续断提取物对小鼠D-半乳糖拟痴呆模型的抗氧化作用

目的:观察续断提取物对D-半乳糖(D-galactose,D-gal)模型小鼠脑组织和外周血中SOD活性、MDA含量及学习记忆能力的影响.方法:小鼠皮下注射D-gal 100mg·kg-1·d-1×49 d,用续断的正丁醇、水提取物灌胃给药.于第0 d和49 d进行Y迷宫游泳试验,第50 d处死小鼠,生物化学方法检测脑组织、外周血中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和脂质过氧化物(MDA)含量.结果:与模型组比较,续断正丁醇提取物按生药剂量7.5 g·kg-1和10 g·kg-1组小鼠学习记忆能力明显改善,其中10 g·kg-1组小鼠脑组织SOD活性明显升高;续断水提取物按生药剂量20 g·kg-1组小鼠游泳时间明显减少,脑组织SOD活性明显升高.两种提取物各剂量组小鼠脑组织、外周血中MDA含量均较模型组显著下降.结论:续断正丁醇和水提取物具有明显的抗氧化作用,并能增强小鼠学习记忆能力.     

大黄酚对小鼠记忆障碍的作用及其机制分析

目的　研究大黄酚对AlCl3致急性衰老模型小鼠记忆障碍的保护作用及其机制分析。方法　以AlCl3(60mg·kg- 1 sc,7d)造成小鼠记忆障碍模型 ,采用小鼠避暗试验和跳台试验 ,观察大黄酚 (1 0、1、0 1mg·kg- 1 ip ,1 5d)对记忆障碍模型小鼠的保护作用 ,并于d 1 6对各剂量组小鼠进行脑组织超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性及血浆和脑组织谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH px)活性测定。 结果　大黄酚各个剂量组均能明显改善AlCl3所致被动回避性记忆障碍 ,增加SOD和GSH px活性。 结论　大黄酚对AlCl3致急性衰老小鼠记忆障碍有保护作用 ,其作用机制可能是通过增强抗氧化酶GSH px和SOD活性 ,清除氧自由基对中枢神经系统神经细胞的损伤     

调心方对脑缺血再灌注损伤小鼠脑组织过氧化氢酶、丙二醛和脂褐素含量的影响

目的探讨调心方对脑缺血再灌注损伤小鼠脑组织中过氧化氢酶(CAT),丙二醛(MDA)和脂褐素(LF)含量的影响。方法采用改进的Himori法制备小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤模型。小鼠随机分为7组:正常组、假手术组,模型组、调心方40,20,10 g.kg-1剂量组、脑复康阳性对照组,连续ig给药15 d后,断头处死小鼠,取脑组织,分别采用钼酸铵显色法、硫代巴比妥酸法以及荧光分光光度法测定小鼠脑组织中CAT,MDA和LF含量。结果调心方三个剂量组均可增强小鼠脑组织中CAT活性,降低MDA,LF含量。结论调心方可通过增强CAT活性,降低MDA,LF含量改善脑缺血再灌注造成的损伤。     

总丹酚酸对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的　研究总丹酚酸对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法　采用跳台法和断头法 ,观察总丹酚酸对缺血再灌注小鼠学习记忆功能障碍的作用和耐缺氧能力的影响。采用化学法 ,观察总丹酚酸对缺血再灌注小鼠脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶的 (SOD)活性 ,丙二醛 (MDA)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH)的含量。结果　总丹酚酸改善缺血再灌注引起的学习记忆障碍 ,缩短被动回避反应时间 ,减少错误次数 ,延长潜伏期 ,延长断头后呼吸持续时间。总丹酚酸亦增强缺血再灌注小鼠脑组织SOD的活性 ,降低MDA含量 ,增加GSH的含量。结论　总丹酚酸对脑缺血再灌注损伤有明显的保护作用 ,其机制与总丹酚酸抗氧化作用有关     

总丹酚酸对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的　研究总丹酚酸对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法　采用跳台法和断头法 ,观察总丹酚酸对缺血再灌注小鼠学习记忆功能障碍的作用和耐缺氧能力的影响。采用化学法 ,观察总丹酚酸对缺血再灌注小鼠脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶的 (SOD)活性 ,丙二醛 (MDA)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH)的含量。结果　总丹酚酸改善缺血再灌注引起的学习记忆障碍 ,缩短被动回避反应时间 ,减少错误次数 ,延长潜伏期 ,延长断头后呼吸持续时间。总丹酚酸亦增强缺血再灌注小鼠脑组织SOD的活性 ,降低MDA含量 ,增加GSH的含量。结论　总丹酚酸对脑缺血再灌注损伤有显著的保护作用 ,其机制与总丹酚酸抗氧化作用有关     

左卡尼汀对衰老小鼠抗氧化作用的研究

目的:研究左卡尼汀(L-carnitine,LC)对老龄小鼠抗氧化能力的影响,探讨其对小鼠血浆和脑组织中SOD,GSH-PX,CAT和MDA活力的影响。方法:小鼠随机分成青年组、老年组、LC处理的衰老小鼠组,分为低、中、高(0.25,0.5,1.0 g.kg-1.d-1)3个剂量组,LC药物组连续灌服药物4周后处死,通过试剂盒测定血浆和脑组织SOD,GSH-Px,CAT活性和MDA含量。结果:与老年组比较,左卡尼汀可显著提高小鼠血浆和脑组织中的SOD,GSH-Px,CAT活性,降低MDA含量,且呈剂量依赖性。结论:左卡尼汀具有抗氧化作用。     

土党参多糖对小鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨土党参多糖对小鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法将KM小鼠随机分为7组,假手术组、模型组、舒血宁组(100 mg.kg-1)、尼莫地平组(100 mg.kg-1)及土党参多糖高、中、低剂量组(300、150、75 mg.kg-1)。采用反复缺血/再灌注法造模,观察小鼠海马区神经元形态,测定小鼠脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)、乙酰胆碱(ACh)、葡萄糖含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和ATP酶活性。结果土党参多糖各剂量组可明显减轻小鼠海马区神经元损伤,降低脑组织中MDA和NO含量(P<0.05或P<0.01),而对SOD、GSH无明显影响;多糖中剂量组能明显提高ACh含量(P<0.01),而低、高剂量组与模型组相比差异无显著性;中、高剂量组能明显降低AChE活性,提高ATP酶、糖代谢活性(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论土党参多糖对小鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤具有保护作用,可能与其神经营养、抗氧化、代谢调控、降低乙酰胆碱酯酶活性有关。     

银杏叶提取物对缺血再灌注大鼠脑内SOD,GSH-Px和MDA的影响

目的 :观察银杏叶提取物注射液对大鼠脑缺血再灌注 1,2 ,3h皮质内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH Px)活性和丙二醛 (MDA)含量的影响。方法 :78只SD大鼠随机分为 13组 :假手术组 ;3个缺血对照组 (缺血 2h分别再灌注 1,2 ,3h组 ) ;3个银杏叶提取物注射液B(金纳多 )治疗组 (缺血 2h分别再灌注 1,2 ,3h组 ) ;6个银杏叶提取物注射液A(杏花雨 )治疗组 (高、低剂量各含缺血 2h分别再灌注 1,2 ,3h组 )。银杏叶提取物注射液B治疗各组分别在再灌注前 1h腹腔注射银杏叶提取物注射液B 5mg·kg- 1;银杏叶提取物注射液A治疗各组分别在再灌注前 1h腹腔注射银杏叶提取物注射液A 5 ,10mg·kg- 1。测定脑组织中SOD ,GSH Px和MDA。结果 :2种注射液在不同的时间点均能明显提高脑组织中GSH Px和SOD(P <0 .0 5 )的活性 ,减少MDA(P <0 .0 5 ) ;2种注射液同等剂量差别无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :银杏叶提取物注射液A可提高脑缺血再灌注大鼠的脑组织总抗氧化活力 ,降低脑组织中MDA含量 ,来保护缺血再灌注引起的神经元的损伤     

盐酸埃他卡林对大鼠局灶性脑缺血后脑组织损伤和血液流变学的作用

目的研究盐酸埃他卡林(Ipt)对局灶性脑缺血后脑组织损伤保护作用及对血液流变学变化的影响。方法线栓法阻断SD大鼠大脑中动脉造成大鼠局灶性脑缺血。神经功能行为学评分参考Longa法,脑水肿形成检测采用Ellis公式,TTC染色法测定脑梗死范围。以DPH为荧光探针,采用荧光偏振法测定脑缺血6h后红细胞膜脂流动性,微粘度。结果脑缺血6h后,脑梗死范围达对侧脑半球的(24.75±6.66)%,预防性给予Ipt(1.0～4.0mg·kg-1,ip)可使脑梗死范围分别减少0.95%,6.6%(P<0.05),14.34%(P<0.01)。Ipt2.0和4.0mg·kg-1还可降低大鼠的神经功能行为评分及脑组织含水量。尼莫地平(Nim)0.3mg·kg-1也可减少脑梗死范围,降低脑组织含水量,降低神经功能行为评分。脑缺血6h后,红细胞变形能力下降,红细胞膜脂流动性降低,红细胞聚集程度及膜微粘度皆明显提高。预防性给予Ipt(2.0～4.0mg·kg-1,ip)及Nim0.3mg·kg-1可显著改善上述血液流变学指标。Ipt4.0mg·kg-1治疗作用的时间窗为3h,超过4h则治疗作用不显著。Nim0.3mg·kg-1治疗作用不明显。结论盐酸埃他卡林对局灶性脑缺血引起的脑损伤有一定的保护作用。     

藏紫菀总黄酮对模拟高原缺氧小鼠抗氧化能力及细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨藏紫菀总黄酮对高原缺氧小鼠抗氧化能力及细胞凋亡的影响。方法 采用常压密闭实验筛选藏紫菀总黄酮最佳抗缺氧剂量;40只小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、乙酰唑胺(200 mg/kg)组和藏紫菀总黄酮(500 mg/kg)组,模拟海拔8000 m高原环境,减压缺氧12 h,测定小鼠脑组织中的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,Western blotting法检测Nrf-2、SOD、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达。结果 常压密闭实验中,藏紫菀总黄酮500 mg/kg剂量组小鼠的存活时间最长,为最佳给药剂量;与对照组比较,缺氧后小鼠脑组织中SOD、CAT、GSH和GSH-Px活性均显著降低,Nrf-2蛋白表达显著升高,SOD蛋白表达和Bc1-2/Bax比值显著降低 (P<0.01);经藏紫菀总黄酮预处理后,小鼠脑组织中SOD、CAT、GSH和GSH-Px活性均显著升高,Nrf-2、SOD蛋白表达和Bcl-2/Bax比值显著升高(P<0.05、0.01)。结论 藏紫菀总黄酮提高高原缺氧小鼠脑组织抗氧化能力,降低细胞凋亡。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Nachweis einiger Heilmittel in der Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit

Zusammenfassung Mittels Gaschromatographie und Dünschichtchromatographie wiesen die Autoren 11 Substanzen nach, welche durch Injektion oder nach Verabreichung per os in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit eindrangen. In ihrer Aufstellung konnten sie eine direkte Beziehung zwischen Struktur sowie chemischphysikalischen Eigenschaften der Substanz und ihrer Fähigkeit, aus dem Blut in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit einzudringen, nicht nachweisen, außer der Tatsache, daß Substanzen mit starker Affinität zu Eiweißstoffen erst in höheren Dosen nachweisbar waren.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.