Recurrent cerebral venous infarcts and superior vena cava obstruction: case report

Abstract We report a patient with repeated venous infarcts in the occipital lobe and occlusion of the superior vena cava. The pathogenetic relationships between the superior vena cava occlusion and the brain infarcts are discussed. High pressure in the superior venous territory and incomplete patency of the transverse sinus are probably responsible for the venous infarcts. Received: 12 July 1996 Accepted: 27 August 1996     

上腔静脉综合征侧支循环形成的少见CT征象

目的：观察上腔静脉综合征（SVCS）的胸部增强CT表现,总结并认识SVCS侧支循环形成的少见CT征象。方法：搜集经临床证实SVCS患者31例病例资料,回顾性分析其上腔静脉阻塞侧支循环形成的多层螺旋CT征象,将侧支循环在身体出现的位置分为前胸壁组、纵隔组、胸背组、膈下组,并找出少见的CT征像。结果：前胸壁组：胸外侧静脉19例,占61.3%,胸廓内静脉29例,占93.5%;纵隔组：心包膈静脉12例,占38.7%;后胸背组：椎静脉丛14例,占45.2%;膈下组：肝被膜静脉4例,占12.9%,肝局灶异常强化4例,占12.9%。结论：体-肺静脉瘘与肝脏局灶异常强化是SVCS少见征象,认识体-肺静脉瘘有助于进一步理解SVCS患者呼吸困难,并指导治疗;认识肝脏局灶异常强化能够帮助鉴别肝脏肿瘤类病变,明确诊断。     

Computed tomographic evaluation of compression of the superior vena cava and its tributaries

Observations on computed tomography (CT) of 15 patients with compression of the superior vena cava (SVC) and its tributaries are reported and compared with clinical, radiographic and surgical findings. The site of compression in 14 patients was accurately determined by CT, which could delineate the presence of intraluminal clot and extrinsic compression of venous structures, as well as associated mediastinal masses. Collateral superficial vessels were identified in nine patients with contrast-enhanced scans. Contrast-enhanced mediastinal and chest CT was shown to provide detailed anatomic and physiologic information about the etiology of SVC syndrome.     

Emergency computed tomography in the diagnosis of superior vena cava syndrome

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) presents with a number of nonspecific symptoms that must be assessed rapidly to prevent life-threatening sequelae such as cerebral edema and respiratory failure. To define the utility of computed tomography (CT) in evaluating SVCS, we initiated a retrospective analysis of all emergent chest CT scans performed at our affiliated institutions to rule out SVCS. Twenty-eight emergent chest CT scans were analyzed. In all 23 cases confirmed to have SVCS (true-positives), CT depicted the nature and extent of the obstructing lesions. In 4 of 5 symptomatic cases (80%) proven not to have SVCS, CT imaged the abnormalities responsible for the misleading clinical appearance. CT also outlined the extent and course of superficial chest wall venous collaterals in all 23 true-positive cases and that of mediastinal collaterals in 18 cases. We also found 12 patients to have CT evidence of soft tissue edema of the upper thorax, an indicator of SVCS not previously detailed. A large number of related, unsuspected lesions were also identified. Our study supports the emergent use of chest CT as the imaging modality of choice in the work-up of patients presenting with the clinical suspicion of SVCS.     

可回收式滤器在上腔静脉的临床应用

目的 探讨Tulip可回收滤器在上腔静脉内植入的安全性及预防肺动脉栓塞的临床应用价值.方法 10例急性或亚急性上肢、头颈部深静脉血栓和肺动脉栓塞患者.在上腔静脉内置入滤器后,配合上肢、头颈部静脉局部置管溶栓治疗.术后观察上肢、头颈静脉症状,有无肺动脉栓塞以及滤器形态、位置变化.结果 10例滤器均置入成功.滤器均无移位、...     

Lipomatous hypertrophy presenting as superior vena cava syndrome

We report a rare case of invasive lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum presenting as superior vena cava syndrome requiring surgical resection. Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum is a common incidental finding and is thought to be a relatively benign condition. Classically, its appearance on cardiac computed tomography is primarily fatty with low attenuation, sharp margins and minimal enhancement, involving the interatrial septum with relative sparing of the fossa ovalis. In masses of unclear etiology or in rare, extensive cases resulting in cavity obstruction, such as ours, cardiac computed tomography provides complementary information to define tumor extent and characterize classic mass features facilitating diagnosis and management.     

裸鼠下腔静脉血栓模型的构建

目的 建立稳定可靠的下腔静脉(IVC)血栓裸鼠动物模型.方法 麻醉裸鼠后于无菌操作台解剖显微镜下显露肾静脉以下IVC,6-0 Prolene线结扎肾静脉以下IVC,术后第7、14天获取IVC,采用HE染色、Masson染色、免疫组化染色法观察血栓溶解、机化及再通情况.结果 裸鼠IVC血栓动物模型建模成功率为90.48％.IVC切片HE染色、Masson染色、免疫组化染色结果显示:术后第7天血栓溶解、机化及血管新生主要位于血栓周边区域,术后第14天几乎累及血栓中心.结论 成功构建了稳定、可靠的裸鼠IVC血栓模型,且该模型能准确模拟静脉血栓溶解、机化和再通的基本过程.     

下肢深静脉血栓治疗中下腔静脉滤器的临床应用

目的探讨下腔静脉滤器(IVCF)在下肢深静脉血栓治疗中预防肺栓塞的安全性、有效性。方法31例确诊为下肢深静脉血栓的患者于其他治疗前置入IVCF,共置入滤器31支,其中Simmon Nitinol滤器(SNF)7支,Trap Ease滤器(TEF)18支,可回收式Opt Ease滤器(OEF)6支,滤器均放置于肾静脉开口之下的下腔静脉。滤器放置后对18例下肢深静脉血栓行抗凝溶栓治疗,13例行手术取栓。结果31例IVCF置入全部成功,其中,SNF滤器倾斜3例,倾斜角度均小于15°。术后随访1～38个月,无1例症状性肺栓塞发生,无其他相关并发症。下肢深静脉血栓经治疗后,症状及体征消失或缓解。结论下肢深静脉血栓治疗中,IVCF置入可有效预防肺栓塞的发生,但需精心选择手术适应证、手术指征和合适的滤器。     

Leiomyosarcoma of the superior vena cava: Diagnosis by cardiac gated MR

A primary leiomyosarcoma of the superior vena cava was diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging. MRI demonstrated tumor extension into the right heart and innominate veins and compared favorably with the superior vena cavagram.     

可回收腔静脉滤器在下肢深静脉血栓导管抽吸去栓术治疗中的应用

目的：探讨国产可回收腔静脉滤器在急性下肢深静脉血栓形成经皮导管抽吸去栓术中的应用价值。方法：29例左侧急性下肢深静脉血栓形成,预先置入可回收腔静脉滤器,随后行导管抽吸去栓,最后对左侧髂总静脉行血管成形术。结果：29例中27例回收,19例截获大块血栓,所有病例均未发生肺栓塞及与滤器相关的并发症。结论：行经皮导管抽吸去栓术预先置入可回收性滤器,是一种安全有效的必要措施。     

Malposition of central venous catheter in left superior intercostal vein in a patient with superior vena cava syndrome

We report a case of malpositioning of central venous catheter in left superior intercostal vein. The anatomy of left superior intercostal vein and radiographic findings are discussed.     

Gianturco-Rösch expandable Z-stents in the treatment of superior vena cava syndrome

Gianturco-Rösch expandable Z-stents were used in 22 patients with superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS). Stents were placed in all patients in the SVC and in 17 patients, also into the innominate veins. Stent placement resulted in complete relief of symptoms in all patients. Twenty-one patients had no SVCS recurrence from 1 to 16 months, to their death, or to the present time. SVCS recurred only in 1 patient 9 months after stent placement due to tumor ingrowth and secondary thrombosis. Based on ours and on other reported experiences, expandable metallic stents are effective devices for treatment of the SVCS which is difficult to manage by other means.     

Malignant superior vena cava obstruction: Stent placement via the subclavian route

Over a 3-year period 23 patients with malignant superior vena cava obstruction were referred for interventional management. They underwent repeat localized central venography and deployment of self-expanding Wallstents. All patients (age range 26-89 years) were approached by the subclavian route using 29 stents. The stent was used to exclude thrombus in the contralateral brachiocephalic vein in five patients and histologic information was available in all patients. Retrospective analysis of the clinical records was used to assess symptom-free survival and symptom recurrence. All patients reported an improvement in symptoms within 24 hr of the procedure. There was 100% technical success. Primary clinical success was achieved in 19 of 23 patients followed-up to their death with no symptom recurrence (range 1-34, mean 15 weeks). In four patients symptoms recurred but only one patient was referred for re-intervention, which was successful. Complications included single cases of early post-stent rethrombosis, distal slip on deployment, and distal slip on balloon dilatation. There were no puncture-related complications.     

Repositioning and leaving in situ the central venous catheter during percutaneous treatment of associated superior vena cava syndrome: A report of eight cases

Purpose: To describe a combined procedure of repositioning and leaving in situ a central venous catheter followed by immediate percutaneous treatment of associated superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS). Methods: Eight patients are presented who have central venous catheter-associated SVCS (n = 6 Hickman catheters, n = 2 Port-a-cath) caused by central vein stenosis (n = 4) or concomitant thrombosis (n = 4). With the use of a vascular snare introduced via the transcubital or transjugular approach, the tip of the central venous catheter could be engaged, and repositioned after deployment of a stent in the innominate or superior vena cava. Results: In all patients it was technically feasible to reposition the central venous catheter and treat the SVCS at the same time. In one patient flipping of the Hickman catheter in its original position provoked dislocation of the released Palmaz stent, which could be positioned in the right common iliac vein. Conclusion: Repositioning of a central venous catheter just before and after stent deployment in SVCS is technically feasible and a better alternative than preprocedural removal of the vascular access.     

上腔静脉X线投影测量与患者相关因素的探讨

目的探讨成人上腔静脉下段后前位胸片投影是否与性别、年龄、身高、体重相关,以期提高床旁PICC体外测量的准确性。方法成人体检资料100份,在后前位胸片上测量上腔静脉下段中点至右锁骨内端下缘距离(即横L体外测量法垂直段距离,以下简称"垂直段距离"),上腔静脉下段中点所在前肋肋单元平面,各数据会同性别、年龄、身高、体重,利用IBM SPSS Statistics v19统计软件作Pearson相关分析。结果上腔静脉下段中点所在前肋肋单元平面与性别、年龄、身高、体重无显著相关(r=-0.196～0.130,P=0.051～0.936);垂直段距离与身高、性别显著相关(r=0.197、-0.339,P=0.049、0.001),与年龄及体重无关(r=0.052、-0.066,P=0.604、0.512)。结论成人上腔静脉下段投影存在个体差异,相关因素复杂,难以通过性别、年龄、身高、体重来提高床旁PICC体外测量的准确性。     

上腔静脉及其主要属支静脉狭窄或闭塞介入治疗的研究

目的 探讨上腔静脉及其主要属支静脉狭窄或闭塞的介入治疗方法和疗效.方法 搜集2000年10月至2010年10月期间因上腔静脉及其主要属支狭窄或闭塞接受介入治疗的患者60例,男38例、女22例,年龄15～72岁,平均(58±4)岁.17例患者给予单纯球囊扩张,43例给予球囊扩张加支架置入术.治疗前后测量梗阻流入侧血管内压力,结果的比较用配对t检验.结果 60例患者血管成形后,梗阻流入侧测得静脉压力在狭窄开通前为(24.8±2.3)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),开通后为(7.1±1.5)mm Hg,差异有统计学意义(t=3.232,P＜0.01);临床症状完全缓解27例,部分缓解28例,无效5例;无严重并发症发生.随访6个月,出现再狭窄10例,经再次介入后再通6例,4例转外科手术.结论 对上腔静脉及其属支静脉狭窄或闭塞行介入治疗可以迅速解除梗阻,恢复血流通畅,降低梗阻远端静脉的压力,缓解临床症状.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the different methods and their outcomes of interventional therapy for stenosis or occlusion in superior vena cava and its branches. Methods Sixty patients with stenosis or occlusion of SVC and its branches were retrospectively analyzed after interventional therapy. Among them, 38 were males and 22 were females, with age range from 15 to 72 years old(mean age 58). Seventeen patients were treated by thrombolysis, and the rest 43 patients accepted percutaneous angioplasty and stenting. Before and after that, the pressures within the vein were measured at the inflow side. The paired-t test was used for statistical analysis. Results After treatment, the pressure at the inflow side dropped from (24.8±2.3)mm Hg to (7.1±1.5)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa), with a significant difference(t=3.232,P＜0.01). The clinical outcomes included complete relief in 27 patients, partial relief in 28 patients and non-relief in 5 patients. No major complications occurred. During 6 months follow up, restenosis occurred in 10 patients, among whom 6 received repeat intervention with good results. The other 4 patients turned to surgery .Conclusion Interventional therapy for stenosis or occlusion in SVC and its branches could recanalize the vessels, restore the blood flow and relief the clinical symptoms.     

下腔静脉滤器置入后大剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的　探讨下腔静脉滤器置入后大剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的可行性。方法　 1 3例经造影证实为左下肢深静脉血栓患者 ,先于下腔静脉内放置滤器 ,后在监护下经患者足背静脉加压推注尿激酶进行持续溶栓治疗 ,尿激酶 (UK)用量 90 0万U～ 1 60 0万U。疗效判断标准 :痊愈 :患者无症状 ,下肢造影示深静脉通畅 ;显效 :患者症状明显缓解 ,下肢造影示深静脉回流畅 ,但壁不光滑 ,血管内径 >70 % ;有效 :症状有所缓解 ,造影示血栓残留 ,血管内径 <70 % ;无效 :症状及下肢造影均无改善。结果　 1 3只下腔静脉滤器均展开良好 ,无移位。其中 :痊愈 2例 ,显效 9例 ,有效 2例 ,无效 0例 ,溶栓过程中未出现肺动脉栓塞症状及出血现象。结论　下腔静脉滤器置入后经患肢浅静脉大剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成是安全、有效的     

Stent-graft in the management of superior vena cava syndrome

We report the use of a Dacron-covered Gianturco-RöschZ (GRZ)-stent to treat malignant obstruction of the superior vena cava (SVC). Initial treatment with an uncovered GRZ-stent was suboptimal due to protrusion of tumor-thrombus through the stent struts into the SVC lumen. Placement of a coaxial Dacron-covered stent graft relieved the residual obstruction due to tumor within the SVC.     

下肢深静脉血栓延伸至下腔静脉的DSA 影像分析及介入治疗

目的：研究下肢深静脉血栓（DVP）延伸至下腔静脉的DSA表现及介入治疗疗效。方法分析13例DVP延伸至下腔静脉患者的临床资料,男性5例,女性8例,年龄35～77岁,平均49．3岁,左侧DV T 11例,右侧2例,中央型DVT 2例,混合型11例,所有患者均接受下腔静脉造影及下腔静脉滤器置入等介入治疗,对延伸至下腔静脉的血栓形态及疗效进行分析,并对双侧DVP延伸至下腔静脉的例数进行比较。结果13例患者行下腔静脉造影时发现自患肢髂静脉开口部延伸至下腔静脉的充盈缺损影像,4例表现为钝圆形充盈缺损影像（均为左侧）,9例表现为长条形充盈缺损影像,其中7例为宽基底型,2例为窄基底型,所有延伸至下腔静脉内的血栓无游离;双侧DV P延伸至下腔静脉的例数间差别无统计学意义;13例患者经介入治疗后造影显示下腔静脉血栓完全消失,治疗过程中无PE发生,经随访无复发。结论DVP延伸至下腔静脉更易导致PE ,血管造影可以明确诊断,介入治疗的疗效无疑是显著的。