纳米脂质体包裹胰岛素经Caco-2细胞转运的研究

目的　研究脂质体包裹胰岛素、壳聚糖包覆脂质体胰岛素对胰岛素透过Caco 2细胞的促进作用。方法　用培养于Transwell上的Caco 2细胞作为通透模型研究胰岛素的通透促进作用;用ELISA方法检测细胞裂解液中胰岛素的含量;用荧光标记的方法研究药物的通透途径。结果　脂质体,特别是壳聚糖均可以增加胰岛素的通透量。脂质体和壳聚糖可打开细胞间连接,但是生物大分子主要通过跨细胞转运进行。结论　壳聚糖包覆脂质体胰岛素促进胰岛素的跨细胞转运主要通过胞内途径进行。     

麦冬多糖MDG-1在Caco-2细胞模型中转运机制研究

目的研究麦冬多糖抗心肌缺血活性成分MDG-1在Caco-2细胞模型中转运机制。方法以Caco-2细胞作为转运研究模型,分别测定改变转运方向,使用P糖蛋白(P-gp)外排泵专属抑制剂维拉帕米(verapam il),以及改变给药浓度各种条件下,MDG-1的跨细胞转运情况。结果麦冬多糖MDG-1的分泌转运(BL-AP)的表观渗透系数Papp并未数倍于吸收转运(AP-BL),两者相近,同时P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米加入与否对麦冬多糖MDG-1转运没有影响;在考察的系列药物浓度范围内,MDG-1的转运随着药物浓度的增加而呈线性增加。结论麦冬多糖MDG-1在Caco-2细胞模型中的转运机制很可能是以被动扩散为主,并且以未降解的药物形式转运,无P-gp外排泵参与。     

麦冬多糖MDG-1在Caco-2细胞模型中转运机制研究

目的研究麦冬多糖抗心肌缺血活性成分MDG-1在Caco-2细胞模型中转运机制。方法以Caco-2细胞作为转运研究模型,分别测定改变转运方向,使用P糖蛋白(P-gp)外排泵专属抑制剂维拉帕米(verapam il),以及改变给药浓度各种条件下,MDG-1的跨细胞转运情况。结果麦冬多糖MDG-1的分泌转运(BL-AP)的表观渗透系数Papp并未数倍于吸收转运(AP-BL),两者相近,同时P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米加入与否对麦冬多糖MDG-1转运没有影响;在考察的系列药物浓度范围内,MDG-1的转运随着药物浓度的增加而呈线性增加。结论麦冬多糖MDG-1在Caco-2细胞模型中的转运机制很可能是以被动扩散为主,并且以未降解的药物形式转运,无P-gp外排泵参与。     

芦丁在Caco-2细胞模型中吸收和外排机制的研究

利用Caco-2细胞模型研究芦丁在小肠上皮的摄取、跨膜转运及外排动力学机制,评价孵育时间、芦丁浓度、p-糖蛋白抑制剂环孢素A和多药耐药相关蛋白抑制剂维拉帕米对芦丁的细胞摄取与转运的影响.结果表明,药物摄取量与孵育时间、药物浓度呈正相关,环孢素A和维拉帕米对芦丁的细胞摄取量无显著影响(P＞0.05).不同浓度药物从基底侧(basolateral,BL)到肠腔侧(Apical,AP)的表观渗透系数Papp,BL-AP与AP到BL的Papp,AP-BL比值均在0.5～1.5.试验结果提示芦丁是以被动扩散为主要转运方式被小肠上皮细胞摄取和转运,且不受外排蛋白外排作用的影响.     

Caco-2细胞模型在药物体外研究中的应用

Caco-2细胞模型是一种筛选药物离体口服特性的模型,已广泛用于评价药物在小肠的吸收特性和各种转运机制的研究.现综述Caco-2细胞单层模型的基本特点及其在药物的小肠吸收、代谢以及高通量筛选等方面的应用.     

姜黄素在Caco-2细胞模型中的吸收机制研究

目的 测定姜黄素透过Caco-2单细胞层的浓度,研究其吸收特征.方法 用Caco-2细胞单层模型来考察时间、浓度、不同药物酮康唑、维拉帕米、胡椒碱对姜黄素吸收的影响.采用液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)法,测定姜黄素浓度并计算其表观渗透系数(Papp).结果 不同浓度姜黄素在90 min之前Papp大小顺序为:180 ＞240 ＞300 μg/ml;与对照组比较,胡椒碱,低浓度酮康唑,维拉帕米对姜黄素的吸收均呈不同程度的促进作用(P＜0.05).结论 姜黄素的吸收具有明显的高浓度饱和现象,且不呈线性变化,初步判定其吸收为主动吸收机制;促进姜黄素吸收的原因可能与酮康唑抑制Ⅰ相代谢酶CYP450 3A4和1A2酶的活性;胡椒碱抑制姜黄素Ⅱ相代谢酶-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶;维拉帕米抑制药物外排性转运蛋白-P-糖蛋白的活性有关.     

矢车菊黄素在Caco-2细胞模型中的吸收机制研究

目的 研究矢车菊黄素（centaureidin）在Caco-2细胞单层模型中的吸收机制。方法 以HPLC分析矢车菊黄素浓度,用Caco-2 细胞单层模型评价吸收时间、药物浓度、介质pH值、抑制剂等对矢车菊黄素吸收的影响,研究矢车菊黄素的吸收机制,计算表观渗透系数（apparent permeability coefficient, Papp）。结果 药物的吸收与药物浓度和吸收时间正相关;弱酸性介质条件下有利于药物的吸收;2,4-二硝基酚（DNP）对药物吸收无影响,但异博定（verapamil）可增加药物的吸收;从肠腔侧到基底侧的转运小于基底侧到肠腔侧的转运。结论 矢车菊黄素在Caco-2细胞模型中的吸收主要是被动转运,受P-糖蛋白的外排作用。     

布洛芬在Caco-2细胞模型中的转运行为考察

采用Caco-2细胞单层模型考察了布洛芬的吸收机制.用HPLC法测定了磷酸盐缓冲液中布洛芬的转运量.结果显示,布洛芬的转运量受培养时间、浓度和P-糖蛋白抑制剂维拉帕米的影响,其表观渗透系数为1×10-6～7×10-6cm/s,且双向转运的表观渗透性存在方向性差异.这提示布洛芬在Caco-2细胞模型中以主动转运和被动扩散两种机制吸收,且存在P-糖蛋白介导的外排机制.     

坎地沙坦与坎地沙坦酯在Caco-2细胞模型中的转运特性

目的 研究坎地沙坦(Cand)与坎地沙坦酯(Cil)在Caco-2细胞中的跨膜转运特征.方法 采用Caco-2细胞单层膜模型来考察药物的浓度、介质pH与P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米对Cand与Cil跨膜转运的影响,并比较两者双向跨膜转运的差异.结果 两者的吸收转运具有pH依赖性,分泌转运具有浓度依赖性,其分泌(BL-AP)方向转运均快于吸收(AP-BL)方向转运,且Cil的AP-BL方向转运比Cand快;在P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米存在下,两者的转运外排率显著下降(P<0.01).结论 Cil容易通过Caco-2细胞的单层膜,且外排蛋白参与了Cand与Cil的跨膜转运.     

P-糖蛋白对布格呋喃大鼠肠道吸收的影响

本研究采用Caco-2细胞摄取和转运模型、大鼠小肠在体循环灌注、大鼠离体小肠翻转肠小囊模型及P-糖蛋白抑制剂维拉帕米(verapamil)和环孢素(cyclosporine A，CsA)研究P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein，P-gp)对布格呋喃(buagafuran)自肠道吸收的影响，UV-HPLC方法测定布格呋喃含量。实验结果表明，布格呋喃可被Caco-2细胞转运和摄取，维拉帕米和环孢素可使布格呋喃由Caco-2细胞绒毛面(apical，A)向基底面(basolateral，B)的转运较对照组增加1.4和1.35倍，基底面向绒毛面的转运则减少为对照组的71%和75%。维拉帕米和环孢素可使低浓度布格呋喃摄取量分别增加4.4和3.4倍。布格呋喃自大鼠小肠吸收较快，灌流90 min后残留量仅为10%。维拉帕米和环孢素可加快布格呋喃吸收，以灌流后30 min最为明显(分别提高12.4%和21.5%)。在大鼠小肠翻转肠小囊内液中布格呋喃浓度可在10 min内下降86%。维拉帕米和环孢素均可使小囊液和小囊匀浆中布格呋喃含量明显升高。以上结果提示，布格呋喃是P-糖蛋白的底物，P-糖蛋白可阻碍布格呋喃在小肠的吸收。肠道P-糖蛋白的外排作用可能是导致布格呋喃生物利用度低的重要原因之一。     

Intestinal Absorptive Transport of the Hydrophilic Cation Ranitidine: A Kinetic Modeling Approach to Elucidate the Role of Uptake and Efflux Transporters and Paracellular vs. Transcellular Transport in Caco-2 Cells

Purpose The mechanism of intestinal drug transport for hydrophilic cations such as ranitidine is complex, and evidence suggests a role for carrier-mediated apical (AP) uptake and saturable paracellular mechanisms in their overall absorptive transport. The purpose of this study was to develop a model capable of describing the kinetics of cellular accumulation and transport of ranitidine in Caco-2 cells, and to assess the relative contribution of the transcellular and paracellular routes toward overall ranitidine transport. Methods Cellular accumulation and absorptive transport of ranitidine were determined in the absence or presence of uptake and efflux inhibitors and as a function of concentration over 60 min in Caco-2 cells. A three-compartment model was developed, and parameter estimates were utilized to assess the expected relative contribution from transcellular and paracellular transport. Results Under all conditions, ranitidine absorptive transport consisted of significant transcellular and paracellular components. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein decreased the AP efflux rate constant (k₂₁) and increased the relative contribution of the transcellular transport pathway. In the presence of quinidine, both the AP uptake rate constant (k₁₂) and k₂₁ decreased, resulting in a predominantly paracellular contribution to ranitidine transport. Increasing the ranitidine donor concentration decreased k₁₂ and the paracellular rate constant (k₁₃). No significant changes were observed in the relative contribution of the paracellular and transcellular routes as a function of ranitidine concentration. Conclusions These results suggest the importance of uptake and efflux transporters as determinants of the relative contribution of transcellular and paracellular transport for ranitidine, and provide evidence supporting a concentration-dependent paracellular transport mechanism. The modeling approach developed here may also be useful in estimating the relative contribution of paracellular and transcellular transport for a wide array of drugs expected to utilize both pathways.     

Indication of transcytotic movement of insulin across human bronchial epithelial cells

This study was performed to evaluate insulin permeability across human bronchial epithelial cell lines and investigate if insulin is transported via the paracellular or transcellular pathway. The movement of insulin across two bronchial epithelial cells, 16HBE14o- and Calu-3, was studied in the presence or absence of octylmaltoside. Mannitol and propanolol have been used as paracellular and transcellular marker, respectively, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was determined to investigate the tight junctional integrity of the monolayers. The possible endocytotic mechanism of insulin across these two cell lines was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy after incubating the cells with fluorescent-labeled insulin. The TEER values for both cell monolayers were >400 Omega cm2 at confluency. There was a decrease in the TEER values when octylmaltoside was added to the apical side of transwells. Similarly, the apparent permeability coefficient (P(app)) values of insulin, mannitol and propanolol, showed an increase with the rise in the concentration of octylmaltoside. In the absence of octylmaltoside, the P(app) values for insulin and the markers were in the following order: propanolol > mannitol > insulin. Confocal microscopic studies revealed that the uptake of insulin by the bronchial epithelial cells perhaps occurs via translocation across the cell. The data presented in this study demonstrate that insulin perhaps moves across the bronchial cells via both paracellular and transcellular pathways.     

Comparison of ceftibuten transport across Caco-2 cells and rat jejunum mounted on modified Ussing chambers

Ceftibuten uptake into Caco-2 cells and intestinal brush border membrane vesicles is mediated by the dipeptide transport system (PEPT1). The apical to basolateral transport characteristics of ceftibuten across Caco-2 cells and rat jejunum mounted on a modified Ussing chamber was examined. Mannitol was used as a paracellular marker along with trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) for monitoring tight junction permeability. Transport across Caco-2 cells and rat jejunum mounted on a modified Ussing chamber was linear across the concentration range 0.25-10 mM. The net flux of mannitol and ceftibuten was higher across rat jejunum compared with Caco-2 cells. At a donor concentration of 0.25 mM, ceftibuten transport across Caco-2 cells was found to be pH dependent. Glycyl proline, a dipeptide, and 2,4- dinitrophenol, an energy poison, caused a reduction in the permeability of 0.25 mM ceftibuten across Caco-2 cells. Benzoic acid and adipic acid also inhibited transcellular transport of ceftibuten. At a donor concentration of 0.25 mM, passive paracellular transport accounts for about 60% and the active carrier mediated mechanism accounts for about 40% of ceftibuten transport across Caco-2 cells. None of the inhibitors however, had a significant effect on ceftibuten transport across rat jejunum mounted on a modified Ussing chamber at a donor concentration of 0.25 mM. In the concentration range 0.25-10 mM, ceftibuten is predominantly transported by paracellular mechanisms across rat jejunum and a mixture of active and passive transport across Caco-2 cells.     

Indication of transcytotic movement of insulin across human bronchial epithelial cells

This study was performed to evaluate insulin permeability across human bronchial epithelial cell lines and investigate if insulin is transported via the paracellular or transcellular pathway. The movement of insulin across two bronchial epithelial cells, 16HBE14o- and Calu-3, was studied in the presence or absence of octylmaltoside. Mannitol and propanolol have been used as paracellular and transcellular marker, respectively, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was determined to investigate the tight junctional integrity of the monolayers. The possible endocytotic mechanism of insulin across these two cell lines was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy after incubating the cells with fluorescent-labeled insulin. The TEER values for both cell monolayers were >400 Ω cm² at confluency. There was a decrease in the TEER values when octylmaltoside was added to the apical side of transwells. Similarly, the apparent permeability coefficient (P_app) values of insulin, mannitol and propanolol, showed an increase with the rise in the concentration of octylmaltoside. In the absence of octylmaltoside, the P_app values for insulin and the markers were in the following order: propanolol > mannitol > insulin. Confocal microscopic studies revealed that the uptake of insulin by the bronchial epithelial cells perhaps occurs via translocation across the cell. The data presented in this study demonstrate that insulin perhaps moves across the bronchial cells via both paracellular and transcellular pathways.     

A Model of Human Small Intestinal Absorptive Cells. 1. Transport Barrier

The Caco-2 cell culture model of human small intestinal absorptive cells was used to investigate transepithelial transport. Transport of permeability markers such as mannitol demonstrated that Caco-2 monolayers became less permeable with increasing age in culture. Cells were routinely used for transport studies between day 18 and day 32. A transport index was determined for each compound by calculating the ratio of transport of the molecules under investigation to transport of an internal standard such as the permeability marker mannitol. Comparison of transport rates at 4 and 37°C was a simple approach for differentiating primary transport mechanisms (passive paracellular, passive transcellular, or transporter-mediated) but must be coupled with additional experimental manipulations for definitive determination of transport pathways. Compounds predicted to undergo predominantly paracellular transport (mannitol, FITC, PEG-900, and PEG-4000), transporter-mediated transcellular transport (glucose, biotin, spermidine, oralanine), or lipophilic transcellular transport (alprenolol, propranolol, clonidine, or diazepam) showed differential effects of temperature on rates of transport as well as the transport index.     

Confocal microscopic analysis of transport mechanisms of insulin across the cell monolayer

Development of oral insulin formulations would significantly improve the quality of life of patients suffering from diabetes. Complexation hydrogels developed in our laboratory, are one of the most promising classes of materials for use in targeted oral delivery of proteins. Results from confocal microscopy analysis of insulin transport in Caco-2 cells indicated that the primary route of transport was the paracellular pathway and that the transcellular component of the transport was insignificant.     

Estimation of the Relative Contribution of the Transcellular and Paracellular Pathway to the Transport of Passively Absorbed Drugs in the Caco-2 Cell Culture Model

Purpose. The objective of this investigation was to determine, using the Caco-2 cell culture model, the extent to which the paracellular and transcellular routes contributed to the transport of passively absorbed drugs. An effort was also made to determine the controlling factors in this process. Methods. We selected a heterologous series of drugs with varying physicochemical parameters for the investigation. Effective permeability coefficients of the model drugs (naproxen, phenytoin, salicylic acid, chlorothiazide, furosemide, propranolol, diltiazem, ephedrine, and cimetidine), at pH 7.2 and pH 5.4, were estimated using confluent monolayers of Caco-2 cells. The biophysical model approach, based on molecular size restricted diffusion within an electrostatic field of force, used by Adson et al. (1 ,2), was employed to estimate the permeability coefficients of the ionized and unionized forms of the drugs for the paracellular and transcellular route. Results and Conclusions. The permeability coefficients of the acidic drugs was greater at pH 5.4, whereas that of the basic drugs was greater at pH 7.2 and the transcellular pathway was the favored pathway for most drugs, probably due to its larger accessible surface area. The paracellular permeability of the drugs was size and charge dependent. The permeability of the drugs through the tight junctions decreased with increasing molecular size. Further, the pathway also appeared to be cation-selective, with the positively charged cations of weak bases permeating the aqueous pores of the paracellular pathway at a faster rate than the negatively charged anions of weak acids. Thus, the extent to which the paracellular and transcellular routes are utilized in drug transport is influenced by the fraction of ionized and unionized species (which in turn depends upon the pKa of the drug and the pH of the solution), the intrinsic partition coefficient of the drug, the size of the molecule and its charge.     

Novel oral absorption system containing polyamines and bile salts enhances drug transport via both transcellular and paracellular pathways across Caco-2 cell monolayers

The combinatorial use of spermine (SPM), a typical polyamine, and sodium taurocholate (STC), a typical bile salt, was found to be a promising safe preparation for improving the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble and/or poorly absorbable drug in our previous studies utilizing rats and dogs. To clarify the mechanisms behind the synergistic enhancement effect of the polyamine and bile salt, the transport of rebamipide, which is classified into Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class IV, was investigated in Caco-2 cell monolayers. The synergistic enhancement of rebamipide transport by SPM and STC was certainly observed in Caco-2 cells as well, while the separate use of either SPM or STC did not significantly improve the transport of rebamipide. The combinatorial use of SPM and STC significantly decreased the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in Caco-2 cell monolayers, suggesting that the opening of paracellular pathway. On the other hand, it was also confirmed that the decrease in TEER was transient and reversible after removal of SPM and STC and that cell viability was maintained. Voltage-clamp study clearly showed that their combinatorial use improved rebamipide transport via both paracellular and transcellular pathways, and that the contribution of transcellular route could be larger than paracellular route.     

DM27, an enaminone, modifies the in vitro transport of antiviral therapeutic agents

OBJECTIVE: For most antiviral drugs, low or variable bioavailability is attributed to poor absorption, susceptibility to efflux, or first pass metabolism. Enaminones are beta dicarbonyl compounds, which display P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate properties with high efflux ratios. This study investigates the influence of DM27, an enaminone, on the in vitro transport of antiviral agents and the possibility of using DM27 as a P-gp inhibitor to prevent the efflux of certain antiretroviral agents. METHODS: The transport of [3H]amprenavir, [3H]saquinavir, [3H]ritonavir, [14C]zidovudine (AZT) and [3H]acyclovir was evaluated across Caco-2 cells with DM27 (10(-10)-10(-4) M). In addition, the effect of DM27 (10(-6) M) on the transport of transcellular and paracellular markers was tested to evaluate its influence on these transport pathways. The apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) for each drug or marker was calculated with/without DM27 and toxicity evaluation for DM27 was performed using the MTS assay. RESULTS: The mean Papp for the investigated antiviral agents significantly increased by 22%-51% after DM27 incubation without any toxicity to the Caco-2 cells. In addition, DM27 did not influence the transcellular or paracellular transport of propranolol and mannitol, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: DM27, an enaminone, increased the transport of antiretroviral drugs and acyclovir in a nontoxic manner without affecting the paracellular or transcellular transport of these drugs. This study suggests that DM27 may be used as a P-gp efflux inhibitor to enhance the oral bioavailability of antiviral drugs and that drug-drug interactions will most probably be encountered upon co-administration of P-gp substrate drugs with enaminones.