盐酸曲美他嗪胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的 评价国产盐酸曲美他嗪胶囊和进口盐酸曲美他嗪包衣片的人体生物等效性.方法 20名健康男性受试者按两制剂两周期的交叉试验设计单剂量口服20 mg的参比制剂和受试制剂后,采用LE-MS法测定血浆中盐酸曲美他嗪的浓度,使用DAS 1.0软件计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性统计分析.结果 参比制剂和受试制剂的ρmax分别为(55.9±9.2)和(56.4±12.2)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(2.5±0.8)和(2.7±0.9)h;AUC0→24h分别为(493.8±82.8)和(489.8±108.4)μg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(513.7±88.6)和(510.1±116.8)μg·h·L-1;t1/2分别为(4.8±0.4)和(4.7±0.4)h.双单侧t检验结果显示受试制剂的ρmax、AUC0→24h的90%置信区间分别为参比制剂相应参数的92.0%～108.4%和91.5%～105.3%,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(99.6±16.5)%(以AUC0→24h计算).结论 国产盐酸曲美他啶胶囊与其进口包衣片具有生物等效性.     

盐酸伐昔洛韦片的人体生物等效性

目的研究2种盐酸伐昔洛韦片的生物等效性。方法18名健康受试者单剂量交叉口服500和600 mg 2种规格的盐酸伐昔洛韦片,采用HPLC-UV检测法测定血药浓度。数据经DAS软件处理。结果盐酸伐昔洛韦供试制剂600 mg片与参比制剂500 mg片的主要药动学参数如下:AUC0→Tn分别是(11.15±2.05)、(9.82±2.09)mg.h.L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(11.80±2.24)、(10.51±2.20)mg.h.L-1;ρmax分别是(2.85±0.62)、(2.40±0.51)mg.L-1;tmax分别是(2.19±0.30)、(2.19±0.25)h;t21分别是(2.51±0.45)、(2.80±0.35)h。将两制剂主要药动学参数AUC0→Tn、AUC0→∞、ρmax经剂量校正后对数转化,作生物等效性分析,按AUC0→Tn计算,受试片的相对生物利用度为(94.30±8.62)%。tmax经非参数秩和检验,两制剂差异无统计学意义。结论2种规格的盐酸伐昔洛韦生物等效。     

HPLC-MS法测定人血浆中氨氯地平浓度及其生物等效性评价

目的研究氨氯地平片在健康志愿者体内的药动学及其生物等效性。方法采用随机双交叉试验设计,18名健康受试者口服受试制剂和参比制剂5 mg,用HPLC-MS法测定血浆中氨氯地平浓度。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:AUC0→t分别为(152.73±44.50)和(147.02±40.65)μg.h.L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(167.92±50.71)和(161.56±46.56)μg.h.L-1;ρmax分别为(3.93±0.75)和(3.87±0.91)μg.L-1;tmax分别为(6.6±2.3)和(6.0±1.4)h;t12分别为(34.34±6.43)和(34.11±4.62)h。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(104.0±11.3)%。结论氨氯地平片的受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

布洛芬口腔崩解片的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性

目的研究布洛芬口腔崩解片与普通片的相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法20名成年男性健康受试者采用随机交叉自身对照分别口服布洛芬口腔崩解片和普通片200mg。用HPLC法测定血药浓度,用3P97软件计算药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价生物等效性。结果布洛芬口腔崩解片与普通片的主要药动学参数分别为:t1/2(2.22±0.28)、(2.16±0.43)h,tmax(2.04±0.78)、(1.74±0.84)h,ρmax(21.97±5.83)、(22.68±4.41)mg·L-1;AUC0→12(87.88±15.70)、(89.89±16.46)mg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞(90.93±16.40)、(92.62±17.11)mg·h·L-1。口腔崩解片的相对生物利用度F0→12、F0→∞分别为(98.9±12.7)%和(99.2±12.4)%。lnAUC0→12、lnAUC0→∞和lnρmax经方差分析、双单侧t检验及90%置信区间统计结果均符合要求。tmax非参数法检验结果,Z=-1.424,P=0.155,无显著性差异。结论2种制剂呈生物等效。     

盐酸氨溴索口腔崩解片人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究单剂量口服盐酸氨溴索口腔崩解片后的血药浓度经-时过程,并进行生物等效性评价。方法:18名健康男性受试者自身交叉单剂量口服盐酸氨溴索口腔崩解片(受试制剂)与盐酸氨溴索片(参比制剂)90mg,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的Cmax分别为(169.58±39.43)、(170.28±43.26)ng.mL-1,tmax分别为(1.6±0.5)、(2.2±0.6)h,t1/2分别为(6.77±2.04)、(6.50±1.27)h,AUC0～24分别为(1131.26±289.36)、(1191.54±270.17)ng.h.mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(1215.27±306.56)、(1281.44±291.51)ng.h.mL-1;受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(95.5±15.6)%。结论:2种制剂的吸收程度等效,说明本制剂具有明显的速释效果。     

吉米沙星片在健康人体中的生物等效性

目的评价国产(受试制剂)及进口(参比制剂)吉米沙星片在中国健康人体内的生物等效性。方法 22名男性健康受试者采用随机交叉设计试验,用高效液相色谱-紫外检测(HPLC-UV)法测定单剂量口服吉米沙星片受试制剂和参比制剂各320 mg后吉米沙星的血药质量浓度。所得数据经WinNonlin4.2药动学计算程序处理计算主要药动学参数,并进行双单侧t检验确定是否生物等效。结果吉米沙星参比制剂与受试制剂主要药动学参数:tmax分别为(1.1±0.4)h和(1.0±0.5)h;ρmax分别为(2.39±0.58)mg·L-1及(2.54±0.76)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(7.2±1.2)h及(7.5±1.6)h;AUC0-36 h分别为(12.88±2.29)mg·h·L-1和(13.07±2.83)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(13.57±2.32)mg·h·L-1和(13.82±2.87)mg·h·L-1;吉米沙星片受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(102.5±17.9)%,统计学结果表明受试制剂与参比制剂的tmax、ρmax、t1/2、AUC均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论本文HPLC-UV法样品处理简便迅速,方法灵敏度高,可准确测定吉米沙星血药浓度。测定的国产吉米沙星片与进口品具有生物等效性。     

氢溴酸加兰他敏口腔崩解片的人体药代动力学和生物等效性研究

目的建立人血浆中加兰他敏的高效液相色谱-质谱测定方法,用于研究氢溴酸加兰他敏口腔崩解片的人体药代动力学和生物等效性。方法20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉给药,分别单剂量口服国产的氢溴酸加兰他敏口腔崩解片(受试制剂)及氢溴酸加兰他敏口腔分散片(参比制剂),采用高效液相色谱-质谱法,电喷雾电离源选择性正离子检测受试者血浆中加兰他敏的浓度。结果计算两者主要药动学参数:Cmax分别为(51.883±14.185)和(53.500±13.478)μg.L-1,tmax分别为(1.092±1.014)和(1.150±0.528)h,AUC(0→30)分别为(501.679±136.094)和(464.010±100.890)μg.h.L-1。结论受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为106.2%,两制剂在人体内具有生物等效性。     

盐酸氨溴索口崩片与普通片人体生物等效性比较

目的:对国产盐酸氨溴索口腔崩解片和进口普通片进行生物等效性研究。方法:20名健康男性志愿者按2×2交叉试验方案设计,分别口服受试制剂和参比制剂各90mg,并采集服药后24h内动态血标本;采用HPLC-MS/MS法测定血浆中氨溴索质量浓度,计算药动学参数,并判定两种制剂是否生物等效。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(175.6±57.3)μg.L-1和(173.6±50.7)μg.L-1,tmax分别为(1.3±0.3)h和(1.3±0.4)h,AUC0-24分别为(772.1±275.3)μg.L-1.h和(760.3±205.7)μg.L-1.h,AUC0-∞分别为(862.5±300.8)μg.L-1.h和(839.9±241.5)μg.L-1.h,t1/2(ke)分别为(6.8±2.6)和(6.5±2.9)h,两制剂主要药动学参数经对数转换后进行方差分析及双单侧t检验,并计算90%置信区间,表明两种制剂生物等效,受试制剂的人体生物利用度为(100.3±16.5)%。结论:两种制剂生物等效。     

复方盐酸二甲双胍片的人体生物等效性

目的研究试验制剂国产复方盐酸二甲双胍片与参比制剂格列本脲片、盐酸二甲双胍片的人体生物等效性。方法健康志愿者20名,随机双交叉单剂量口服2种制剂,2次服药间隔为2 wk。分别于服药后24 h内多点抽取静脉血,用RP-HPLC测定血浆中格列本脲和盐酸二甲双胍的浓度。血药浓度经3P97程序处理,用非房室模型估算药动学参数。结果试验制剂和参比制剂血浆中格列本脲的ρmax分别为(190.91±45.01)(、175.71±27.47)μg.L-1,tmax分别为(2.60±0.87)、(2.35±0.71)h,AUC0→24分别为(1 110.85±275.12)(、1 074.77±202.76)μg.h.L-1,AUC0→∞分别为(1 187.91±275.55)(、1 168.52±168.65)μg.h.L-1;二甲双胍的ρmax分别为(3.06±0.63)、(3.06±0.55)mg.L-1,tmax分别为(1.57±0.37)(、1.65±0.37)h,AUC0→12分别为(12.05±1.92)、(12.05±1.79)mg.h.L-1,AUC0→∞分别为(12.47±1.97)(、12.51±1.80)mg.h.L-1。以格列本脲和盐酸二甲双胍计算的人体相对生物利用度分别为(103.8±17.9)%和(100.7±13.0)%。结论2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

尼索地平口腔崩解片和普通片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的研究尼索地平口腔崩解片和普通片在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性。方法 20例男性健康志愿者,随机交叉口服尼索地平口腔崩解片10 mg和普通片10 mg,间隔7 d。用高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定血浆中尼索地平的血药浓度,计算主要药动学参数。结果尼索地平口腔崩解片和普通片中尼索地平的tmax分别为(1.50±0.40)h和(1.43±0.49)h,ρmax分别为(1 252.5±918.6)ng·L-1和(1 240.6±757.7)ng·L-1,t1/2分别为(8.07±2.00)h和(8.77±2.46)h,AUC0-t分别为(5 505.3±3 398.3)ng·h·L-1和(4 781.1±2 102.8)ng·h·L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(6 053.0±3 603.8)ng·h·L-1和(5 413.6±2 388.3)ng·h·L-1。以AUC0-t计算,尼索地平口腔崩解片的相对生物利用度为(113.1±31.3)%。两种片剂的药动学参数均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论尼索地平口腔崩解片和普通片在健康人体内具有生物等效性。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Nachweis einiger Heilmittel in der Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit

Zusammenfassung Mittels Gaschromatographie und Dünschichtchromatographie wiesen die Autoren 11 Substanzen nach, welche durch Injektion oder nach Verabreichung per os in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit eindrangen. In ihrer Aufstellung konnten sie eine direkte Beziehung zwischen Struktur sowie chemischphysikalischen Eigenschaften der Substanz und ihrer Fähigkeit, aus dem Blut in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit einzudringen, nicht nachweisen, außer der Tatsache, daß Substanzen mit starker Affinität zu Eiweißstoffen erst in höheren Dosen nachweisbar waren.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.