石杉碱甲口腔崩解片的制备及溶出度考察

目的：制备石杉碱甲口腔崩解片．并考察其体外溶出度。方法：采用直接粉末压片法制备石杉碱甲口腔崩解片，正交设计法优化处方和工艺．小杯法考察溶出度．HPLC法测定含量。结果：交联聚维酮和微晶纤维素的用量分别为10％和20％，片剂的硬度为3．5～4．0kg／mm^2，石杉碱甲口腔崩解片口感良好．崩解时间〈30S，2min内溶出百分率〉90％。结论：石杉碱甲口腔崩解片崩解时间短．溶出速率明显快于市售普通片。     

盐酸三氟拉嗪口腔崩解片的处方筛选及体外溶出度

目的：优化盐酸三氟拉嗪口腔崩解片的处方，并比较其与普通市售片的体外溶出度。方法：正交设计法优化处方，转篮法考察溶出度，紫外分光光度法测定药物含量。结果：明胶／甘露醇／阿司帕坦／盐酸三氟拉嗪的配比为0．15／I／0．05／0．16时，口感良好；交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、低取代羟丙基纤维素和微晶纤维素的用量分别为8％、5％和30％时，崩解时间小于15s，5min内溶出大于90％。结论：盐酸三氟拉嗪口腔崩解片能方便服药，且显著提高盐酸三氟拉嗪片的溶出速率。     

盐酸小檗碱微囊口腔崩解片的制备与质量评价

目的制备盐酸小檗碱微囊口腔崩解片,并进行质量评价。方法以Eudragit E100作为囊材,MCC+PVPP为混合崩解剂,制备盐酸小檗碱微囊口腔崩解片,并测定崩解片中盐酸小檗碱的含量、崩解时间、溶出度和体外生物利用度。结果崩解片在口腔内平均崩解时间为(22±5)s,在p H=1.0、2.0的酸性介质中10 min内溶出超过70%,体外生物利用度与糖衣片差异无统计学意义。结论采用溶剂挥发法制备微囊,直接压片法制备口腔崩解片,工艺稳定可靠,质量评价符合药典要求。     

法莫替丁分散片的崩解和溶出度研究

采用全粉末直接压片法制备法莫替丁分散片。分散片在水中和口腔中迅速崩解和分散。分散片硬度相对较低（3．0－7．5kg）时,硬度变化对崩解和溶出度没有影响。硬度超出此范围时,硬度越大,崩解时间越长而溶出越迟缓。溶出度实验结果表明该分散片在水和0．1mol/L盐酸溶液中溶出速度明显较市售片快。     

盐酸托烷司琼口腔崩解片的制备

目的 制备并评价盐酸托烷司琼口腔崩解片.方法 选择辅料,以口腔中崩解时间为考察指标,综合运用效应面图和等高线图对口腔崩解片处方进行优化,直接压片法压片后,考察盐酸托烷司琼口腔崩解片的溶出度.结果 所用处方为5 mg盐酸托烷司琼、78 mg微晶纤维素、95 mg甘露醇、20 mg交联羧甲基纤维素钠、1.6 mg草莓香精、0.4 mg硬脂酸镁.口腔中崩解时间为22.8 s,溶出度为97.4%.结论 采用直接压片法制备的盐酸托烷司琼口腔崩解片崩解时间短、溶出速度快.     

氯雷他定口腔崩解片的制备

目的:优化氯雷他定口腔崩解片的制备工艺。方法:采用正交设计法优化处方和工艺,直接粉末压片法制备氯雷他定口腔崩解片,HPLC测定含量。结果:辅料交联聚维酮和微晶纤维素的用量分别为10%和35%,片剂的硬度为3.0～3.5kg.mm-2,氯雷他定口腔崩解片口感良好;崩解时间<30s,2min内溶出百分率>90%。结论:采用实验筛选出的制备工艺条件制成的口腔崩解片,符合口腔崩解片的质量标准,工艺设备简单,操作方便。     

盐酸多奈哌齐口腔崩解片的制备及质量控制

目的：制备盐酸多奈哌齐口腔崩解片并评价其质量。方法：以崩解时间、口感为指标，采用正交设计法优化处方，直接压片法制备，高效液相色谱法测定溶出度。结果：最佳处方为盐酸多奈哌齐4．95g，MCC37．5g，PVPP9．0g，甘露醇75g，乳糖15g，甜蜜素4．5g，微粉硅胶1．5g，共制1000片。所制得口崩片的体外崩解时间小于35S，口腔内崩解时间小于37s。5min内累积溶出度达90％以上，无苦味，无砂砾感，口感良好。结论：处方组成合理，制备工艺可靠，测定方法简便、可行。     

美洛昔康口腔崩解片的制备及质量控制

目的：制备美洛昔康口腔崩解片并对其进行质量检查.方法：采用正交设计法确定最佳处方,以甘露醇为主要辅料制备美洛昔康口腔崩解片,并对崩解时限、口感、溶出度进行了考察.结果：最佳处方为1000片用交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVPP）20 g,甘露醇140 g,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）3.0 g,聚山梨酯-80 0.2 g,崩解时限小于30 s,口腔崩解片在10 min左右完全溶出,而普通市售片在45 min溶出80%.结论：本研究制备的美洛昔康口腔崩解片为快速崩解型片剂,累积溶出度快于市售片.     

多潘立酮口腔崩解片的制备及质量控制

目的：制备多潘立酮口腔崩解片并对其崩解时限、溶出度、有关物质和含量进行测定。方法：采用直接压片法制备,紫外分光光度法测定其溶出度和含量,HPLC法测定其有关物质。结果：制备的多潘立酮口腔崩解片崩解时间不超过30s,标示含量达到99．45％以上,有关物质在0．10％以下,5min内溶出93％以上。结论：多潘立酮口腔崩解片制备过程简单,质量可控,适用于工业大生产。     

氯诺昔康口腔崩解片的制备

目的:对氯诺昔康口腔崩解片的处方及制备工艺进行研究,并评价其质量。方法:以片剂崩解时限、口感为指标,采用正交试验设计优化处方。通过直接压片法制备氯诺昔康口腔崩解片,并测定了其体外崩解时间、溶出度等质量指标。结果:所得片剂完整光洁、口感良好,能在20 s内崩解完全,5 min内体外溶出度超过85%。结论:氯诺昔康口腔崩解片达到了设计要求,方便患者服药。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.