盐酸左氧氟沙星片剂和胶囊剂人体生物等效性研究

目的:评价受试制剂盐酸左氧氟沙星片和胶囊与参比片剂人体生物等效性.方法:采用3制剂3周期的优化拉丁方试验设计,24名健康男性受试者分别口服单剂量3种左氧氟沙星制剂200 mg,HPLC法测定血浆中左氧氟沙星的浓度.结果:受试制剂盐酸左氧氟沙星片、盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊和参比制剂的cmax分别为(2.24±0.33)、(2.37±0.48)和(2.05±0.37)μg/ml;tmax分别为(0.94±0.43)、(0.85±0.38)和(1.07±0.42)h;t1/2分别为(6.46±0.56)、(6.50±0.68)和(6.40±0.66)h;AUC0-24分别为(16.13±2.00)、(17.12±2.47)和(15.37±2.20)μg·h·ml-1;AUC0-∞分别为(17.46±2.34)、(18.53±2.83)和(16.63±2.59)μg·h·ml-1.受试制剂盐酸左氧氟沙星片和盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊相对于参比制剂的生物利用度分别为(105.6±8.7)%和(112.0±11.6)%.结论:受试制剂盐酸左氧氟沙星片和盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊与参比制剂盐酸左氧氟沙星片具有生物等效性.     

盐酸左氧氟沙星片剂和胶囊剂人体生物等效性研究

目的:评价受试制剂盐酸左氧氟沙星片和胶囊与参比片剂人体生物等效性。方法:采用3制剂3周期的优化拉丁方试验设计,24名健康男性受试者分别口服单剂量3种左氧氟沙星制剂200 mg,HPLC法测定血浆中左氧氟沙星的浓度。结果:受试制剂盐酸左氧氟沙星片、盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊和参比制剂的cm ax分别为(2.24±0.33)、(2.37±0.48)和(2.05±0.37)μg/m l;tm ax分别为(0.94±0.43)、(0.85±0.38)和(1.07±0.42)h;t1/2分别为(6.46±0.56)、(6.50±0.68)和(6.40±0.66)h;AUC0-24分别为(16.13±2.00)、(17.12±2.47)和(15.37±2.20)μg.h.m l-1;AUC0-∞分别为(17.46±2.34)、(18.53±2.83)和(16.63±2.59)μg.h.m l-1。受试制剂盐酸左氧氟沙星片和盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊相对于参比制剂的生物利用度分别为(105.6±8.7)%和(112.0±11.6)%。结论:受试制剂盐酸左氧氟沙星片和盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊与参比制剂盐酸左氧氟沙星片具有生物等效性。     

头孢丙烯片在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的研究2种国产头孢丙烯片(头孢类抗生素)在健康人体内的药代动力学过程,并评价这2种制剂的生物等效性。方法20例健康成年男性受试者随机分组,自身对照,单次口服头孢丙烯片1 g后,用高效液相色谱法测定头孢丙烯顺式及反式异构体的血浆浓度,用非房室模型法计算各主要药代动力学参数,并进行方差分析和生物等效性评价。结果顺式异构体:参比制剂与受试制剂的tm ax分别为(2.4±1.0),(2.3±0.8)h;Cm ax分别为(15.4±3.5),(14.8±2.8)μg.mL-1;t1/2分别为(1.4±0.1),(1.4±0.1)h;MRT分别为(3.4±0.6),(3.4±0.6)h;AUC0-t分别为(61.2±10.6),(60.3±11.4)μg.h.mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(64.7±11.2),(64.5±11.7)μg.h.mL-1;受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(99.3±14.5)%。反式异构体:参比制剂与受试制剂的tm ax分别为(2.4±0.9),(2.4±0.9)h;Cm ax分别为(1.6±0.3),(1.5±0.3)μg.mL-1;t1/2分别为(1.2±0.2),(1.5±0.6...     

2种盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究2种盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法:22名健康男性志愿者,采用单剂量、随机、自身交叉对照试验设计,分别空腹口服盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊受试制剂和参比制剂各200mg后,用反相高效液相色谱-荧光检测法检测血清中左氧氟沙星经-时过程的血药浓度,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的Cm ax分别为(2 840.7±371.6)、(2 810.5±440.0)ng.mL-1,t1/2β分别为(7.26±1.21)、(7.28±1.58)h,tm ax分别为(1.13±0.44)、(1.09±0.34)h,AUC0~24分别为(20 908.9±3 178.2)、(20 398.0±2 576.4)ng.h.mL-1,AUC0~∞分别为(23 173.6±3 600.4)、(22 492.4±2 649.0)ng.h.mL-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(103.1±14.1)%。结论:2种盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊具有生物等效性。     

盐酸曲美他嗪胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的 评价国产盐酸曲美他嗪胶囊和进口盐酸曲美他嗪包衣片的人体生物等效性.方法 20名健康男性受试者按两制剂两周期的交叉试验设计单剂量口服20 mg的参比制剂和受试制剂后,采用LE-MS法测定血浆中盐酸曲美他嗪的浓度,使用DAS 1.0软件计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性统计分析.结果 参比制剂和受试制剂的ρmax分别为(55.9±9.2)和(56.4±12.2)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(2.5±0.8)和(2.7±0.9)h;AUC0→24h分别为(493.8±82.8)和(489.8±108.4)μg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(513.7±88.6)和(510.1±116.8)μg·h·L-1;t1/2分别为(4.8±0.4)和(4.7±0.4)h.双单侧t检验结果显示受试制剂的ρmax、AUC0→24h的90%置信区间分别为参比制剂相应参数的92.0%～108.4%和91.5%～105.3%,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(99.6±16.5)%(以AUC0→24h计算).结论 国产盐酸曲美他啶胶囊与其进口包衣片具有生物等效性.     

左氧氟沙星分散片人体相对生物利用度及生物等效性研究

目的 研究国产左氧氟沙星片剂的相对生物利用度,并且评价该制剂的生物等效性.方法 20名男性健康受试者随机交叉双周期给药,分别口服单剂量左氧氟沙星试验制剂及参比制剂,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,计算两者的药动学参数及相对生物利用度,并评价试验制剂的生物等效性.结果 口服左氧氟沙星200 mg试验和参比制剂的主要药代力学参数,t1/2分别为(11.0±3.2)h和(9.5±2.6)h;Tmax分别为(0.90±0.46)h和(1.3±0.62)h;Cmax分别为(2.7±0.75)μg·mL-1和(2.65±0.70)μg·mL-1; AUC0～T分别为(16.6±3.0)μg·h·mL-1和(16.5±2.6)μg·h·mL-1;AUC0～∞分别为(18.2±3.9)μg·h·mL-1和(19.2±3.5)μg·h·mL-1.按实测值AUC0-T 计算,试验制剂对于参比制剂的平均相对生物利用度为(100.6±10.2)%.Cmax、AUC0-T和AUC0-∞三个药动学参数制剂间均无显著性差异(P>0.05),服药周期对Cmax,AUC0-T和AUC0-∞三个参数亦无明显影响(P>0.05),Cmax、AUC0-T和AUC0-∞三个药动学参数均存在明显的个体间差异(P<0.05).统计结果显示,AUC0-T的置信区间为100.7%～113.0%,AUC0-∞的置信区间为100.1%～112.2%,Cmax的置信区间为95.0%～115.4%,均符合等效标准;Cmax,AUC0-T和AUC0-∞三个参数的双向t检验结果同样符合等效标准;Tmax经非参检验结果合格.结论 左氧氟沙星分散片试验制剂相对参比制剂生物等效.     

乳酸左氧氟沙星片人体药物动力学及生物等效性研究

目的研究乳酸左氧氟沙星片在健康人体内的药物动力学,评价两种片剂的生物等效性.方法 18名健康男性志愿者单次交叉口服乳酸左氧氟沙星供试制剂或参比制剂200 mg,采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定血浆中左氧氟沙星的浓度,计算其药物动力学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两制剂的生物等效性.结果供试制剂和参比制剂实测AUC0～24分别为(17.83±1.80)、(18.35±2.00)μg·h·mL-1,cmax分别为(3.14±0.75)、(3.03±0.61)μg·mL-1,tmax分别为(0.9±0.4)h和(1.0±0.4)h,t1/2分别为(6.57±0.69)h和(6.43±0.54)h.供试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(98.0%±12.3%).结论两制剂具有生物等效性.     

盐酸伐昔洛韦泡腾片在人体内的生物等效性

目的考察两种盐酸伐昔洛韦片的人体生物等效性。方法采用双制剂双周期自身交叉对照的方法,将18名健康男性受试者随机分为两组,单剂量口服盐酸伐昔洛韦受试制剂和参比制剂各0.6 g;血浆中阿昔洛韦浓度用HPLC法测定,DAS软件计算药物动力学参数,并对其进行生物等效性评价。结果盐酸伐昔洛韦受试制剂和参比制剂的Cm ax分别为2.54±0.32、2.59±0.44μg.m l-1;Tm ax分别为2.28±0.31、2.22±0.26 h;AUC0→Tn分别为10.75±1.804、11.35±2.548μg.h.m l-1,AUC0→∞分别为11.49±2.06、12.09±2.757μg.h.m l-1;t1/2分别为2.55±0.69 h、2.67±0.76 h。按盐酸伐昔洛韦药-时曲线下0→Tn的面积计算,相对生物利用度为96.1%。结论盐酸伐昔洛韦受试制剂与参比制剂相比,AUC、Cm ax符合生物等效性要求,Tm ax比较差异无统计学意义,受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

盐酸氨溴索干混悬剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的研究盐酸氨溴索干混悬剂和盐酸氨溴索片的生物等效性.方法24名健康志愿者分别单剂量口服盐酸氨溴索干混悬剂(受试制剂)和盐酸氨溴索片(参比制剂)各90 mg,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中盐酸氨溴索的浓度.采用Das 2.0程序计算其药动学参数.结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数分别为t1/2(7.968±3.212)和(7.176±3.512)h;Cmax(0.173±0.070)和(0.174±0.072)μg·mL-1;Tmax(0.969±0.450)和(0.927±0.116)h;AUC0-t(1.149±0.237)和(1.141±0.244)μg·h·mL-1.以AUC0-t计算,与参比制剂相比受试制剂中盐酸氨溴索的平均相对生物利用度为(102.0±15.1)%.结论两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

洛芬葡锌那敏分散片中布洛芬与复方锌布颗粒中布洛芬在健康人体的生物等效性

目的建立准确、灵敏的液相色谱-质谱联用法(LC-MS/MS),并比较健康受试者单剂量口服洛芬葡锌那敏(非甾体抗炎药)分散片(受试制剂)和复方锌布颗粒(参比制剂)后的生物等效性。方法采用随机开放、双周期自身交叉单剂量给药试验设计(清洗期为2周)。20名志愿受试者分别单次空腹口服等剂量洛芬葡锌那敏分散片(受试制剂)和复方锌布颗粒(参比制剂)(相当于布洛芬300 mg)。以吲达帕胺为内标,用ESI负离子选择性反应监测(SRM)模式测定血浆中布洛芬浓度,计算药代动力学参数及进行临床生物等效性评价。结果洛芬葡锌那敏分散片(受试制剂)中布洛芬的Cm ax为(24.11±12.15)μg.mL-1,tm ax为(2.23±0.84)h,AUC0-t为(70.81±31.02)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0-∞为(72.67±31.11)μg.h.mL-1,t1/2为(1.59±0.32)h。复方锌布颗粒(参比制剂)中布洛芬的Cm ax为(24.94±9.25)μg.mL-1,tm ax为(1.81±0.84)h,AUC0-t为(70.53±27.31)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0-∞为(72.81±27.08)μg.h.mL...     

Physicochemical properties of maltosyl and glucosaminyl derivatives of beta-lactoglobulin

Maltosyl and glucosaminyl derivatives of beta-lactoglobulin (b-LG) were analyzed for their physicochemical properties: reduced viscosity, ultraviolet difference spectra, intrinsic fluorescence, hydrophobicity and circular dichroism. The viscosity of these derivatives increased as the mass of the carbohydrates covalently linked to b-LG increased. The ultraviolet difference spectra and the intrinsic fluorescence of these proteins revealed that the microenvironments of aromatic amino acid residues of b-LG were increasingly exposed to the surface of the protein as the extent of modification increased; and the polarity of these residues also increased as modification increased. The hydrophobicities of M-b-LG derivatives decreased as the extent of modification increased while the hydrophobicities of G-b-LG derivatives were relatively unchanged. The circular dichroic analysis of these proteins indicated that the ordered secondary structures of the extensively modified derivatives of b-LG were partially unfolded. Thus, the carbohydrates covalently linked to b-LG altered many physiochemical properties. These physicochemical changes of b-LG apparently resulted from an alteration of forces stabilizing the structure of the protein.     

不同剂量大枣对D-半乳糖衰老小鼠SOD活性和MDA含量影响的实验研究

本实验以昆明种小鼠为研究对象,颈背部注射 Ｄ－ｇａｌ建立衰老模型,同时以大枣作为抗衰老实验药物灌服,测定了脑组织内超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量．实验结果表明：不同剂量大枣均可提高小鼠脑组织 ＳＯＤ活性,并能降低脑组织 ＭＤＡ含量．说明不同剂量大枣均可提高小鼠脑组织ＳＯＤ活性,并能降低脑组织ＭＤＡ含量,大枣具有一定的抗衰老作用．     

Intracerebral microdialysis: 30 years as a tool for the neuroscientist

1. Microdialysis is an established technique for studying physiological, pharmacological and pathological changes of a wide range of low molecular weight substances in the brain extracellular fluid. Many studies have proven its sensitivity in sampling the extracellular space in discrete brain locations, such as the striatum, and monitoring the action of exogenous substances. 2. The two main areas of application of microdialysis are the recovery of endogenous substances, primarily the neurotransmitters, and the infusion of drugs through the microdialysis cannula (retrodialysis). 3. Microdialysis in awake animals is the tool of choice for studying the relationship between changes in behaviour and neurotransmitters in certain brain areas. In addition, the concomitant recording of the electroencephalogram at the site of microdialysis has been shown to be extremely useful in determining the role of certain neurotransmitters in paroxysmal activity. 4. Clinical applications of microdialysis have included monitoring of ischaemic injury, subarachnoid haemorrhage, trauma and epilepsy. With the recent availability of standardized equipment, the use of microdialysis in the neurological clinic is likely to become more common.     

Women’s issues in mood disorders

Since the introduction of antidepressants in the 1950s, it was assumed for the next several decades that there were no special reasons to look at the application of these medications to women. In the past half-century, particularly in the past decade, since the advent of the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI), a series of specific foci have developed. Firstly, there appear to be differences in the degree of response to particular antidepressants between the genders. Secondly, there is data concerning hormonal effects of particular relevance to women, i.e. prolactin, which separates out among the antidepressants. Also of concern to women are the potential teratogenic effects of these medications, which impact on their use during pregnancy. Finally, there are certain diagnostic syndromes that are particularly relevant to women: premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD); postpartum depression (PPD) and perimenopausal depression (PMD). It appears that the SSRIs may be more effective, relative to the older tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), in women than in men. The SSRIs have shown to be effective in treating these disorders, with the possibility of intermittent luteal phase treatment of PMDD. Non-antidepressant (AD) approaches have generally been found to be less effective. In the first trimester of pregnancy, there is data available supporting the safe use of SSRIs, particularly those first released, i.e. fluoxetine and sertraline. Finally, all SSRIs, with the exception of sertraline, can increase the risk of hyperprolactinaemia. This can lead to a variety of complications including amenorrhea and osteoporosis. This effect of sertraline, due to its unique profile in blocking re-uptake of dopamine, extends itself into additional relative benefits for sleep and memory. The issues associated for women with bipolar disorder are dealt with in terms of both increased risk of relapse during pregnancy and postpartum periods, as well as the relative risk of use of lithium and mood stabilisers in pregnancy and lactation.     

Differential effects of serotonergic and catecholaminergic drugs on ingestive behavior

The serotonergic agonists fenfluramine and fluoxetine and the catecholaminergic agonists amphetamine and phenylpropanolamine are well known to cause a reduction in intake in rats. In the studies reported here we investigated the effects of these drugs on the microstructure of licking behavior of the rat ingesting 0.4 M sucrose. The purpose was to examine the similarities in the behavioral effects within and between these two classes of anorectic agents. The serotonergic agonists fenfluramine and fluoxetine caused a reduction in intake primarily by reducing the size of bursts and clusters of licking within the test meal without affecting the duration of the meal, suggesting a reduction in the palatability of the test solution. The catecholamine agonists amphetamine and phenylpropanolamine reduced intake primarily by reducing the number of bursts and clusters without affecting their size, suggesting a fractionation in the organization of the normal pattern of ingestion. The differences between the two serotonin and the two catecholamine agonists on the microstructure of the licking behavior suggest a different effect of the two neurotransmitters on the motor system that controls ingestive behavior. The similarities between the two different agonists within each class suggests a common neurotransmitter mechanism responsible for these two different effects on the behavior of the animals.Supported by NIH Grant DK41563 (JDD).     

Emerging drug treatments for cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common life-shortening inherited disorders. Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene disrupt the localisation and function of the cAMP-mediated chloride channel. Most of the morbidity and mortality arise from the lung disease which is characterised by excessive inflammation and chronic infection. Research into the mechanisms of wild-type and mutant CFTR biogenesis suggest that multiple drug targets can be identified. This review explores the current understanding of the nature of the different mutant CFTR forms and the potential for repair of the chloride channel defect. High-throughput screening, pharmacogenomics and proteomics bring recent technological advances to the field.     

Berberine ameliorates the neurological dysfunction of the gastric fundus by promoting calcium channels dependent release of ACh in STZ-induced diabetic rats

BackgroundIt has been reported diabetic gastroparesis is related to diabetic autonomic neuropathy of the gastrointestinal tract, and berberine (BBR) could ameliorate diabetic central and peripheral neuropathy. However, the influence of BBR on the function and motility of the gastric fundus nerve is unclear.MethodsA diabetic rat model was constructed, and HE staining was used to observe the morphological changes in the gastric fundus. The changes in cholinergic and nitrogen-related neurochemical indexes and the effects of BBR on them were measured using Elisa. The effects of BBR on the neural function and motility of gastric fundus were investigated by electric field stimulation (EFS) induced neurogenic response in vitro.ResultsIn the early stage of STZ-induced diabetic rats, the contractile response of gastric fundus induced by EFS was disorder, disturbance of contraction amplitude, and the cell bodies of neurons in the myenteric plexus of gastric fundus presented vacuolar lesions. Administration with BBR could improve the above symptoms. BBR further enhanced the contraction response in the presence of a NOS inhibitor or the case of inhibitory neurotransmitters removal. Interestingly, the activity of ACh could affect NO release directly and the enhancement of BBR on contractile response was canceled by calcium channel blockers completely.ConclusionsIn the early stage of STZ-induced diabetic rats, the neurogenic contractile response disorder of the gastric fundus is mainly related to cholinergic and nitrergic nerve dysfunction. BBR promotes the release of ACh mainly by affecting the calcium channel to improve the neurological dysfunction of the gastric fundus.     

Improving antivenom availability and accessibility: Science, technology, and beyond

Snakebite envenomings constitute a serious and neglected public health problem. Despite the fact that effective treatment exists, i.e. administration of animal-derived antivenoms, the availability and accessibility of these life-saving immunobiologicals is deficitary in various parts of the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and some regions of Asia. This article discusses some of the problems that need to be circumvented in order to improve the availability and accessibility of antivenoms. The conglomerate of antivenom manufacturers is highly heterogeneous in terms of technological base, qualification of staff, implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), and volume of production. Therefore, improvements in antivenom quality and availability should be based on strategies tailored to the situation of each region or country; in this context, three different scenarios are discussed. Accessibility of antivenoms demands concerted efforts at multiple levels, including raising the awareness of public health authorities on the relevance of the problem, implementing innovative antivenom purchasing schemes, strengthening national distribution channels on the basis of robust epidemiological information, improving the cold chain and the provision of health services in remote rural settings, supporting the correct use of antivenoms, and promoting the involvement of local community organizations in various aspects of prevention and management. These tasks should be envisaged in terms of synergistic, interprogrammatic and intersectorial interventions, with the participation of many players.     

硫酸新霉素软膏的质量评价

目的评价硫酸新霉素软膏的质量现状并分析存在的问题。方法按法定标准检验与探索性研究相结合,对原料及国家计划抽验的2批次制剂进行检验,通过对软膏及原料的粒径、晶型、有关物质、杂质谱、含量测定方法等的考察,分析原料及制剂的质量状况及质量标准合理性。结果按法定标准检验2批次硫酸新霉素软膏,合格率为100%。探索性研究显示软膏含量均匀性欠佳,进一步分析原因,发现原料粒径大小及分布均欠均匀,且原料在存放及制剂过程中易发生转晶;针对质量标准中缺失的有关物质检查项,建立了硫酸新霉素含量测定及有关物质检查的HPLC-PAD方法,并对杂质谱进行研究;初步完成了HPLC-PAD法替代微生物检定法测定硫酸新霉素效价的量效一致性研究。结论国内硫酸新霉素软膏质量总体良好;原料粒径不均匀及易发生结晶形态的转变,可能导致制剂含量均匀性欠佳;建议原料及软膏现行标准中增订有关物质检查项,用HPLC-PAD法替代传统的效价测定;建议原料药企业对原料工艺进行优化,以进一步提高产品质量。     

Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes

Aminoglycosides have been an essential component of the armamentarium in the treatment of life-threatening infections. Unfortunately, their efficacy has been reduced by the surge and dissemination of resistance. In some cases the levels of resistance reached the point that rendered them virtually useless. Among many known mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycosides, enzymatic modification is the most prevalent in the clinical setting. Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes catalyze the modification at different –OH or –NH₂ groups of the 2-deoxystreptamine nucleus or the sugar moieties and can be nucleotidyltranferases, phosphotransferases, or acetyltransferases. The number of aminoglycoside modifying enzymes identified to date as well as the genetic environments where the coding genes are located is impressive and there is virtually no bacteria that is unable to support enzymatic resistance to aminoglycosides. Aside from the development of new aminoglycosides refractory to as many as possible modifying enzymes there are currently two main strategies being pursued to overcome the action of aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. Their successful development would extend the useful life of existing antibiotics that have proven effective in the treatment of infections. These strategies consist of the development of inhibitors of the enzymatic action or of the expression of the modifying enzymes.