6-羟基多巴胺诱导PC12细胞释放谷氨酸及死亡不受Ⅰ组亲代谢型谷氨酸受体配基的影响(英文)

目的:探讨Ⅰ组亲代谢型谷氨酸受体(mGluR)配基对6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)诱导的PC12细胞死亡及谷氨酸(Glu)释放的影响。方法:培养PC12细胞,以100μmol/LⅠ组mGluR激动剂(RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine(DHPG)和拮抗剂DL-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid(DL-AP3)预先剌激细胞1h,再加入6-OHDA100μmol/L共孵育24h,显微镜下观察细胞形态变化,用TUNEL法检测凋亡细胞,用噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞存活率,并用高效液相色谱检测Glu的释放量。结果:6-OHDA 降低PC12细胞存活率(P<0.01),其诱导的Glu释放呈浓度和时间依赖性。Ⅰ组mGluR配基不能减少6-OHDA引起的PC12细胞死亡,也不影响6OHDA引起的Glu释放量。结论:Ⅰ组mGluR配基对6-OHDA引起死亡的PC12细胞无保护作用。     

谷氨酸诱导体外培养的鸡胚脊髓神经细胞释放NO

用鸡胚脊髓神经细胞的原代培养,测定细胞中亚硝酸盐的含量,研究了谷氨酸(Glu)对原代培养神经细胞中NO的影响。结果表明,谷氨酸作用于原代培养的鸡胚脊髓神经细胞,在诱导神经细胞释放乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的同时,还可诱导细胞释放一氧化氮(NO)。如先用NO合成酶抑制剂L-NOARG作用细胞,再加入Glu,则发现L-NOARG能降低Glu导致的培养液中LDH活性升高。提示NO可能参与介导Glu的神经毒性作用。     

灯盏花素对谷氨酸诱导大鼠海马神经细胞毒性的保护作用

选用培养的海马神经细胞研究灯盏花素(breviscapine，Bre)对谷氨酸(glutamate，Glu)诱导神经细胞毒性的保护作用及其机制。新生大鼠海马神经细胞体外培养8 d后， 用L-谷氨酸(0.1， 0.5及1.0 mmol·L^-1)处理30 min； 灯盏花素处理组在加入L-谷氨酸的同时给予不同剂量的灯盏花素(10， 20及40 μmol·L^-1)； 继续正常培养24 h后， 用Annexin V联合流式细胞仪检测细胞的凋亡和坏死率； RT-PCR分析凋亡蛋白抑制剂XIAP mRNA的表达。结果表明， L-谷氨酸浓度依赖性地诱导神经细胞发生凋亡和坏死， 并使细胞XIAP mRNA表达发生浓度依赖性的双向变化： 0.1 mmol·L^-1 L-谷氨酸使神经细胞XIAP mRNA表达增强， 而较高浓度使XIAP mRNA表达下调。灯盏花素(20和40 μmol·L^-1)可有效抑制谷氨酸诱导的神经细胞死亡， 分别使细胞凋亡率下降30.4%和40.1%， 坏死率下降32.5%和38.8%； 并上调XIAP mRNA表达45.1%和54.9%。激光共聚焦显微技术联合Fluo-3荧光标记检测表明，L-谷氨酸处理过程中海马神经细胞内Ca²⁺水平显著升高， 而灯盏花素可抑制谷氨酸引起的细胞内Ca²⁺超载(P<0.01)。以上结果提示， 灯盏花素可能通过抑制细胞Ca²⁺超载， 调节凋亡抑制因子XIAP的表达而有效保护谷氨酸对神经细胞的兴奋性毒性作用。     

Ⅱ、Ⅲ组亲代型谷氨酸受体激动剂对6-羟基多巴诱导的PC12细胞毒性无保护作用

阐明Ⅱ、Ⅲ组亲代谢型谷氨酸受体(metabotropic glutamate receptors,mGluRs)激动剂对6—羟基多巴(6-hydroxydopamine,6-OHDA)诱导的PC12细胞毒性是否具有保护作用。方法：应用高效液相色谱仪联用荧光检测技术测定谷氨酸浓度，应用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)比色法测定PC12细胞活性。结果：6—OHDA剂量依赖性地诱导PC12细胞释放谷氨酸、减低细胞活性，Ⅱ组mGluRs激动剂DCG—IV和Ⅲ组mGluRs激动剂L-AP4对6—0HDA诱导的PC12细胞释放谷氨酸和细胞活性的降低均无显影响。结论：6—OHDA对多巴胺神经元的损伤作用与其诱导谷氨酸过度释放及其继发的兴奋性神经毒性有关，Ⅱ、Ⅲ组亲代谢型谷氨酸受体激动剂对6—OHDA诱导的PC12细胞毒性无保护作用。     

埃他卡林增强星形胶质细胞摄取谷氨酸的作用

目的研究新型ATP敏感性钾通道开放剂(KATPCO)埃他卡林(iptakalim,Ipt)对星形胶质细胞摄取谷氨酸的影响。方法取新生大鼠脑星形胶质细胞作原代培养，将Ipt直接作用于细胞，观察它对正常和6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)损伤模型细胞摄取谷氨酸的影响；分别加入阳性对照药吡那地尔和非特异性钾通道阻断药格列本脲分析Ipt的作用机制。根据［³H］标记的D,L-谷氨酸摄入量判断细胞谷氨酸摄取作用强度。结果Ipt和吡那地尔都能增强星形胶质细胞的谷氨酸摄取作用、逆转6-OHDA引起的谷氨酸摄取抑制效应，预先加入格列本脲后，上述作用均被取消。结论埃他卡林可能通过促进钾通道开放增强星形胶质细胞摄取谷氨酸的作用。     

盐酸埃他卡林对PD模型大鼠脑内突触体谷氨酸摄取的影响

目的　研究谷氨酸转运体功能改变与帕金森病(Parkinson’sdisease ,PD)发病的相关性 ,探讨新型ATP敏感性钾通道 (ATPsensitivepotassiumchannel,KATP)开放剂盐酸埃他卡林 (Iptakalimhydrochloride ,Ipt)对PD模型大鼠脑内突触体摄取谷氨酸的影响及其机制。方法　采用 6 hydrox ydopamine(6 OHDA)建立PD大鼠模型 ,制备脑组织突触体 ;用同位素标记法测定L [3 H] glutamate摄取活性。 结果　PD模型大鼠纹状体和皮层的谷氨酸转运功能明显降低 ;Ipt(10、5 0和 10 0 μmol·L-1)具有恢复转运功能的作用 ,此作用可被KATP阻断剂Glibenclamide (2 0 μmol·L-1)逆转。结论　谷氨酸转运体功能下降与PD发病密切相关 ;Ipt通过激活KATP发挥促进谷氨酸摄取的作用 ,有望成为新一代PD治疗药物     

粉防己碱对体外培养大鼠脑皮层神经元损伤的保护作用

兴奋性氨基酸类神经毒剂与粉防己碱(Tet)共同作用于原代培养胎鼠大脑皮层神经元24h,发现10^-7,10^-6mol·L^-1Tet明显降低谷氨酸(Glu),β-N-oxalylamino-L-alanine(BOAA)和β-N-methylamino-L-alanine(BMAA)导致的培养液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性增高,细胞形态损害减轻,细胞数量增加。对NMDA介导的神经元损伤改变无影响。提示Tet对某些Glu类神经毒剂引起的胎鼠大脑皮层神经元损伤有一定保护作用,其机制可能是抑制细胞膜Na⁺通道开放,阻止膜去极化而影响电压依赖性Ca²⁺通道启动。对NMDA受体可能亦有一定作用。     

MPP+和6-羟基多巴胺对C6胶质瘤细胞摄取谷氨酸的影响

目的：研究1-甲基4-苯基-吡啶离子(MPP^ )和6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)对C6胶质瘤细胞摄取谷氨酸(Glu)的影响。方法：应用放射免疫法测定C6胶质瘤细胞对培养液中[^3H]-D，L-谷氨酸的摄取；应用四氮唑(MTY)比色法检测胶质瘤细胞的活性。结果：6-OHDA和MPP^ 均不同程度地抑制C6胶质瘤细胞摄取Glu；6-OHDA显抑制C6胶质瘤细胞活性，而MPP^ 却不影响细胞活性；蛋白激酶C(PKC)激动剂TPA显增强C6细胞对Glu的摄取，并拮抗：MPP^ 对C6细胞摄取Glu的抑制。结论：6-OHDA抑制C6胶质瘤细胞对Glu的摄取，可能与其抑制细胞活性有关，而MPP^ 的抑制作用可能与直接影响转运体的摄取功能有关，并可能由PKC途径介导。     

人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1促进PC12细胞释放谷氨酸的作用机制

目的研究人参皂苷(ginsenosides)Rg1和Rb1促进PC12细胞释放谷氨酸作用的机制。方法HPLC法测量PC12细胞释放谷氨酸的含量。细胞免疫染色法和Western blotting法检测人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1对突触蛋白(synapsins)磷酸化水平的影响。结果人参皂苷Rg1(10 μmol·L^-1)和Rb1(10 μmol·L^-1)均可明显促进PC12细胞中谷氨酸的释放。加入蛋白激酶A(PKA)抑制剂H89可抑制Rb1诱导的谷氨酸释放增加；但H89不能抑制Rg1诱导的谷氨酸释放增加。Rb1可升高PC12细胞中突触蛋白的磷酸化水平，H89可抑制这种作用；而Rg1对突触蛋白磷酸化水平无明显作用。结论Rb1可介导PKA活化以诱导突触蛋白磷酸化升高，进而引起谷氨酸释放增加；并提示Rg1促进谷氨酸释放的作用可能与突触蛋白磷酸化无关。     

2-氨基噻唑衍生物的设计、合成及对细胞凋亡的抑制活性

目的研究2-氨基噻唑衍生物对神经细胞凋亡的抑制作用和构效关系。方法以PFT-α为先导物,设计并合成出相应的2-氨基噻唑衍生物,利用MTT法和FCM法测定其对由过氧化氢诱导产生的PC12细胞凋亡的抑制作用,利用Cerius²的QSAR⁺模块,求出其QSAR方程。结果合成了11个新型含2-氨基噻唑母环的Schiff碱化合物II,利用IR,MS,¹H NMR,¹³C NMR等法对上述化合物进行表征。细胞实验结果表明,2-氨基噻唑衍生物对PC12细胞具有一定的保护作用并对由过氧化氢诱导的PC12细胞凋亡具有一定的抑制作用。优化QSAR方程为Activity＝6.947 68-0.088 72דLUMO”-0.043 018דAlogp98”-0.128 752דRad0fGration”＋0.018 246דDipole-mag”,上述方程的相关统计参数如下, r²=0.970, F-test=49.149,r=0.985,Lse=0.001。结论2-氨基噻唑衍生物对由过氧化氢诱导的PC12细胞凋亡具有较为明显的抑制作用,部分化合物如I-6,I-9和II-6对于PC12细胞具有细胞保护和细胞凋亡抑制双重活性。QSAR方程提示降低化合物的旋转半径以及化合物最低空轨道的能量有利于提高化合物的活性。     

Effects of systemic administration of iptakalim on extracellular neurotransmitter levels in the striatum of unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats.

The function of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in nigrostriatal pathway in Parkinson's disease (PD) was studied by employing a novel KATP channel opener iptakalim (Ipt). Apomorphine-induced rotation behavior test and microdialysis experiment were carried out in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats. Behavior test showed that systemic administration of Ipt failed to significantly alleviate apomorphine-induced rotation in unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned PD model rats. However, using in vivo microdialysis in this PD model rats, it was found that Ipt could increase extracellular dopamine levels in the lesioned side of the striatum and decrease dopamine levels in the intact side of the striatum. Meanwhile, Ipt had no influence on glutamate levels in the intact side, but it did decrease glutamate levels in the lesioned side of the striatum of PD rats. Additionally, in primary cultured rat astrocytes, 6-OHDA decreased overall glutamate uptake activity, but this decrease was recovered and glutamate uptake activity was restored by the opening of KATP channels induced by Ipt and pinacidil. The classical KATP channel blocker glibenclamide completely abolished the effects of Ipt and pinacidil. The present study suggests that (i) the function of KATP channels in the lesioned and intact nigrostriatal pathway is different in unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned PD model rats. (ii) KATP channels regulate extracellular neurotransmitter levels in the striatum of unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rats and may play neuroprotective roles due to their effects on glutamate transporters.     

芍药苷对6羟基多巴胺致PC12细胞损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨芍药苷对6羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)致大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤细胞(PC12)的细胞损伤保护作用及其可能机制.方法:体外培养PC12细胞,用6-OHDA建立细胞损伤模型.MTT和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性测定存活率;RT-PCR检测Bcl-2、Bax的mRNA表达,Hochest33342/PI双染检测细胞凋亡率.结果:25、50、100 μmol·L-1芍药苷可显著减少6-OHDA诱导的PC12细胞凋亡,降低LDH漏出率,增加Bcl-2 mRNA和减少Bax mRNA表达.结论:芍药苷可显著减少6-OHDA诱导的PC12细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与调节Bax、Bcl-2表达有关.     

谷氨酸转运体、谷氨酸/胱氨酸转运体与谷氨酸神经细胞毒作用

谷氨酸转运体与谷氨酸／胱氨酸转运体在脑缺血疾病中起重要作用，谷氨酸转运体的结构或功能改变可使细胞间隙的谷氨酸浓度急剧升高，激活NMDA受体产生一系列的表现，同时抑制谷氨酸／胱氨酸转运体对胱氨酸的摄取，介导谷胱苷肽耗竭、氧自由基升高、胞内钙升高、线粒体损伤、细胞色素c释放等神经细胞毒环节，激活半胱天冬酶诱导凋亡。可进一步加重谷氨酸的神经细胞毒作用。     

IGF-1对6-OHDA诱导神经元氧化损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）对6-羟基多巴胺（6-OHDA）诱导的PC12细胞氧化损伤的保护作用。方法 以25、50、100、150、200 μmol/L 的6-OHDA 处理PC12细胞,在12、24、48 h用MTT 法检测6-OHDA 对PC12细胞活性的影响,筛选最佳的实验浓度和观察时间。实验分为3组：对照组、6-OHDA组（150 μmol/L处理24 h）和IGF-1+6-OHDA组（IGF-1 100 nmol/L预处理2 h,后加入150 μmol/L 6-OHDA处理24 h）,MTT法检测各组细胞活性;免疫荧光染色法检测细胞活性氧（ROS）水平;Hoechst33342/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡。结果 随6-OHDA浓度的增加和作用时间的延长,PC12细胞的活性呈梯度降低,150 μmol/L 6-OHDA浓度和处理后24 h作为本研究的最佳的实验浓度和观察时间。与6-OHDA组比较,IGF-1+6-OHDA组PC12细胞活力增强、ROS水平下降、细胞凋亡减少。结论 IGF-1预处理能减少6-OHDA引起的PC12细胞氧化损伤及凋亡,增加细胞活性,为防治帕金森病提供了潜在的治疗策略。     

补肾方含药血清促进PC12细胞增殖及其拮抗谷氨酸神经毒作用的研究

目的运用中药血清药理学方法研究补肾复方含药血清(BS)促进体外培养的PC12细胞增殖及其拮抗谷氨酸兴奋性神经毒损伤的作用.方法以MTT法观察BS对体外培养的PC12细胞活力的影响及其拮抗谷氨酸损伤的作用,采用流式细胞仪观察BS对谷氨酸所诱导PC12细胞凋亡的影响.结果 BS含药血清可以增强PC12细胞活力,拮抗谷氨酸的兴奋性神经毒作用且在20%浓度时作用最强,并且能够抑制谷氨酸诱导的PC12细胞早期凋亡.结论补肾方BS可能具有神经保护作用.     

Antioxidant and neuroprotector effect of Lepidium meyenii (maca) methanol leaf extract against 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA)-induced toxicity in PC12 cells

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are normally produced during cell metabolism, there is strong evidence to suggest that ROS produced in excess impair the cell and may be etiologically related to various neurodegenerative diseases. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of Lepidium meyenii (MACA) methanol leaf extract on neurotoxicity in PC12 cell exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Fresh samples of “maca” leaves were processed in order to obtain foliar extracts and to evaluate the neurobiological activity on PC12 cells, subjected to the cytotoxic effect of 6-OHDA through the determination of the capacity antioxidant, cell viability and cytotoxicity assays on PC12 cells. The results of the tests of antioxidant activity, showed maximum values of 2262.37 and 1305.36 expressed in Trolox equivalents (TEAC), for the methanolic and aqueous fractions respectively. Cell viability assays at a dose of 10?μg extract showed an increase of 31% and 60% at 6 and 12?h of pretreatment, respectively. Cytotoxicity assays at the same dose and exposure time showed a 31.4% and 47.8% reduction in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The results allow us to affirm that the methanolic foliar extract of “maca” presents in vitro neurobiological activity of antioxidant protection, increase in cell viability and reduction of cytotoxicity against oxidative stress generated by 6-OHDA. In conclusion, the present study shows a protective role for Lepidium meyenii leaf extract on 6-OHDA-induced toxicity by an antioxidant effect.     

Parkin represses 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis via stabilizing scaffold protein p62 in PC12 cells

Aim:

Parkin has been shown to exert protective effects against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced neurotoxicity in different models of Parkinson disease. In the present study we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective action of parkin in vitro.

Methods:

HEK293, HeLa and PC12 cells were transfected with parkin, parkin mutants, p62 or si-p62. Protein expression and ubiquitination were assessed using immunoblot analysis. Immunoprecipitation assay was performed to identify the interaction between parkin and scaffold protein p62. PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells were treated with 6-OHDA (200 μmol/L), and cell apoptosis was detected using PI and Hoechst staining.

Results:

In HEK293 cells co-transfected with parkin and p62, parkin was co-immunoprecipitated with p62, and parkin overexpression increased p62 protein levels. In parkin-deficient HeLa cells, transfection with wild-type pakin, but not with ligase activity-deficient pakin mutants, significantly increased p62 levels, suggesting that parkin stabilized p62 through its E3 ligase activity. Transfection with parkin or p62 significantly repressed ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HeLa cells, but transfection with parkin did not repress ERK1/2 phosphorylation in p62-knockdown HeLa cells, suggesting that p62 was involved in parkin-induced inhibition on ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Overexpression of parkin or p62 significantly repressed 6-OHDA-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in PC12 cells, and parkin overexpression inhibited 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells.

Conclusion:

Parkin protects PC12 cells against 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis via ubiquitinating and stabilizing scaffold protein p62, and repressing ERK1/2 activation.