雷公藤甲素的免疫抑制机理

雷公藤甲素(Triptolide,TL)为雷公藤主要有效对大剂量环磷酰胺所致DTH反应增高模型亦具显成分之一。在体外,0.5～10μg·L~(-1)的TL可抑制单向著抑制作用“0.25 mg·kg~(-1)的TL还可明显降低小鼠混合淋巴细胞培养(MLC).TL5和10μg·L~(-1)所诱导胸腺Th/Ts细胞比值.这些资料显示TL对小鼠细胞出的混合淋巴细胞经~(60)Co照射后可抑制第二次免疫功能具有显著抑制作用,其机理可能与抑制ThMLC.表明TL可以诱导抑制性T细胞(Ts)。体内给细胞和IL—2分泌活性及诱导Ts细胞有关。药.0.12～0.5 mg·kg~(-1)的TL可以显著抑制DNFB所致小鼠迟发性超敏反应(DTH).0.25和0.5 mg·kg~(-1)时,小鼠脾细胞的IL—2分泌活性亦明显受抑,     

国产头孢三嗪噻肟的体内抗菌作用研究

国产头孢三嗪噻肟对2株大肠杆菌感染小鼠的体内抗菌活性ED_(50)分别为0.0463mg·kg~(-1)和0.0386 mg·kg~(-1).与进口的头孢氨噻肟的ED_(50).0.0404mg·kg~(-1)和0.415mg·kg~(-1)相似.而比头孢三嗪噻肟的ED_(50)0.0617 mg·kg~(-1)和0.0561 mg·kg~(-1)低.国产头孢三嗪噻肟对2株克雷伯肺炎杆菌感染小鼠的体内抗菌活性ED_(50)为0.148 mg·kg~(-1)和0.147mg·kg~(-1).与进口的头孢三嗪噻肟的ED_(50)0.182mg·kg~(-1)和0.115 mg·kg(-1)相似.而比头孢氨噻肟的ED_(50)0.347 mg·kg~(-1)和0.799 mg·kg~(-1)明显的低.国产头孢三嗪噻肟对2株绿脓杆菌感染小鼠的体内抗菌活性ED_(50)24.579 mg.kg~(-1)和44.158 mg·kg~(-1)与进口头孢三嗪噻肟ED_(50)28.364 mg·kg~(-1)和34.818 mg·kg~(-1)相似.而比头孢氨噻肟ED_(50)>250和224.985 mg·kg~(-1)明显的低.对金黄色葡萄球菌感染小鼠的体内抗菌活性国产和进口头孢三嗪噻肟及头孢氨噻肟之间差异均没有显著性.     

人参根总皂甙对热应激小鼠免疫功能保护作用的机制初探

小鼠在45℃高温环境15 min.末梢血T淋巴细胞百分数和淋巴细胞占白细胞百分数均下降.血清皮质酮升高。应激前15 min lP人参根总皂甙(GRS)50、100 mg·kg~(-1)可防止末梢血T淋巴细胞百分数的降低,但不能抑制血清皮质酮的升高。GRS50mg·kg~(-1)ip可防止末梢血中淋巴细胞占白细胞百分数的降低。GRS50 mg·kg~(-1)、利血平0.5 mg·kg~(-1)或水杨酸毒扁豆碱0.3 mg·kg~(-1)ip均可消除热应激对小鼠迟发超敏反应的抑制作用。     

司丙红霉素安全性药理学研究

目的:观察司丙红霉素对大鼠心血管、呼吸系统和小鼠中枢神经系统的影响。方法:健康SD大鼠分别按体重随机分为低、中、高3个剂量组和溶媒对照组。给药组分别从十二脂肠给予司丙红霉素75,150,300 mg·kg~(-1),对血压、心电图(ECG)、呼吸频率及呼吸幅度进行观察。小鼠实验分低、中、高3个剂量组及溶媒对照共4个组,分别灌胃给予司丙红霉素75,150,300 mg·kg~(-1),对动物一般活动和睡眠时间进行观察。结果:司丙红霉素300 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组使大鼠心率下降,对舒张压、收缩压、ECG之QRS时间、ST段、T波、QT间期、呼吸频率及呼吸幅度无明显的影响;对小鼠一般活动和睡眠时间无明显影响。75,150 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组对大鼠、小鼠各项指标无明显影响。结论:司丙红霉素300 mg·kg~(-1)对心血管系统有一定影响,可使大鼠心率下降。     

磷酸喹哌抗实验性心律失常作用

磷酸喹哌(PQP)9mg·kg~(-1)iv明显降低小鼠室颤的死亡率;PQP 18mg·kg~(-1)ip对氯仿诱发小鼠室颤具有保护作用;PQP 6.3mg·kg~(-1)ip显著增加恒速(10mg·L~(-1)·min~(-1)滴注乌头碱引起麻醉大鼠室性早搏(VE)、室性心动过速(VT)、室性纤颤(VF)所需的乌头碱用量;PQP5.4 mg·kg~(-1)iv显著增加恒速(50mg·L~(-1)·min~(-1))滴注哇巴因引起麻醉豚鼠VE、VT和VF所需哇巴因用量;PQP3.36mg·kg~(-1)iv明显缩短肾上腺素诱发家兔室性心律失常的持续时间.结果表明PQP具有抗心律失常作用。小鼠PQPLD_(50)iv为93.33 mg·kg~(-1)。     

穿心莲二萜类化合物对B16细胞致敏小鼠CTL杀伤活性的影响

目的研究穿心莲二萜类化合物(DAP)对B16细胞致敏小鼠脾脏CTL杀伤活性的影响。方法将♂BALB/c小鼠分为对照组、致敏组、50mg·kg-1及150mg·kg-1DAP给药组,制备小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞悬液,流式细胞术分析T淋巴细胞亚群,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)法和DiO/PI双染色法分别测定CTL杀伤活性。结果50mg·kg-1及150mg·kg-1DAP口服给药可以增加B16细胞致敏小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞中T细胞及CD8+T细胞比例,降低T细胞中CD4+/CD8+比值并增强CTL对B16细胞的杀伤活性。结论DAP可增加B16细胞致敏小鼠脾脏T细胞比例及提高CTL杀伤活性。     

扁蒴藤素对急性实验性炎症的作用及其机制研究

目的 研究扁蒴藤素对急性实验性炎症的作用及其机制。方法 用巴豆油致小鼠耳肿,角叉菜胶致小鼠足肿,醋酸诱发小鼠毛细血管通透性增高,角叉菜胶致大鼠腹膜炎模型,观察扁蒴藤素对小鼠耳肿、足肿、毛细血管通透性增高以及对大鼠腹膜炎渗出液中的白细胞计数、蛋白质含量、一氧化氮(NO)含量、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)释放、丙二醛(MDA)生成、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果 扁蒴藤素ip 0.156～0.625 mg·kg~(-1)或im 1～4 mg·kg~(-1)明显抑制小鼠耳肿和足肿(P<0.05);im 2～4 mg·kg~(-1)明显抑制小鼠毛细血管通透性增高(P<0.05);im 1～2 mg·kg~(-1)抑制大鼠腹膜炎白细胞渗出、蛋白质渗出及NAG释放,降低NO含量,抑制MDA生成,增强SOD及CAT活性。结论 扁蒴藤素有明显的抗炎作用;抗炎作用可能与其抑制NO生成、清除氧自由基、抗脂质过氧化、稳定溶酶体膜有关。     

草乌甲素对Balb/c小鼠的部分免疫功能的抑制作用

目的:研究草乌甲素对Balb/c小鼠部分免疫功能的影响。方法:Balb/c小鼠随机分为空白对照组、草乌甲素3个剂量(0.08、0.16、0.32 mg·kg~(-1),肌注7d)组、氢化可的松组(阳性对照药,10mg·kg~(-1))。小鼠d7处死,检测药物对小鼠胸腺指数、脾脏指数的影响;测定小鼠T、B淋巴细胞转化功能;酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定小鼠血清总IgG水平;中性红比色法测定小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能;硝酸还原酶法测定巨噬细胞培养上清一氧化氮(NO)水平。结果:草乌甲素0.32 mg·kg~(-1)能抑制致裂原刺激T、B淋巴细胞增殖(P<0.01),降低腹腔巨噬细胞培养上清中NO水平(P<0.05)。草乌甲素(0.16、0.32 mg·kg~(-1))降低小鼠的胸腺指数,降低小鼠血清中总IgG水平(P<0.05,P<0.01),草乌甲素还能抑制腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:草乌甲素对Balb/c小鼠的免疫功能有一定的抑制作用。     

西地那非对脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤的作用

目的明确西地那非对急性肺损伤(ALI)的治疗作用及可能机制。方法采用脂多糖(LPS,4 mg·kg~(-1))气道滴入诱导的小鼠ALI模型。随机分为生理盐水组、LPS模型组、西地那非3,10及30 mg·kg~(-1)组、地塞米松5 mg·kg~(-1)组。测定肺干/湿重比值,常规细胞形态学检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中白细胞,肺组织切片观察病理改变;测定肺组织匀浆髓过氧化酶(MPO)活性、NO含量、NOS活性及TNF-α含量。结果LPS诱导的ALI小鼠肺干/湿重比值明显下降;BALF中白细胞总数及中性粒细胞比例明显增加;肺毛细血管通透性明显增加;肺组织间隙大量中性粒细胞浸润和红细胞渗出;肺组织匀浆TNF-α含量和MPO活性明显增加,NO含量、总NOS活性及iNOS活性明显增加。同时腹腔注射西地那非可剂量依赖性地降低ALI小鼠肺干/湿重比值;减少BALF中的白细胞总数及中性粒细胞的比例;降低肺毛细血管通透性;改善肺组织病理变化;抑制肺组织匀浆TNF-α含量、MPO活性及NO含量、总NOS活性及iNOS活性的增加。结论西地那非对LPS诱导的ALI有保护作用,提示NO- cGMP途径可能在ALI中起重要作用。     

刺松藻多糖对肝癌Hca-F荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用

目的研究刺松藻多糖(CFPS)对小鼠Hca-F肝癌的生长抑制作用及机制。方法建立Hca-F实体型荷瘤小鼠模型,腹腔注射不同浓度的CFPS连续12d。称重法检测CFPS对肿瘤生长、脾脏和胸腺指数的影响;采用MTT法、ELISA法分析CFPS对荷瘤小鼠脾巨噬细胞吞噬活性、细胞因子分泌水平等免疫指标的影响。结果刺松藻多糖对小鼠实体瘤生长具有抑制作用,CFPS 200 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)组与对照组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05);试验组小鼠脾指数和胸腺指数高于对照组。CFPS可增强脾巨噬细胞吞噬活性,100 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)以上时可促进IL-2的产生。结论 CFPS对Hca-F肝癌小鼠肿瘤生长有抑制作用,可能与提高荷瘤小鼠细胞和分子免疫活性有关。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Nachweis einiger Heilmittel in der Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit

Zusammenfassung Mittels Gaschromatographie und Dünschichtchromatographie wiesen die Autoren 11 Substanzen nach, welche durch Injektion oder nach Verabreichung per os in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit eindrangen. In ihrer Aufstellung konnten sie eine direkte Beziehung zwischen Struktur sowie chemischphysikalischen Eigenschaften der Substanz und ihrer Fähigkeit, aus dem Blut in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit einzudringen, nicht nachweisen, außer der Tatsache, daß Substanzen mit starker Affinität zu Eiweißstoffen erst in höheren Dosen nachweisbar waren.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.