剖宫产术前预防性使用抗生素的临床观察

目的：为比较剖宫产术前和术后预防性抗生素用药方案。方法：对100例足月妊娠需要剖宫产结束分娩的孕妇，按入院顺序随机分为术前用药（实验组），术后用药（对照组）两组，使用氨苄西林／舒巴坦3g，观察术后体温、并发症、腹部切口愈合等指标，比较两组抗生素用量和疗效。结果：两组均有明显疗效，而实验组对降低术后3天体温升高更有效（P〈0．05），并发尿路感染各1例、腹部切口感染对照组1例，无统计学意义。每人用药总量实验组少（P〈0．05）。结论：剖宫产术前预防性抗生素使用比术后用药疗效较好．费用降低。     

剖宫产预防性抗生素应用效果

目的探讨剖宫产预防性抗生素应用效果。方法本次临床研究以2011年1月至2012年1月之间在我院接受剖宫产手术的200例产妇为观察对象,利用随机分组法将其分为对照组和实验组,对照组产妇仅术后应用抗生素,实验组产妇术前、术中和术后分别预防性应用抗生素,对比两组产妇抗生素应用效果。结果实验组产妇住院时间显著少于对照组,两组产妇临床研究数据对比统计学差异显著（P〈0.05）;而两组产妇切口感染率、产褥感染率、体温等各项临床指标对比,则统计学差异不明显（P〉0.05）。结论本次实验结果表明,剖宫产产妇预防性应用抗生素,能够显著降低术后并发症的发生率,加快产妇的术后康复速度,因而临床应用价值更高。     

围手术期患者抗生素合理应用分析

目的探讨围手术期患者抗生素合理应用情况及干预措施。方法选取本院收治的128例手术患者,随机将其分为观察组和对照组,各64例,给予对照组患者围术期常规应用抗生素,观察组患者则行抗生素使用干预,并对两组患者的抗生素使用情况进行比较。结果观察组患者的联合用药种数明显少于对照组（P〈0.05）;观察组患者住院时间、抗生素应用时间均明显短于对照组（P〈0.05）;观察组患者抗生素使用率、不良反应发生率、切口感染发生率均明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论合理的对围术期预防性抗生素应用进行干预,可有效的促进合理用药,且有助于减少切口感染现象发生,临床效果显著,值得推广和应用。     

围手术期预防性应用抗生素560例分析

目的分析围手术期预防性应用抗生素的情况,为合理用药提供依据。方法选取Ⅰ类切口和Ⅱ类切口的择期手术患者560例,根据用药时机分为试验组186例和对照组374例,试验组依据《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》用药,对照组按临床习惯用药。结果试验组抗菌药物应用的合理率明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）;对照组的手术部位感染发生率明显高于试验组（P〈0.01）,用药持续时间显著延长,抗菌药物费用、住院费用均高于试验组（P〈0.01）。结论围手术期标准化预防性使用抗菌药物有利于促进合理用药、降低手术部位感染发生率、降低医疗费用。     

择期剖宫产预防性应用抗生素的临床研究

目的探讨择期剖宫产预防性应用抗生素的方法。方法130例择期剖宫产孕妇随机分为观察组和对照组各65例,观察组于术前30min给予头孢呋辛钠1.5g加入生理盐水250ml快速静脉滴注,术后给予甲硝唑1.0g静脉滴注,距术前用药6h再用等量头孢呋辛钠静脉滴注1次,以后不再应用任何抗生素。对照组术前不给药,术后常规给予头孢呋辛钠1.5g加入生理盐水250ml中静脉滴注,每天2次,共3d。观察2组术后平均体温、产褥病率、腹部切口愈合情况、白细胞计数、住院时间及医疗费用等。结果观察组产褥病发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;且观察组住院时间短于对照组,住院费用多于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论剖宫产围术期给予抗生素1～2次,能有效预防感染,减轻产妇经济负担。     

术前抗生素在手术室的应用对预防术后感染的作用

目的：分析手术室应用抗生素与病房应用抗生素对预防术后感染的作用。方法选取2O11年1O 月-2O12年3月本院收治的需行手术治疗的患者186例,随机分成治疗组和对照组,治疗组采用术前在手术室给予预防性抗生素,对照组在病房给予预防性抗生素,两组患者分别从抗生素术前给药时间、术后切口感染率方面进行比较。结果对照组患者预防性抗生素距切皮的时间为（1.4±0.3）h,治疗组为（O.7±0.2）h,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P 〈 O. O5）。对照组患者术后切口感染率为3.23%（3/93）,治疗组为1. O8%（1/93）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P 〈 0. O5）。结论术前在手术室应用抗生素,使医护人员认识到了预防用药的重要性,优化了手术室工作程序,规范了术前应用抗生素的方法,降低了患者术后切口感染率。     

泌尿外科手术预防性应用抗菌药物的病例对照分析

目的：对泌尿外科手术预防性应用抗菌药物的效果进行分析。方法选取2012年6月~2013年10月拟于本院行泌尿科手术患者86例，随机分为两组，对照组43例在术前、术中及术后均根据患者情况进行预防用药，观察组43例在术中及术后进行预防性用药，对比两组患者抗菌药物应用率、术后感染发生率、药费及住院费用。结果观察组患者术后用药时间显著短于对照组，药费及住院费用显著少于对照组，住院时间显著短于对照组，治愈率显著高于对照组（P〈0.05），两组患者术后感染发生率间无显著差异（P〉0.05）。结论在泌尿外科手术过程中，不合理预防性应用抗菌药物无法降低术后感染发生率，同时可导致治疗费用大幅升高，在临床中应给予重视。     

抗生素在普外手术中预防切口感染的价值探讨

目的：探讨抗生素在普外手术中预防切口感染的价值,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法：选取我院2011年1月～2014年1月普外科收治的688例临床手术患者,了解患者的抗生素使用时间（手术前、中、后）和抗生素联合使用情况对切口感染发生率的影响。结果：术前术后组发生切口感染率（4.18%）显著高于术中组（0.65%）,P＜0.05,差异具有统计学意义;单独使用一种抗生素切口发生感染率（0.68%）显著低于联合使用抗生素（9.64%）,P＜0.05,差异具有统计学意义。结论：使用抗生素时间和联合使用抗生素均能影响普外科临床手术患者切口感染的发生率,因此,必须合理用药,提高抗生素的预防效果。     

围术期患者抗生素合理应用分析

目的观察围术期合理应用抗生素的临床效果。方法将90例手术患者随机分为观察组和对照组各45例。对照组术前、术中不应用抗生素,术后予阿洛西林2g溶于0.9%氯化钠注射液100ml中静脉滴注,观察组术前0.5～2h及术后12h内予阿洛西林2g溶于0.9%氯化钠注射液100ml中静脉滴注,术后24～48h,再次静脉滴注,进行预防性用药。观察2组术后最高体温、退热时间、住院费用及并发症情况。结果观察组术后最高体温低于对照组,退热时间短于对照组,住院费用低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。观察组切口感染及愈合延迟发生率均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论围术期合理应用抗生素能明显降低术后并发症发生率,缩短住院时间,减少住院费用,值得临床推广应用。     

术前抗菌药物对预防切口感染的效果研究

目的：观察术前抗菌药物对预防切口感染的临床效果,为临床实践提供依据.方法：选择2008年1月-2010年6月间我院手术治疗阑尾炎切除患者68例,根据抗生素应用时期不同分为观察组与对照组,观察组手术前应用抗生素预防术后感染,对照组进行常规的术后给予抗生素.观察比较两组感染状况和患者满意度.结果：观察组有3例患者发生切口感染,感染率为8.82%;而对照组6例发生切口感染,感染率为17.65%.两组切口感染率间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.患者满意度调查结果显示,观察组患者满意度为88.24%,显著高于对照组73.53%,差异也具有显著性（P〈0.05）.结论：术前应用抗生素,能够有效地降低阑尾切除术后感染性并发症的发生率,减少患者的痛苦.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.