来氟米特的合成

以N，N－二甲基甲酰胺缩醛与乙酰乙酸乙酯综合后无需分离，经环合、水解得到5－甲基异恶唑－4－甲酸，收率56％，再经酰氯化、与对三氟甲基苯胺反应得到来氟米特。总收率47．8％（按乙酰乙酸乙酯计）。     

间三氟甲基苯乙酮的合成

以三氟甲基苯为原料,经过溴化,格氏反应后与乙酸酐反应合成间三氟甲基苯乙酮,总收率４０％。     

间三氟甲基溴苯的合成新方法

间三氟甲基溴苯 ( 1 )是合成医药中间体间三氟甲基苯乙酮[1] ,进而合成嘧啶类和抗精神病类药物 [2 ] 的原料。文献报道其合成路线主要有两条 :( 1 )由三氟甲基苯 ( 2 )经硝化、还原后 ,经 Sandmeyer反应合成 [3] ;( 2 )由 2直接溴化制备 [4 ]。前者路线长 ,三废量大 ,总收率低 ,几无实用价值 ;后者的收率仅5 0 % ,而且由于三氟甲基的钝化作用 ,直接溴化所需要的温度高 ,易导致三氟甲基的水解 ,约生成 35 %左右的间溴苯甲酸 [4 ] ,同时对玻璃反应瓶也有明显的腐蚀作用。我们在研究中发现 ,使用 KBr O3-H2 SO4 体系能很好地溴化 2 ,收率可…     

马来酸氟伏沙明的合成

1-氯-4-甲氧基丁烷与对三氟甲基苄腈经格氏反应得到5-甲氧基-1-(4-三氟甲基苯基)戊酮,与盐酸羟胺成肟后经与2-氯乙胺盐酸盐缩合及成盐反应制得抗抑郁药马来酸氟伏沙明,总收率40%(以对三氟甲基苄腈计).     

非甾体抗雄激素药物氟他胺的合成工艺改进

氟他胺 ( flutamide,1 ) ,化学名 2 -甲基 - N- [4-硝基 - 3- (三氟甲基 )苯基 ]丙酰胺 ,又名氟硝丁酰胺 ,是美国 Schering药厂生产的一种强力非甾体抗雄激素药物 ,无其他主要激素的作用 ,可抑制雄激素对前列腺生长的刺激作用 ,使其萎缩 ,但对睾丸无影响 [1]。 1口服吸收迅速 ,临床用于治疗不能进行手术或放射性治疗的晚期前列腺癌和前列腺肥大症。此外 ,在畜牧业方面可能开发用于预防动物球虫病[2 ] 。文献报道 [3 ]以三氟甲苯为原料 ,经硝化、还原制得间氨基三氟甲苯 ,再酰化、硝化制得成品。其中酰化以价格较贵的吡啶为溶剂 ,收率 84.6%…     

4-氟-3-甲基吡啶-2-甲酸甲酯的合成

3-甲基吡啶-2-甲酸甲酯(2)经氧化、硝化和还原反应制得4-氨基-3-甲基吡啶-2-甲酸甲酯(5),然后经改进的Balz-Schiemann反应制得4-氟-3-甲基吡啶-2-甲酸甲酯(1),以2计总收率约18%。     

间三氟甲基苯胺的合成

以三氟甲苯为起始原料,经混酸硝化和加氢还原反应合成间三氟甲基苯胺,总收率达83%,产品纯度98%以上。     

离子液体促进氟罗沙星的合成

2,3,4-三氟苯胺经与EMME缩合、环合、氟乙基化、与N-甲基哌嗪缩合和水解反应制得氟罗沙星,前4步反应可被离子溶剂1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐促进,如环合反应温度由300℃降至200℃,总收率61%.     

抗类风湿性关节炎新药来氟米特的合成

以乙酸乙酯、原甲酸三乙酯、乙酸酐等为起始原料经缩合、环化等五步反应合成了新型免疫调节抑制剂－抗类风湿性关节炎新药来氟米特,经红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、核磁共振碳谱、质谱等确证了结构,中间体５－甲基异恶唑－４－羧酸的收率为５０％,合成总收率为２４％。     

N-(4-氯-3-三氟甲基苯基)-N'-(4-溴苯基)脲的合成

4-氯-3-三氟甲基苯胺和三光气在乙酸乙酯中反应制得4-氯-3-三氟甲基苯异氰酸酯,不经分离纯化,直接与对溴苯胺反应制得抗肿瘤药索拉非尼的中间体N-(4-氯-3-三氟甲基苯基)-N'-(4-溴苯基)脲,总收率约75%,纯度99.8%.     

Potential of neurotoxicity after a single oral dose of 4-bromo-, 4-chloro-, 4-fluoro- or 4-iodoaniline in rats

The potential for neurotoxicity after a single oral dose of four halogenated aniline derivatives--4-bromoaniline (4-BA), 4-chloroaniline (4-CA), 4- fluoroaniline (4-FA) and 4-iodoaniline (4-IA)--was given to rats was investigated at or near the lethal dosage level. Hindlimb paralysis was found in the 4-BA, 4-CA and 4-FA groups on clinical observation, with the maximum incidence of 100% in the 4-BA and 4-FA groups and 66.7% in the 4-CA group. Detailed clinical observations with functional tests identified the following effects: reduced response of hindlimb extensor thrust, gait abnormality in the open field and decreased grip strength in the fore- or hindlimbs in the 4-BA, 4-CA and 4-FA groups; decreased number of supported rearing episodes in the open field in the 4-BA and 4-CA groups; abnormal landing in the aerial righting reflex in the 4-BA and 4-FA groups; and prolonged surface righting reflex in the 4-BA group. Spongy change in the white matter of the spinal cord and brainstem and nerve fibre degeneration in the peripheral nerves were found in all haloaniline-treated groups. The central and peripheral nervous systems were most severely affected in the 4-BA group and the lesions in the 4-IA group were limited in grade. This study demonstrates that a bolus dose of 4-haloanilines to rats induces a neurotoxicity similar in character to that evoked by the parent aniline. The decreasing order of neurotoxic potential appears to be 4-BA > 4-FA > or = 4-CA > 4-IA when comparing at or near the lethal dosage level.     

Transfection of HepG2 cells with hGSTA4 provides protection against 4-hydroxynonenal-mediated oxidative injury

4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is a mutagenic ,β-unsaturated aldehyde produced during oxidative injury that is conjugated by several glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoforms. The alpha class human GSTA4-4 enzyme (hGSTA4-4) has a particularly high catalytic efficiency toward 4-HNE conjugation. However, hGST4-4 expression is low in most human cells and there are other aldehyde metabolizing enzymes that detoxify 4-HNE. In the current study, we determined the effect of over-expression of hGSTA4 mRNA on the sensitivity of HepG2 cells to 4-HNE injury. HepG2 cells transfected with an hGSTA4 vector construct exhibited high steady-state hGSTA4 mRNA, high GST–4-HNE catalytic activities, but lower basal glutathione (GSH) concentrations relative to insert-free vector (control) cells. Exposure to 4-HNE elicited an increase in GSH concentrations in the control and hGSTA4 cells, although the dose-response of GSH induction differed among the two cell types. Specifically, hGSTA4 cells had significantly higher GSH concentrations when exposed to 5–15 μM 4-HNE, but not at 20 μM 4-HNE, suggesting extensive GSH utilization at high concentrations of 4-HNE. The hGSTA4 cells exhibited a significant growth advantage relative to control cells in the absence of 4-HNE, and a trend towards increased growth at low dose exposures to 4-HNE. However, the hGSTA4 cells did not exhibit a growth advantage relative to control cells at higher 4-HNE exposures associated with increased GSH utilization. As expected, the hGSTA4 cells showed resistance to 4-HNE stimulated lipid peroxidation at all 4-HNE doses. In summary, our data indicates that over-expression of hGSTA4 at levels conferring high GST–4-HNE conjugating activity confers a partial growth advantage to HepG2 cells and protects against 4-HNE oxidative injury. However, the loss of proliferative capacity of hGSTA4 cells challenged with levels of 4-HNE associated with severe oxidative stress indicates a role of other aldehyde metabolizing enzymes, and/or GSH–electrophile transporter proteins, in providing full cellular protection against 4-HNE toxicity.     

CYP4B1: An Enigmatic P450 at the Interface between Xenobiotic and Endobiotic Metabolism

CYP4B1 belongs to the mammalian CYP4 enzyme family that also includes CYP4A, 4F, 4V, 4X, and 4Z subfamilies. CYP4B1 shares with other CYP4 proteins a capacity to ω-hydroxylate medium-chain fatty acids, which may be related to an endogenous role for the enzyme. CYP4B1 also participates in the metabolism of certain xenobiotics that are protoxic, including valproic acid, 3-methylindole, 4-ipomeanol, 3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene, and numerous aromatic amines. Although these compounds have little in common structurally or chemically, their metabolism by CYP4B1 leads to tissue-specific toxicities in several experimental animals. The bioactivation capabilities of rabbit CYP4B1 have also attracted attention in the cancer community and form the basis of a potential therapeutic strategy involving prodrug activation by the CYP4B1 transgene. The metabolic capabilities of human CYP4B1 are less clear due to difficulties in heterologous expression and existence of alternatively spliced products. Also, many CYP4B1 enzymes covalently bind their heme, a posttranslational modification unique to the CYP4 family of P450s, but common to the mammalian peroxidases. These varied characteristics render CYP4B1 an interesting and enigmatic investigational target.     

Inhibition of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase by 4-hydroxynon-2-enal and 4-oxonon-2-enal

Previous studies found the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynon-2-enal (4HNE) to be both a substrate and an inhibitor of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2). Inhibition of the enzyme by 4HNE was demonstrated kinetically to be reversible at low micromolar aldehyde but may involve covalent modification at higher concentrations. Structurally analogous to 4HNE is the lipid peroxidation product 4-oxonon-2-enal (4ONE), which is more reactive than 4HNE toward protein nucleophiles. The goal of this work was to determine whether 4ONE is a substrate or inhibitor of human ALDH2 (hALDH2) and elucidate the mechanism of enzyme inhibition by 4HNE and 4ONE. Both 4ONE and its glutathione conjugate were found to be substrates for the enzyme in the presence of NAD. At low concentrations of 4ONE (< or = 10 microM), hALDH2 catalyzed the oxidation of 4ONE to 4-oxonon-2-enoic acid (4ONEA) with a maximal yield of 5.2 mol 4ONEA produced per mol of enzyme (monomer). However, subsequent analysis of hALDH2 activity toward propionaldehyde revealed that both 4ONE and the oxidation product, 4ONEA, were potent, irreversible inhibitors of the enzyme. In contrast, inhibition of hALDH2 by a high concentration of 4HNE (i.e., 50 microM) was primarily reversible. The reactivity of 4ONEA toward glutathione was measured and found to be comparable to that of 4HNE, indicating that the 4ONE-oxidation product is a reactive electrophile. hALDH2/NAD was incubated with 4HNE, 4ONE, and 4ONEA, and mass spectral analysis of tryptic peptides revealed covalent modification of an hALDH2 active site peptide by both 4ONE and 4ONEA. These data demonstrate that hALDH2 catalyzes the oxidation of 4ONE to 4ONEA; however, the product 4ONEA is a reactive electrophile. Furthermore, both 4ONE and 4ONEA are potent, irreversible inhibitors of the enzyme.     

Physiological role of mGSTA4-4, a glutathione S-transferase metabolizing 4-hydroxynonenal: generation and analysis of mGsta4 null mouse

The lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynon-2-enal (4-HNE) is a strong electrophile that forms covalent adducts with proteins and, to a lesser extent, nucleic acids and phospholipids. The generation of 4-HNE appears to be an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism. The metabolism of 4-HNE is mainly, although not entirely, conjugative, and proceeds via Michael addition of glutathione to the double bond of 4-HNE. This reaction is catalyzed by specialized glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) exemplified by the murine mGSTA4-4. To study the (patho)physiological effects of 4-HNE in an intact organism, we disrupted the mGsta4 gene in the mouse. The resulting mGsta4 null mouse expressed no mGsta4 mRNA and no corresponding protein, had a reduced ability to conjugate 4-HNE, and had an increased steady-state level of this aldehyde in tissues. The residual conjugating activity for 4-HNE (23-64% depending on the tissue) is probably attributable to isoforms of glutathione S-transferases which have low catalytic efficiency for 4-HNE but are more abundant than mGSTA4-4, or are upregulated upon mGsta4 gene disruption. Mice homozygous for the disrupted mGsta4 allele were viable and appeared normal except for lower litter size, higher fat content in bones, and greater susceptibility to bacterial infection. The null mice had a significantly lower survival time than wild-type controls when chronically treated with relatively low doses of paraquat, a finding consistent with a role of mGSTA4-4 in the defense against oxidative stress. The mouse model should be useful for the study of degenerative conditions in which 4-HNE is postulated to be a contributing factor.     

Fenretinide metabolism in humans and mice: utilizing pharmacological modulation of its metabolic pathway to increase systemic exposure

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

High plasma levels of fenretinide [N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR)] were associated with improved outcome in a phase II clinical trial. Low bioavailability of 4-HPR has been limiting its therapeutic applications. This study characterized metabolism of 4-HPR in humans and mice, and to explore the effects of ketoconazole, an inhibitor of CYP3A4, as a modulator to increase 4-HPR plasma levels in mice and to increase the low bioavailability of 4-HPR.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

4-HPR metabolites were identified by mass spectrometric analysis and levels of 4-HPR and its metabolites [N-(4-methoxyphenyl)retinamide (4-MPR) and 4-oxo-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-oxo-4-HPR)] were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Kinetic analysis of enzyme activities and the effects of enzyme inhibitors were performed in pooled human and pooled mouse liver microsomes, and in human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 isoenzyme microsomes. In vivo metabolism of 4-HPR was inhibited in mice.

KEY RESULTS

Six 4-HPR metabolites were identified in the plasma of patients and mice. 4-HPR was oxidized to 4-oxo-4-HPR, at least in part via human CYP3A4. The CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole significantly reduced 4-oxo-4-HPR formation in both human and mouse liver microsomes. In two strains of mice, co-administration of ketoconazole with 4-HPR in vivo significantly increased 4-HPR plasma concentrations by > twofold over 4-HPR alone and also increased 4-oxo-4-HPR levels.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Mice may serve as an in vivo model of human 4-HPR pharmacokinetics. In vivo data suggest that the co-administration of ketoconazole at normal clinical doses with 4-HPR may increase systemic exposure to 4-HPR in humans.     

干扰素调节因子4在风湿性心脏病中去泛素化作用的研究

目的 探究风湿性心脏病病人干扰素调节因子4(IRF4)去泛素化与去泛素化酶USP4互相作用的分子机制,为风湿性心脏病提供新的治疗策略。方法 来自安徽医科大学第一附属医院2015年7月至2016年1月20例风湿性心脏病病人,均行体外循环下瓣膜置换手术,均顺利出院。10例健康对照来自于健康志愿者。分别抽取以上参与实验人员5 mL的外周血,经过细胞培养与转染;通过免疫共沉淀实验观察IRF4的DNA结合结构域以及和配体结合结构域是否可以和USP4互相结合;通过NI-NTA镍螯合树脂纯化实验观察IRF4蛋白针对48位和63位赖氨酸相关的去泛素化是否可以被USP4介导;应用荧光素酶检测技术观察白细胞介素(IL)-4是否可以在IRF4、活化T细胞核因子(NFATC2)和USP4共同促进下表达;利用基因沉默方法在人源Th2细胞中下调USP4。结果 下调USP4后Th2细胞相关细胞因子的转录水平也明显减少;利用流式细胞术检测经USP4抑制剂处理后的Th2细胞表达的IRF4和IL-4均减少;以流式细胞技术测得风湿性心脏病中IL-4表达增高,IRF4表达也增高。结论 风湿性心脏病病人血中IRF4的蛋白稳定表达可以通过USP4去泛素化的作用而实现;IL-4在IRF4表达增加协同NFATC2的情况下可增加表达。     

CYP4B1: an enigmatic P450 at the interface between xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism

CYP4B1 belongs to the mammalian CYP4 enzyme family that also includes CYP4A, 4F, 4V, 4X, and 4Z subfamilies. CYP4B1 shares with other CYP4 proteins a capacity to omega-hydroxylate medium-chain fatty acids, which may be related to an endogenous role for the enzyme. CYP4B1 also participates in the metabolism of certain xenobiotics that are protoxic, including valproic acid, 3-methylindole, 4-ipomeanol, 3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene, and numerous aromatic amines. Although these compounds have little in common structurally or chemically, their metabolism by CYP4B1 leads to tissue-specific toxicities in several experimental animals. The bioactivation capabilities of rabbit CYP4B1 have also attracted attention in the cancer community and form the basis of a potential therapeutic strategy involving prodrug activation by the CYP4B1 transgene. The metabolic capabilities of human CYP4B1 are less clear due to difficulties in heterologous expression and existence of alternatively spliced products. Also, many CYP4B1 enzymes covalently bind their heme, a posttranslational modification unique to the CYP4 family of P450s, but common to the mammalian peroxidases. These varied characteristics render CYP4B1 an interesting and enigmatic investigational target.     

MAP4K4 deficiency in CD4+ T cells aggravates lung damage induced by ozone-oxidized black carbon particles

As the main composition of combustion, black carbon (BC) is becoming more and more noticeable at home and abroad. Ozone-oxidized black carbon (oBC) was produced through aging of ozone, one of the near-surface pollutants, to black carbon. And oBC was found to be more oxidation and cell toxicity when compared with BC. Besides, as a key cell of immunity, whether CD4⁺ T cell would involve in lung inflammation induced by particular matter is still unclear. This study aims to observe the effect of oBC on lung damage in mice and discuss how the functional MAP4K4 defect CD4⁺ T cells (conditional knockout of MAP4K4) presents its role in this process.In our study, MAP4K4 deletion in CD4⁺ T cells (MAP4K4 cKO) could increase cell number of macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) exposed to oBC. MAP4K4 deletion in CD4⁺ T cell also affected CD4⁺ T cell differentiation in mediastinal lymph nodes after oBC stimulation. The number of CD4⁺ IL17⁺ T cell increased obviously. The levels of IL-6 mRNA of lung in MAP4K4 cKO mice was higher than that in wild type mice after exposed to oBC, while the level of IL-6 in BALF had the same trend. Histological examination showed that MAP4K4 deletion in CD4⁺ T cells affected lung inflammation induced by oBC. Results indicated that MAP4K4 cKO in CD4⁺ T cells upgraded the level of inflammation in lung when exposed to oBC, which may be connected to the CD4⁺ T cell differentiation and JNK, ERK and P38 pathways.     

普罗帕酮对钾通道亚型Kv4.2和Kv4.3电流的影响

目的　研究普罗帕酮对钾通道亚型Kv4 2和Kv4 3电流的影响。方法　采用全细胞膜片钳技术记录稳定表达Kv4 2和Kv4 3电流的人胚胎肾细胞株 (HEK2 93细胞 )电流的变化。结果　①普罗帕酮明显抑制Kv4 2和Kv4 3电流 ,呈浓度依赖性 ,IC50 分别为 1 0 3 μmol·L- 1 和 71 μmol·L- 1 ;②普罗帕酮明显加速Kv4 2和Kv4 3电流失活 ,1 0μmol·L- 1 的普罗帕酮可使Kv4 2电流衰减时间常数τ由(38 9± 2 1 )ms变为 (9 9± 1 8)ms ,半数最大失活膜电位V1 /2 由 (- 66 6± 0 8)mV左移至 (- 70 9± 1 1 )mV ;1 0 0μmol·L- 1 的普罗帕酮可使Kv4 3电流衰减时间常数τ(1 4 4 8± 2 0 8)ms变为 (1 8 5± 2 8)ms,半数最大失活膜电位V1 /2 由 (- 4 5 6± 1 9)mV左移至 (- 52 3± 2 1 )mV ;③普罗帕酮明显左移Kv4 2和Kv4 3电流的激活曲线 ,1 0μmol·L- 1 的普罗帕酮可使Kv4 2电流半数最大激活膜电位V1 /2 由 (- 4 1± 0 5)mV左移至 (- 1 6 1± 2 4)mV ;1 0 0μmol·L- 1 的普罗帕酮可使Kv4 3半数最大激活膜电位V1 /2由 (- 6 0± 1 1 )mV左移至 (- 1 6 5± 3 0 )mV。结论　普罗帕酮明显抑制Kv4 2 ,Kv4 3电流 ,该作用可能是其治疗心律失常的机制之一。