent migration, however, is problematic and requires further investigation.     

Delayed complications after esophageal stent placement for treatment of malignant esophageal obstructions and esophagorespiratory fistulas

PURPOSE: To evaluate delayed complications after esophageal expandable metallic stent placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From April 1993 to December 1997, 90 expandable metallic stents were placed in 82 consecutive patients with inoperable malignant esophageal obstruction (n = 49) or malignant esophagorespiratory fistula (n = 33). Stents used included covered Gianturco-Rosch Z stents (n = 20), Wallstents (covered, n = 31; uncovered, n = 13), and Ultraflex stents (covered, n = 8; uncovered, n = 10). Patients were followed prospectively and monitored for delayed complications, defined as major (hemorrhage, tracheal compression, stent migration, perforation or fistula formation, granulomatous obstruction, tumor ingrowth and overgrowth, funnel phenomenon, and stent covering disruption) or minor (reflux, chest pain, and food impaction). RESULTS: Mean survival was 4.5 months after stent placement (range, 3 weeks to 26 months). The overall incidence of delayed complications was 64.6%, with 17 patients (20.7%) experiencing more than one complication. The rates of delayed complications in patients with Z stents, Wallstents, and Ultraflex stents were 75.0%, 68.1%, and 44.4%, respectively (P <.05). Most complications were life-threatening and occurred more frequently when stents were placed in the proximal third of the esophagus, compared with more distally (P <.05). Thirteen patients (15.9%) died from complications directly related to stent placement. CONCLUSION: Esophageal stent placement for malignant obstruction or fistula is associated with a substantial incidence of delayed complications.     

Percutaneous Enteral Stent Placement Using a Transhepatic Access for Palliation of Malignant Bowel Obstruction after Surgery

ObjectiveTo assess the safety and clinical efficacy of percutaneous transhepatic enteral stent placement for recurrent malignant obstruction in patients with surgically altered bowel anatomy.Materials and MethodsBetween July 2009 and May 2019, 36 patients (27 men and 9 women; mean age, 62.7 ± 12.0 years) underwent percutaneous transhepatic stent placement for recurrent malignant bowel obstruction after surgery. In all patients, conventional endoscopic peroral stent placement failed due to altered bowel anatomy. The stent was placed with a transhepatic approach for an afferent loop obstruction (n = 27) with a combined transhepatic and peroral approach for simultaneous stent placement in afferent and efferent loop obstruction (n = 9). Technical and clinical success, complications, stent patency, and patient survival were retrospectively evaluated.ResultsThe stent placement was technically successful in all patients. Clinical success was achieved in 30 patients (83.3%). Three patients required re-intervention (balloon dilatation [n = 1] and additional stent placement [n = 2] for insufficient stent expansion). Major complications included transhepatic access-related perihepatic biloma (n = 2), hepatic artery bleeding (n = 2), bowel perforation (n = 1), and sepsis (n = 1). The 3- and 12-months stent patency and patient survival rates were 91.2%, 66.5% and 78.9%, 47.9%, respectively.ConclusionPercutaneous enteral stent placement using transhepatic access for recurrent malignant obstruction in patients with surgically altered bowel anatomy is safe and clinically efficacious. Transhepatic access is a good alternative route for afferent loop obstruction and can be combined with a peroral approach for simultaneous afferent and efferent loop obstruction.     

Fluoroscopically guided placement of a covered self-expandable metallic stent for malignant antroduodenal obstructions: preliminary results in 18 patients

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the technical feasibility and the clinical effectiveness of fluoroscopically guided placement of covered self-expandable metallic stents in the treatment of malignant antroduodenal obstructions. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: With fluoroscopic guidance, covered self-expandable metallic stents were placed in 18 consecutive patients with inoperable malignant antroduodenal obstructions. All patients were treated for severe nausea and recurrent vomiting. RESULTS: Stent placement was technically successful in all patients with or without gastrostomy (n = 2) and balloon dilatation (n = 3). After stent placement, symptoms improved in all but one patient, who had another stenosis in the proximal jejunum. During the follow-up of 2-73 weeks (mean, 12 weeks), stent migration occurred in three patients (16.7%) from 1 to 41 days after the procedure. These patients were treated successfully by means of placing a second covered metallic stent. Two patients, who were followed up for longer than 30 weeks, showed a recurrence of strictures because of mechanical failure of the stents; one of the patients was treated with coaxial placement of a second covered metallic stent, which had a positive clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Fluoroscopically guided placement of covered self-expandable metallic stents is technically feasible and effective for the palliative treatment of inoperable malignant antroduodenal obstructions. The rate of stent migration in our study was lower than those in previous reports.     

Malignant colonic obstruction due to extrinsic tumor: palliative treatment with a self-expanding nitinol stent

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of self-expanding nitinol stents for palliative treatment of malignant colorectal obstruction caused by unresectable extrinsic tumor, colorectal metastasis, or peritoneal seeding. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One covered stent and 10 uncovered stents were deployed in eight patients with colorectal obstruction due to extrinsic tumor under fluoroscopic guidance. The sites of obstruction were located in the rectum (n = 5), in the rectosigmoid colon (n = 2), and from the transverse colon to the descending colon (n = 1). Clinical usefulness and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: Stents were placed successfully in all patients. Minor modifications of the delivery system were required in the tortuous rectosigmoid and lower rectum strictures. Symptoms of obstruction were initially resolved in all but one patient. In that patient, the presence of other points of obstruction was suspected. Bowel obstruction recurred in two patients: one obstruction was due to migration of a covered stent 4 days after the procedure, and the other obstruction was due to peritoneal seeding 33 days after the procedure. Both required colostomy or ileostomy. All patients died 12-111 days after stent placement (mean, 56 days). In five patients (63%), colonic obstruction was palliated by placing a stent until the patients' death between 39 and 111 days after stent placement (mean, 62 days). Six complications occurred in four patients and included stent migration (n = 1), anal bleeding (n = 2), anal pain that required analgesia (n = 1), and fever (n = 2). CONCLUSION; This self-expandable nitinol stent adequately palliated 63% of patients with colonic obstruction due to extrinsic tumor in this small series. Patient selection is very important to the success of this treatment.     

Self-expandable metal stent placement for the palliation of malignant gastroduodenal obstruction: experience in a large, single, UK centre

AIM: To assess the technical success rate, and evaluate the clinical outcome, length of hospital stay, and cost of palliative gastro-duodenal stenting in a single-centre. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight-seven patients referred for insertion of a gastroduodenal stent between April 1999 and April 2004 were recruited to a non-randomized, before and after intervention study performed in a single centre. Demographic data, diagnosis and symptoms along with clinical and technical outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: The technical success rate was 84/87 (96.6%), with inability to traverse the stricture in three patients. No immediate complications were demonstrated. There was marked improvement after stent placement with resolution of symptoms and commencement of dietary intake in 76 patients (87%). Stenting resulted in improved quality of life as reflected by an increase in Karnofsky score from 44/100, to 63/100 post-procedure. Late complications included perforation (n=1), migration (n=1) and stent occlusions due to tumour ingrowth/overgrowth (n=7; mean 165 days). Mean survival was 107 days (range 0-411 days). Median hospital stay post-stent placement was 5.5 days, (range 1-55 days) with a majority of patients (75%) discharged home. The mean cost of each treatment episode was 4146 pounds ($7132 $US, 6,028 EUROS). CONCLUSION: The present series confirms that combined endoscopic and radiological gastroduodenal stenting is a highly favourable treatment for patients with inoperable malignant gastric outlet obstruction. The results suggest that this minimally invasive procedure has a very high technical success rate, whilst at the same time providing excellent palliation of symptoms with improved quality of life in the majority of patients.     

Fate of migrated esophageal and gastroduodenal stents: experience in 70 patients

PURPOSE: To investigate the frequency of esophageal and gastroduodenal stent migration and the fate of such stents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors studied five types of covered metal stents. Type A stents were nonretrievable polyurethane-covered stents with shouldered ends (n = 169), type B stents were retrievable polyurethane-covered stents with shouldered ends (n = 62), type C stents were retrievable polyurethane-covered stents with flared ends (n = 72), type D stents were retrievable polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stents with shouldered ends (n = 369), and type E stents were separated stents (n = 216). Types A-D stents were esophageal stents, and the type E stent was a gastroduodenal stent. Stents were placed in 888 patients with either benign (n = 43) or malignant (n = 845) causes of stricture. The rate of stent migration was analyzed relative to completeness of migration, the cause of obstruction, stent type, and stent placement location. The fate of migrated stents and the treatment of patients were evaluated. RESULTS: Stent migration occurred in 70 of the 888 patients (7.9%). Migration occurred in 11 of the 43 patients (25%) with benign cause of strictures and 591 of the 845 patients (7.0%) with malignant cause. The migration rates for types A, B, C, D, and E stents were 10%, 4.8%, 24%, 7.3% and 2.8%, respectively. Of the 70 migrated stents, 45 had complete migration and 25 had partial migration. The anastomotic sites were the areas most commonly associated with migration (16%), but this was not statistically significant. Forty of the 70 migrated stents were removed with retrieval devices under fluoroscopic guidance because they were not passed with stool and possibility of complications related to migrated stents. The remaining 30 stents exited via the rectum (n = 15), remained in the body without complications (n = 12), or were surgically removed because they caused complicated intestinal obstructions (n = 3). CONCLUSION: The overall migration rate for esophageal and gastroduodenal stents was 7.9%. Most migrated stents were removed nonsurgically, exited the body spontaneously, or remained in the body in an uncomplicated state. Surgical stent removal was necessary in three patients (4.3%) due to complicated intestinal obstructions.     

Palliation of malignant bile duct obstruction with metallic biliary endoprostheses: technique, results, and complications.

Expandable metallic stents were placed in 34 patients with pathologically proved malignant bile duct obstruction to determine ease of insertion, benefits of a one-stage insertion, and cost-effectiveness relative to conventional plastic stents. Thirty-eight strictures, ranging in length from 1 to 7 cm (mean, 3.2 cm), were present in the 34 patients. Strictures were located in the lower common bile duct (n = 22), middle of the common bile duct (n = 6), and hilar confluence (n = 10). In 13 patients (38%) metallic stents were placed at the time of initial biliary drainage (one-stage procedure), while the remaining patients underwent stent placement within 1-7 days of biliary drainage (two-stage procedure). Biliary obstruction was relieved in 31 of 34 patients (91%). Three patients died within 14 days of stent insertion of unrelated causes, without any change in biliary status. Mean duration of follow-up for all patients was 5.3 months (range, 0.5-14 months). Four episodes of stent occlusion occurred in three patients (12% occlusion rate); each episode was treated successfully. The average length of hospital stay for patients who underwent a one-stage procedure was 13 days (range, 3-33 days) and was 20 days (range, 9-42 days) for patients who underwent a two-stage procedure. The facility of one-step insertion, low occlusion rate, and the many strategies available for treatment of occluded stents make metallic stents an attractive alternative to conventional plastic stents in palliating patients with malignant biliary obstruction.     

带膜支架在食管狭窄中的临床应用

目的：本文回顾性分析了金属带膜支架对恶性食管狭窄、吻合口狭窄及食管气管瘘和吻合口瘘的治疗功效,方法：36例吞咽困难患者放置了Gianturco-Z和自彭式金属带膜支架。其中包括恶性食管梗阻（32例）、吻合口狭窄（4例）,合并食管气管瘘（3例）和吻合口瘘（1例）。结果：37根支架被成功释放。吞咽困难在33例患者中获得明显缓解,平均吞咽困难积分从3．02减低到0．81。3例食管气管瘘和1例吻合口瘘完全堵住。并发症包括胸骨后疼痛（23例）、支架移位（21例）、上消化道出血（12例）、返流性食道炎（1例）和气管受压迫（1例）。结论：金属带膜支架是治疗食道梗阻、食管气管瘘及吻合口瘘安全、有效的方法。