右美托咪定：值得期待的重症监护病房的镇静药

催眠和镇静药右美托咪定是一种新型、强效、高选择性肾上腺素仅α_2受体激动药,它在镇静的同时保持病人可以被唤醒,兼有镇痛作用,对血流动力学的影响可以预见,无呼吸抑制作用。目前的研究支持将该药作为重症监护病房(ICU)镇静的首选药物。     

Severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome: Evolution of care and impact of adjunctive therapy on course and complications of 171 intensive care unit patients

This single site retrospective observational study assessed the evolution of sedation therapy for severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome in the intensive care unit. Patient records for 2 intervals were reviewed: Interval 1, which included 87 intensive care unit patients admitted January 2005 through September 2007, for whom benzodiazedpine monotherapy was utilized; and Interval 2, January 2010 through December 2010, for whom 54 of 84 (64.3%) intensive care unit patients, including all those intubated, received adjunctive agents, including dexmedetomidine or propofol. Clinical management was similar for both intervals, as well as prevalence of alcohol withdrawal syndrome versus total adult hospital admissions and comorbid conditions. Overall, respiratory failure (53 versus 39%), seizures (36 versus 18%), and pneumonia (51 versus 38%) were less frequent during Interval 2 (all p < .05), with lower benzodiazedpine basal dose requirements for those given adjunctive therapy. However, if instances of pneumonia or respiratory failure related to seizures prior to intensive care unit admission are excluded, the prevalence of these complications was similar (p = ns) for Interval 1 and Interval 2. Intensive care unit and hospital length of stay were not altered by adjunctive therapy, which was typically employed for more severely affected patients. High intensity sedation with adjunctive drugs led to few cardiovascular adverse events and may have facilitated management, but did not alter intensive care unit course of severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome.     

Economic evaluation of dexmedetomidine relative to midazolam for sedation in the intensive care unit

Background

Dexmedetomidine is an α₂-receptor agonist administered by continuous infusion in the intensive care unit (ICU) for sedation of critically ill patients who are undergoing mechanical ventilation following intubation. Relative to ICU patients receiving midazolam (a γ-aminobutyric acid agonist) for sedation, those receiving dexmedetomidine spent less time on ventilation, had fewer episodes of delirium, and had a lower incidence of tachycardia and hypertension.

Objective

To assess the economic impact, in a Canadian context, of dexmedetomidine, relative to midazolam, for sedation in the ICU.

Methods

This economic evaluation was based on a cost–consequences analysis, from the perspective of the Canadian health care system. The selected time horizon was an ICU stay (maximum 30 days). Clinical data were obtained from a previously published prospective, randomized, double-blind trial comparing dexmedetomidine and midazolam. This evaluation considered the costs of the medications, mechanical ventilation, and delirium episodes, as well as costs associated with adverse events requiring an intervention. All costs were adjusted to 2010 and are reported in Canadian dollars.

Results

The average cost of the medication was higher for dexmedetomidine than midazolam ($1929.57 versus $180.10 per patient), but the average costs associated with mechanical ventilation and management of delirium were lower with dexmedetomidine than with midazolam ($2939 versus $4448 for ventilation; $2127 versus $3012 for delirium). The overall cost per patient was lower with dexmedetomidine than with midazolam ($7022 versus $7680). Deterministic sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the difference.

Conclusions

The use of dexmedetomidine was, in most contexts, a more favourable strategy than the use of midazolam, in terms of clinical consequences and economic impact. Dexmedetomidine was less expensive than midazolam and was associated with lower occurrence of delirium and shorter duration of mechanical ventilation.     

右美托咪定用于重症监护病房正颌外科术后留置气管插管患者的镇静

目的探讨右美托咪定用于重症监护病房(ICU)正颌外科术后留置气管插管患者镇静作用的有效性和安全性。方法 40例正颌外科术后入ICU留置气管插管患者,随机分为右美托咪定组和咪达唑仑组,每组20例。右美托咪定组予右美托咪定0.4μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)微泵静注,调整范围0.2～0.7μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1);咪达唑仑组予咪达唑仑0.1 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)微泵静注,调整范围0.05～0.2 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)。采用Ramsay镇静深度评分系统,以Ramsay评分2～4分级为镇静目标,进行注射剂量的调整。记录用药前,用药后1、2、3、4、6、8、12、16 h的血压、心率、呼吸、脉搏血氧饱和度,观察镇静效果及不良反应。结果 2组患者用药后均可获得满意的镇静效果,Ramsay评分维持在2～4分级,良好耐受气管插管。2组用药前心率、平均动脉压(MAP)无显著差异(P>0.05),用药后心率和血压均有所下降,右美托咪定组各时点心率均低于咪达唑仑组(P<0.05),用药后1、2、3、4 h MAP低于咪达唑仑组(P<0.05)。2组呼吸频率、脉搏血氧饱和度无显著差异(P>0.05)。右美托咪定组需剂量调整的次数(2例1次)较咪达唑仑组(3例1次,4例2次)低。右美托咪定组发生2例心动过缓,予以阿托品治疗好转,2组均无严重不良反应发生。结论右美托咪定0.4μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)可安全用于ICU正颌外科术后留置气管插管患者的镇静,剂量调整发生率低于咪达唑仑。     

利奈唑胺和万古霉素对重症监护治疗病房革兰阳性球菌感染患者治疗效果的Meta分析

目的:比较、评价利奈唑胺和万古霉素治疗重症监护治疗病房(intensive care unit,ICU)革兰阳性球菌感染患者的疗效及安全性。方法:采用Meta分析的方法,用计算机检索Pub Med、Cochrane Library、CNKI和万方数据库,评价筛选文献,纳入利奈唑胺和万古霉素的随机对照试验(RCT),并采用Rev Man 5.2进行Meta分析。结果:6个随机对照试验,共纳入革兰阳性球菌感染的ICU患者444名,其中利奈唑胺组218名,万古霉素组226名。Meta分析显示,临床治疗有效率,利奈唑胺优于万古霉素[OR=3.07,95%CI(1.76,5.34),P<0.01],细菌清除率上,利奈唑胺高于万古霉素[OR=3.83,95%CI(1.81,8.12),P=0.000 5];微生物学治愈率和不良反应发生率,利奈唑胺与万古霉素两组间差异均无统计学意义。结论:在治疗ICU重症患者革兰氏阳性球菌感染中,利奈唑胺在临床有效率和细菌清除率方面,明显优于万古霉素,而在微生物学治愈率和不良反应发生率上利奈唑胺则和万古霉素相当,但仍需要更大样本量、更加严格设计的随机对照试验进一步验证。     

右美托咪啶用于区域麻醉镇静的随机双盲对照研究

目的:探讨右美托咪啶用于区域麻醉镇静的效果及安全性。方法:行区域麻醉手术的患者60例随机分为右美托咪啶组(D组)和芬太尼+咪达唑仑组(C组),每组30例,采用静脉注射10 min给药,观察给药后即刻(基础值),5 min(T1),8 min(T2),10 min(T3),12 min(T4),15 min(T5),20 min(T6),25 min(T7),30 min(T8),40 min(T9)的血压,心率(HR),呼吸频率(RR),血氧饱和度(SpO2)及改良警觉、镇静观察评分变化并记录有无术中不良反应。结果:与基础值比较,D组T4～7时收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)降低,T3～7时心率(HR)降低,T4～7时镇静评分降低,C组T3时SBP降低,T4,T5时镇静评分降低(P<0.05或<0.01)。与C组比较,D组在T5～7时SBP降低,在T6,T7时DBP降低,T4～6时HR降低,T5～7时镇静评分降低,发生呼吸抑制及恶心呕吐的发生率降低(P<0.05或<0.01)。两组各时点RR和SpO2比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:右美托咪啶具有良好的镇静效果,对呼吸影响小,不良反应轻微,可安全...     

245例新生儿重症监护室早产儿听力筛查结果分析

目的总结分析新生儿重症监护室（NICU）早产儿听力筛查情况,旨在早发现、早诊断听力障碍患儿,及时进行干预治疗。方法采用听觉脑干反应ABR听力筛查仪对245例早产儿听力进行初筛,未通过的在出生后42d左右进行复筛,复筛未通过的则转诊至上级医院确诊和治疗。所有有并发症的早产儿在纠正胎龄3月龄左右均再行ABR复筛。结果初筛不通过78例,阳性率为31.8%,其中〈34周早产儿56例。复筛不通过11例,阳性率14.1%,均到上级医院进行确诊,5例确诊为听力障碍,异常率为2.04%,其中3例合并有高胆红素血症,2例合并有重度窒息。再次复筛有1例合并高胆红素血症的早产儿未通过,转上级医院确诊为听力障碍。结论早产儿听力障碍发生率高,ABR与胎龄、并发症有关系。早产儿出生后3～6个月再次复查ABR很有必要。     

外科重症监护病房中呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素分析

目的：分析外科重症监护病房（ SICU）中呼吸机相关性肺炎（ VAP）的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2012年12月入SICU治疗的应用机械通气＞48 h的非心脏手术患者117例,分为VAP组（21例）和非VAP组（91例）,分析2组患者的临床资料,应用多元Logistic回归分析VAP的独立危险因素。结果 VAP组和非VAP组在急性生理和慢性健康状况Ⅱ评分、保留气管插管/气管切开时间、确诊VAP前使用抗生素的种类、存在非感染性肺疾患、肺外感染灶、使用2 d以上留置胃管、胃肠内营养、激素使用比例等比较,差异有统计学意义[急性生理和慢性健康评分状况Ⅱ评分：20±8比13±4,保留气管插管/气管切开时间：17（12,29）d比3（2,5）d,使用抗生素的种类：≥3种69．2％（18/26）比9．9％（9/91）,＜3种30．8％（8/26）比90．1％（82/91）,存在非感染性肺疾患：30．8％（8/26）比10．0％（10/91）,肺外感染灶：76．9％（20/26）比29．7％（27/91）,使用2 d以上留置胃管：96．2％（25/26）比54．9％（50/91）,胃肠内营养：61．5％（16/26）比13．2％（12/91）,激素使用比例：73．1％（19/26）比14．3％（13/91）]（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）。 VAP组患者休克、肾衰竭、心力衰竭、多器官功能障碍综合征（ MODS）发生率高于非VAP组患者, SICU停留时间和住院时间长,病死率高,差异有统计学意义[65．4％（17/26）比17．6％（16/91）,50．0％（13/26）比7．7％（7/91）,26．9％（7/26）比8．8％（8/91）,73．1％（19/26）比6．6％（6/91）,23（18,38） d比5（4,8）d,50（34,63）d比28（20,38）d,53．8％（14/26）比2．2％（2/91）]（P ＜0．05或P＜0．01）。保留气管插管/气管切开时间、确诊VAP前使用抗生素的种类及使用超过2 d的激素是VAP发生的独立危险因素[比值比（OR）＝1．485,95％置信区间（CI）：1．157     

临床药师在重症监护病房中开展药学工作的体会

获得医护人员的认可并融入到临床治疗团队中,是临床药师开展临床药学工作的关键。本文以药物浓度监测和用药剂量调整为重点,针对特殊人群用药监护等环节,综述药师在临床治疗中的作用。     

呼吸重症监护室预防院内感染的护理对策探讨

目的 探讨呼吸重症监护室预防院内感染的护理干预对策.方法 选取于我院呼吸重症监护室进行康复的患者130例,随机分为观察组与对照组.针对观察组给予预防院内感染的护理干预,同时给予对照组重症监护室常规护理,对两组患者的医院感染率进行统计并比较.结果 观察组患者中发生院内感染的患者19例,感染率为29.23％;对照组中感染人数45例,感染率为69.23％.观察组中感染发生情况显著减少,差异有统计学意义意义(P＜0.05).且感染发生于下呼吸道的患者观察组以及对照组分别为11例和25例,明显多于其他部位的感染发生情况.结论 给予呼吸重症监护室患者特异性预防院内感染的护理干预,相比较传统的常规护理,有效改善了患者出现院内感染的情况发生,促进了患者的康复,有效提高了临床康复率以及治疗安全性.     

Use of methadone for prevention of opioid withdrawal in critically ill children

Background

Opioids are commonly administered to critically ill children for analgesia and sedation, but many patients experience opioid withdrawal upon discontinuation. The authors’ institution developed a protocol for using methadone to prevent opioid withdrawal in children who have received morphine by continuous IV infusion for 5 days or longer in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

Objectives

The primary objectives were to determine if opioids were tapered according to the protocol and to determine the conversion ratio for IV morphine to oral methadone that was used. Secondary objectives were to describe the methadone dosage used and the clinical outcomes, to evaluate adjustments to methadone dosing, and to report the incidence of adverse effects.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of charts was conducted for pediatric patients who had received morphine by continuous IV infusion for 5 days or longer followed by methadone in the PICU between May 2008 and August 2009. Validated scoring systems (the Withdrawal Assessment Tool and the State Behavioral Scale) were used to assess symptoms of withdrawal and degree of sedation, respectively.

Results

Forty-three patients were included in the study, with median age of 8 months (range 0.25–201 months). For 31 patients (72%), the protocol was not used, and there were no patients for whom the protocol was followed to completion. The median duration of weaning was 10 days (range 0–91 days). The conversion ratio for IV morphine to oral methadone was 1:0.78 for anticipated 5-day weaning and 1:0.98 for anticipated 10-day weaning. During the first 10 days of weaning, 18 patients (42%) experienced withdrawal symptoms. The methadone dose was increased for 11 (26%) of the 43 patients. Patients were sedated for a median of 1 day (range 0–9 days), were comfortable for a median of 6.5 days (range 1–64 days), and were agitated for a median of 2.5 days (range 0–23 days). Naloxone was required for 2 patients.

Conclusions

The institution’s methadone protocol was not followed consistently during the study period, and practices for transitioning from morphine by continuous IV infusion to methadone with tapering were also inconsistent. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal conversion ratio for morphine to methadone and the optimal tapering regimen to minimize withdrawal symptoms and adverse events.     

重症监护患者营养支持用药分析

目的 调查我院重症监护患者使用营养制剂情况,为临床合理用药提供参考.方法 统计我院重症监护患者使用营养支持药品的数据,对重症监护患者使用营养支持药品的品种、总金额及各种营养支持药品的用药频度,利用限定日剂量方法进行相关计算和分析.结果 重症监护患者使用的肠外营养制剂共16种,总用药频度是5978,总金额是561 042.54元;使用的肠内营养制剂共4种,总用药频度是1093,总金额276 591.97元.复方氨基酸类、脂肪乳类和肠内营养制剂的金额构成比分别为27.0％、32.9％、33.0％,总金额构成比为92.9％.重症监护患者使用最多的前10位营养支持药品中,肠外营养制剂有9种,而肠内营养制剂仅1种,即肠内营养混悬液(TPF),但是其用药频度达到897,占肠内营养制剂总用药频度(1093)的82.1％,并且在所有营养制剂中排在首位.结论 我院重症监护患者的营养支持方式以肠外营养为主,而肠内营养混悬液是临床易于接受的一种营养制剂.临床为重症监护患者选择营养支持药物,应综合考虑各种因素.     

心胸监护病房专业护士梯队的形成与培养

目的探讨心胸监护病房专业护士梯队培训的效果。方法将2008年3月-2010年12月在岗护士46名分为3个梯队:基础专业护士、专科专业护士及重症监护专业护士进行培养,与2005-2007年同期护士31名比较理论、操作、技能的考核。结果 2008-2010年在岗护士的理论、操作、技能的考核成绩均高于2005-2007年同期护士,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论专业护士的培训提高了护士对危重患者的观察力、护理能力和急救应变能力,掌握了护患沟通,提高了护理安全意识,降低了职业风险。     

使用床旁听诊器对重症监护病房医院感染发病率的影响

目的：探讨使用听诊器对重症监护病房医院感染发病率的影响。方法：选择2014年6月1日起入住我院综合性重症监护病房（ICU）并于2015年3月30日前转出ICU或死亡的患者,总计611例,根据床位分为干预组(n=296,使用床旁听诊器进行听诊)和对照组（n=315,使用医生自带的听诊器进行听诊）。所有听诊器均在每日查房前用75%乙醇擦拭表面1次。观察记录研究期间所有对象的医院感染情况及部位、感染病原菌、生命体征和转归,转出ICU后随诊48 h,汇总数据进行统计分析。结果：干预组医院感染的发病率较对照组显著降低（9.5%vs 14.9%, P<0.05）,主要表现在医院获得性下呼吸道感染的发病率较对照组明显降低（4.4%vs 8.6%）,并且明显缩短ICU住院时间（12.2±9.3dvs 14.2±8.8 d）,但在其他部位的院内感染、28 d病死率方面无统计学差异。结论：使用床旁听诊器能显著降低综合性ICU医院感染的发病率。     

Evaluation of Bayesian estimation in comparison to NONMEM for population pharmacokinetic data analysis: Application to pefloxacin in intensive care unit patients

The pharmacokinetics of pefloxacin (PF) were investigated in a population of 74 intensive care unit patients receiving 400 mg bid as 1-hr infusion using (i) Bayesian estimation (BE) of individual patient parameters followed by multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis and (ii) NONMEM analysis. The data consisted of 3 to 9 PF plasma levels per patient measured over 1 to 3 dosage intervals (total 113) according to four different limited (suboptimal) sampling 3-point protocols. Twenty-nine covariates (including 15 comedications) were considered to explain the interpatient variability. Predicted PFCLfor a patient with median covariates values was similar in both BE/ MLR and NONMEM analysis (4.02 and 3.92 L/hr, respectively). Bilirubin level and age were identified as the major determinants of PFCLby both approaches with similar predicted magnitude of effects (about 40 and 30% decrease of median CL,respectively). Confounding effects were observed between creatinine clearance (26% decrease of PF CLin the BE/MLR model), simplified acute physiology score (a global score based on 14 biological and clinical variables) (18% decrease of median CLin the NONMEM model) and age (entered in both models) which were highly correlated in our data base. However, both models predicted similar PF CLfor actual subpopulations by using actual covariate values. Finally, the NONMEM analysis allowed identification of an effect of weight on CL(decrease of CL for weight <65 kg) whereas the BE/MLR analysis predicted an increase of CLin patients treated with phenobarbital. In conclusion, both approaches allowed identification of the major risk factors of PF pharmacokinetics in ICU patients. Their potential use at different stages of drug development is discussed.     

呼吸重症监护病房呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 为了解我院呼吸重症监护室(RICU)细菌感染分布及耐药情况,方法 对210例入住RICU的下呼吸道感染患者行痰及支气管灌洗液细菌培养及药物敏感性实验.结果 RICU中患者呼吸道感染的主要致病菌为G-细菌(占73.3%),G-细菌以鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌及洋葱伯克霍尔德菌为主,分别为22.9%,8.6%,6.6%和5.7%;G+细菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,占10.5%,真菌占8.6%,以白假丝酵母为主.药敏结果 显示:鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对β内酰胺类和碳氢霉烯类抗生素耐药率高.结论 非发酵菌是RICU呼吸道感染的主要致病菌,呼吸道细菌的耐药情况越来越复杂,已成为临床治疗的一个难题.除定期、系统地进行细菌的耐药性检测外,还应规范抗生素的使用,合理使用抗生素以减少耐药菌的产生.     

Reducing the severity of alcohol withdrawal with oral baclofen: a randomized controlled trial

Background: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) increases the complexity of inpatient medical care. Baclofen has shown promise in previous studies to modulate the symptoms of AWS. Our objective was to determine if baclofen, when added to symptom triggered benzodiazepines, could prevent medical inpatients at risk for AWS from progressing to moderate or severe AWS.

Methods: Double Blind, placebo controlled, randomized trial. Trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov registration ID NCT02052440. Medical inpatients at a University-affiliated, urban public safety net hospital who were at risk for, or with mild, AWS received Baclofen 10?mg or placebo by mouth every 8?h plus usual care. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients progressing to moderate or severe AWS. Secondary outcomes included the difference in the mean AWS assessment scores at 24, 48, and 72?h and peak and total dosages of benzodiazepines.

Results: 101 of 166 targeted patients were enrolled. The primary outcome occurred in 13 of 50 (26%) patients receiving baclofen and 16 of 51 (31%) receiving placebo (p?=?0.55). Mean cumulative diazepam administered was 66?mg (±51 SD) in the baclofen group and 85?mg (±63) in the placebo group (p?=?0.13). Mean highest dose diazepam was 11?mg (±3) in the baclofen group and 12?mg (±7) in the placebo group (p =?0.14).

Conclusion: The addition of baclofen to usual care did not result in a significant difference in progression to moderate or severe AWS but we interpret this result with caution given that we did not meet the enrollment goal.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02052440.     

万古霉素在重症监护患者的群体药代动力学模型建立与验证

目的建立适合重症监护患者的万古霉素群体药代动力学模型,用以指导其给药方案调整。方法收集54例重症监护患者的112个常规血药浓度监测数据,用NONMEM软件以非线性混合效应模型进行群体分析,建立单房室药代动力学模型。通过拟合优度评价及自举验证法进行模型的内部验证;收集35例重症监护患者的95个常规血药浓度监测数据,通过拟合优度参数法进行模型的外部验证。以评价最终模型的拟合性能。结果模型内部验证及外部验证的结果表明,模型结构稳定,能较好地预测万古霉素浓度的动态变化规律。结论万古霉素静脉注射给药后的体内过程符合单房室药代动力学的特征,美罗培南对万古霉素的清除率有显著影响。