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1.
东莨菪碱作为抗M—胆碱能受体药物早已用于临床。该药具有解除平滑肌痉挛、改善微循环、抑制腺体分泌、解除迷走神经对心脏的抑制、散大瞳孔、兴备呼吸中枢等作用,临床应用甚广、抗运动病为其主要用途之一。其抗运动病作用可能和抑制前庭神经、大脑皮层和胃肠运动有关,属抗运动病疗效较好的药物之一。但常规剂型存在的副作用如疲劳、口干、视力模糊,剂量大时甚至会产生精神错乱、幻觉,且有效作用时间  相似文献   

2.
晕船是运动病的一种,它明显削弱部队的战斗力。目前防治运动病以抗胆碱能和抗组织胺(如晕海宁)药物为主,这些药物抗运动病作用强,但均有较明显的中枢抑制(嗜睡、工作能力下降等)副反应,而不宜用于军事人员。“晕复静”为抗眩晕的中药片剂,经试验和临床证实,“晕复静”确能延长前庭受刺激的耐受时间,对眩晕症有明显疗效,且无嗜睡副反应。本实验采用双盲组间平行对照方法,对“晕复静”防治晕船的效果进行了观察。现报告如下:1 材料与方法1.1 研究对象和分级 参加渡海登陆演习的某部388名男性官兵,年龄18~45y,身体健康。将乘坐每艘舰艇的人员,随机分成A(晕海宁)组、B(晕复静)组、C(安慰剂)组和D(未服药)组。  相似文献   

3.
钙拮抗剂及精神振奋剂的抗运动病作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
<正> 运动病(Motion Sickness,MS)是乘车、船或飞机时,由于颠簸、摇摆等加速运动刺激较敏感的前庭神经而发生的疾病。随着航天技术的发展,又发生了空间运动病(Space Motion Sickness,SMS)。临床表现主要为眩晕、呕吐和植物神经功能紊乱等一系列症状。人们注意到MS或(和)SMS与美尼尔病(Men-iere Disease,MD)之间有相似性,均是由于内耳迷路过度兴奋所致,这一推断得到了很多实验的支持。眩晕发作时,病人感到天旋地转,如坠大海汪洋,陷入绝望之中;因此,抗运动病(Anti—motion Sickness,AMS)药物(亦称抗眩晕药物)得到广泛的研究。  相似文献   

4.
水飞蓟素是一种黄酮类化合物,具有清除活性氧、抗脂质过氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤等多种药理作用。笔者通过查阅大量相关文献,发现水飞蓟素对各种肝病均具有较好的防治作用。随着基础研究的深入,发现水飞蓟素还可以促进肝细胞的修复与再生,与抗病毒药物及其他护肝药物联用时能更显著地降低血清转氨酶水平及改善肝纤维化,具有安全性高及耐受性好的优点。本文主要对水飞蓟素对不同肝病的防治作用、作用机制及其临床应用现状进行综述,以期为水飞蓟素在防治肝病方面的深入研究、药物开发和临床应用等方面提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
流行性感冒(流感)是由流感病毒引起的传染性呼吸道疾病。虽然接种疫苗是减轻流感流行的有效手段,但面对新的大流行病毒的传播和复杂住院流感患者,抗流感病毒药物的应用必不可少。目前,正处于非临床和临床研究阶段的抗流感病毒药物主要包括血凝素抑制剂、M2离子通道蛋白抑制剂、RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶(RdRp)抑制剂和神经氨酸酶抑制剂等。与其他3种抑制剂相比,RdRp抑制剂可快速降低病毒载量,具有广谱抗病毒作用,且不易产生耐药性,但其临床疗效需进一步评估。神经氨酸酶抑制剂是防治流感的常用药物。本文综述抗流感病毒药物的抗病毒活性、作用机制和临床应用的研究进展,以期为研发具有广谱活性的新型抗流感病毒药物提供参考。  相似文献   

6.
姜半夏对大鼠抗运动病作用的实验研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
方选 《齐鲁药事》2004,23(5):50-51
目的 研究姜半夏对大鼠抗运动病作用的效果。 方法 用旋转器对姜半夏组和对照组大鼠(各6只)进行变速旋转刺激1小时,分别记录两组大鼠连续两天异嗜高岭土的总量并作统计学分析比较。 结果 两组大鼠均出现异嗜高岭土行为,表明旋转刺激可诱发大鼠运动病。姜半夏组大鼠异嗜高岭土量明显少于对照组(P <0.05)。 结论 姜半夏具有一定的抗运动病作用。  相似文献   

7.
周李珍 《广东药学》2004,14(4):68-69
艾滋病在中国已进入快速增长期,近年来感染人数以每年百分之三十的速度增长。目前我国艾滋病毒感染者已超过80万,艾滋病的流行对人类健康和社会发展产生了严重危害,迫切需要采取有效的预防和控制措施。但抗艾滋病的药物严重匮乏,且价格昂贵,我国还没有一个具有自主知识产权的抗艾滋病药物,研制防治艾滋病药物迫在眉睫。现就研发抗艾滋病防治药物的现状、存在的主要问题以及建议简述如下。  相似文献   

8.
01135 经皮给药的革命   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
章鸣 《国外药讯》2005,(1):51-52
皮肤是人体最大和最容易接近的器官,它被用于局部和全身输送药物已有多年。自1980年代初Alza公司开发出第一个用于运动病的经皮药物输送贴剂以来,经皮药物输送(TDD)取得了长足的进展。例如,现时在美国已批准了超过35个TDD产品,用于各种疾病的治疗,包括高血压、心绞痛、运动病、女性停经、  相似文献   

9.
目的 研究桂利嗪片与哌醋甲酯缓释片配伍的抗运动病效果。方法 人体实验检测8名男性受试者接受旋转刺激后的眼震电图变化;动物实验采用20条比格犬,以复合旋转刺激模式诱发其产生流涎、呕吐症状,比较各组动物的流涎、呕吐潜伏期。结果 受试者单独服用桂利嗪片或哌醋甲酯缓释片,或合用桂利嗪片与哌醋甲酯缓释片,在服药后1,2,4 h均能抑制旋转刺激诱导的眼震持续时间和平均慢相速度,但桂利嗪片与哌醋甲酯缓释片配伍的效果更强。比格犬药物处理后,阳性对照药物茶苯海明组、桂利嗪片与哌醋甲酯缓释片配伍的小剂量组流涎、呕吐潜伏期较对照组有延长趋势,但差异无统计学意义,而桂利嗪片与哌醋甲酯缓释片配伍的中剂量组和高剂量组流涎、呕吐潜伏期较对照组明显延长,且中剂量组流涎、呕吐潜伏期明显长于茶苯海明组。结论 桂利嗪片与哌醋甲酯缓释片配伍具有明显的抗运动病作用,且效果可能优于茶苯海明片。  相似文献   

10.
内凝聚法制备姜油树脂海藻酸钙微囊   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
姜科植物姜(Zingiber officinale Roscoe)的干燥根茎具有抗氧化、降胆固醇、抗运动病、止痛抗炎及止吐等多种药理作用。用超临界CO2萃取得到的姜油树脂(ginger oleoresin,1)为深琥珀色黏稠液体,有较强的辛辣刺激性,主要成分为姜酚(gingerol)、姜烯酚、姜油酮等化合物。其中姜酚可作为评价1药用品质的主要指标之一。  相似文献   

11.
中枢解胆碱能抗晕动病新药盐酸苯环壬酯(英文)   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
东莨菪碱是当前抗晕动病最强的单药,但有明显的不良反应。根据“抗胆碱药的中枢解胆碱能活性大小并不与其不良反应相平行”的假设,作者设计、合成了一系列氮杂双环醇的羧酸酯类化合物。其中由α-苯基-α-环戊基-α-羟基乙酸甲酯与N-甲基-3-氮杂双环(3 ,3 ,1)壬-9α-醇的酯交换反应制得的盐酸苯环壬酯在动物模型上,等效抗晕剂量时,其不良反应较中枢解胆碱能抗晕动病药东莨菪碱和地芬尼多为轻。临床试验表明,志愿者口服该药(每人2 ~4 mg)后,其预防晕车晕船的总有效率显著高于安慰剂对照组和阳性对照药地芬尼多组(口服每人25 ~50 mg)。在转椅致晕动症的志愿者自身对照试验中,苯环壬酯和地芬尼多都能显著减少旋转引起的眼电震图和胃电图异常改变。在另一组自身对照的旋转致晕动症人体试验中,苯环壬酯和东莨菪碱都能明显减少旋转引起的胃电活动异常,减少急性晕动病的Graybiel得分和抑制视-前庭-内耳反应。苯环壬酯每人2和4 mg的效用相当于东莨菪碱每人0 .3和0 .6 mg的效用。在易感空晕病的飞行学员中,苯环壬酯(每人3 mg)明显缩短习服空晕病所需的时间,并且在停药后其习服水平没有明显下降。苯环壬酯的不良反应主要是轻度口干(发生率9 .7 %)和轻度思睡(9 .97 %,仅发生于晕车晕船试验中)。苯环壬酯是一个中枢解胆碱能抗晕动病新药,较地芬尼多和东莨菪碱抗晕效果更好,中枢不良反应更低。  相似文献   

12.
Early attempts to develop an animal model for anti-motion sickness drugs, using dogs and cats; were unsuccessful. Dogs did not show a beneficial effect of scopolamine (probably the best single anti-motion sickness drug for humans thus far) and the findings in cats were not definitive. The authors have developed an animal model using the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) of the Bolivian phenotype. Unrestrained monkeys in a small lucite cage were tested in an apparatus that induces motion sickness by combining vertical oscillation and horizontal rotation in a visually unrestricted laboratory environment. Signs of motion sickness were scored using a rating scale. Ten susceptible monkeys (weighing 800-1000 g) were given a total of five tests each, to establish the baseline susceptibility level. Based on the anticholinergic activity of scopolamine, the sensitivity of squirrel monkey to scopolamine was investigated, and the appropriate dose of scopolamine for this species was determined. Then various anti-motion sickness preparations were administered in subsequent tests: 100 ug scopolamine per monkey; 140 ug dexedrine; 50 ug scopolamine plus 70 ug dexedrine; 100 ug scopolamine plus 140 ug dexedrine; 3 mg promethazine; 3 mg promethazine plus 3 mg ephedrine. All these preparations were significantly effective in preventing motion sickness in the monkeys. Ephedrine, by itself, which is marginally effective in humans, was ineffective in the monkeys at the doses tried (0.3-6.0 mg). The squirrel monkey appears to be a good animal model for antimotion sickness drugs. Peripherally acting antihistamines such as astemizole and terfenadine were found to be ineffective, whereas flunarizine, and an arginine vasopressin V1 antagonist, showed significant activity in preventing motion sickness.  相似文献   

13.
1. The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT3) receptor antagonist, GR 38032F, which possesses potent anti-emetic properties in vomiting induced by cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, has been tested to determine its value in the prophylaxis of motion sickness induced by cross-coupled stimulation. The double-blind trial compared GR 38032F with both a placebo (lactose) and with hyoscine. In addition, studies of ocular pursuit and saccadic eye movements were carried out following the administration of each drug. 2. The prophylactic effect of GR 38032F on motion-induced nausea was indistinguishable from that of placebo, whereas following hyoscine subjects showed a highly significant (P less than 0.001) increase in tolerance to cross-coupled stimulation. Tests of oculomotor function showed no effect on saccadic eye movement from either drug. However, both drugs produced a significant (P less than 0.05) though small reduction in eye velocity gain during pursuit eye movement. 3. These findings suggest that the 5-HT3 receptor is not involved in the neural pathways that bring about motion sickness, but that it may have a role in the control of ocular pursuit. The absence of an anti-motion sickness effect from a drug that is effective in the treatment of vomiting induced by cancer chemotherapy serves to emphasize that different neural mechanisms are involved in the generation of motion sickness.  相似文献   

14.
BackgroundOpioid overdose deaths have surged due to fentanyl in the illicit opioid supply, which causes overdose more rapidly than other opioids. Public restrooms are venues where fentanyl overdoses commonly occur. In response, some organizations have implemented anti-motion alarm systems as a prevention approach. We aimed to describe the experiences and perceptions of public safety personnel after the installation of an anti-motion alarm system in public restrooms at an urban medical center.MethodsFrom February to June 2019, we conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews to explore the experiences and perceptions of hospital public safety personnel who responded to overdoses in public restrooms with and without an anti-motion alarm system. We interviewed 11 personnel, with interviews lasting an average of twenty-six minutes. We conducted inductive thematic analysis to synthesize and identify salient themes.ResultsTen participants were male; the average age was 40 with an average time employed by the hospital of 12 years. Four themes were identified: Public safety personnel 1) believe responding to overdoses is an appropriate responsibility; 2) focus on their training rather than individual emotions when responding to an overdose; 3) view the anti-motion alarm system as an acceptable tool for preventing overdoses, despite technological challenges; and 4) report concern for potential unintended consequences of the anti-motion alarm system.ConclusionsOverdose response in public restrooms has been incorporated into the daily duties of public safety personnel at an academic medical center. Anti-motion alarm systems are an innovation with potential to improve overdose response and safety, though the technology warrants ongoing development and unintended consequences should be assessed. To optimize restroom safety in the midst of fentanyl use, more research is needed among first responders, people who use drugs in restrooms, and other restroom patrons.  相似文献   

15.
BACKGROUND: Behavioral countermeasures for motion sickness would be advantageous because of the side effects of antiemetic drugs, but few alternative treatments are available. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of controlling breathing and listening to a music audiotape designed to reduce motion sickness symptoms, on increasing tolerance to motion-induced nausea. METHOD: Twenty-four healthy subjects were exposed to nauseogenic Coriolis stimulation on a rotating turntable under three conditions: whilst focusing on controlling breathing; listening to a music audiotape; or without intervention (control). The three conditions were performed by each subject according to a replicated factorial design at 1-week intervals at the same time of day. Ratings of motion sickness were obtained every 30 seconds. Once a level of mild nausea was reached subjects commenced controlling breathing or listened to the music audiotape. Motion was stopped after the onset of moderate nausea. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) motion exposure time in minutes tolerated before the onset of moderate nausea was significantly longer (p <.01) for controlling breathing (10.7 +/- 5.6 min) and longer (p <.01) for music (10.4 +/- 5.6 min) compared with control (9.2 +/- 5.9 min). CONCLUSIONS: Both controlling breathing and the music audiotape provided significant protection against motion sickness and with similar effectiveness. These nonpharmacologic countermeasures are only half as effective as standard doses of anti-motion sickness drugs, such as oral scopolamine; however, they are easy to implement and free of side effects.  相似文献   

16.
New pharmacologic approaches to the prevention of space/motion sickness.   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Fundamental approaches in selection of new agents for evaluation in prevention of space/motion sickness (SMS) are reviewed. The discussion centers on drugs under investigation at the Johnson Space Center. Methodology that employs the rotating chair for measuring SMS symptomatology and susceptibility is described. The most obvious approach to the development of new agents relies on selection of agents from drug classes that possess pharmacologic properties of established anti-motion sickness agents. A second approach selects drugs that are used to prevent emesis caused by means other than exposure to motion. The third approach relies on basic research that characterizes individual differences in susceptibility. The hypothesis is: detection of individual differences leads to identification of specific drugs, which target physiologic systems that show individual differences. These physiologic systems are targets for therapy and may play a role in the etiology of SMS. Two drugs that reduce susceptibility to SMS include dexamethasone and d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP, a vasopressin (AVP)V1 antagonist. The latter peptide has demonstrated complete blockade of emesis and other significant symptoms in squirrel monkeys. These studies were predicated on observations that subjects who were more resistant to SMS had higher plasma AVP after severe nausea than subjects with lower resistances. Investigations are underway to test a 0.5-mg intravenous dose in humans. Kappa opioid agonists inhibit AVP release and offer new therapeutic possibilities and advantages over AVP peptides. This review details the experimental data collected on AVP and adrenocorticotropin. The literature supports interrelated roles for AVP and opioid peptides in SMS. Experimental testing of kappa agonists is warranted because specific opioid agonists act at neuroanatomical sites causing nausea and vomiting. It is argued opioid receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and vomiting center stimulate and inhibit the emetic response, respectively. The evidence suggests kappa and/or mu receptors at VC are involved in inhibition of emesis, whereas delta opioid receptors at CTZ are involved in stimulation of emesis.  相似文献   

17.
目的 研究色钉菇多糖的抗运动病作用及其最佳剂量.方法 以成年雄性SD大鼠为对象,随机分为空白对照组、实验对照组和3个不同剂量的色钉菇多糖的实验组(100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg、400 mg/kg),每组12只;实验对照组和实验组在胃内给予生理盐水和相应剂量的色钉菇多糖0.5 h后,用偏离垂直轴旋转1.5 h复制运动病模型,通过行为学和生物化学方法 检测运动病程度和血清中5-羟色胺(5-HT)和胃动素的水平.结果 实验对照组糖精水摄入量与转前1 d相比,转后第1天和第2天相对转前1 d显著减少(P<0.01),转后第3天摄入量虽然有所增加,但与转前1 d比较差异仍有统计学意义(P<0.05);100 mg/kg多糖组糖精水摄入量只在旋转后第1天相对转前减少(P<0.05),第2天就恢复到旋转前水平(P>0.05).200 mg/kg多糖组旋转前后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与空白对照组相似;400 mg/kg多糖组旋转后第1天,糖精水摄入量较转前1 d显著减少(P<0.01),旋转后第2天开始提高(P<0.05),第3天恢复到旋转前水平.实验对照组大鼠自主活动明显减弱,探究活动少,主要表现为静卧,与空白对照组相比潜伏期显著增长(P<0.05).胃内给予色钉菇多糖溶液后旋转,100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg多糖组大鼠的自主活动能力基本正常,活动频繁,意识较清楚,探究行为多,潜伏期与空白对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).400 mg/kg多糖组大鼠旋转后在中央格内停留时间较长,与空白对照组潜伏期比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).实验对照组修饰时间与空白对照组大鼠相比显著增加(P<0.05);胃内给予色钉菇多糖溶液后旋转,100、200 mg/kg多糖组大鼠在旷场中自主活动相对频繁,修饰时间与空白对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与实验对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).但400 mg/kg多糖组大鼠置于中央格后,意识不清醒,活动能力较弱,在恢复约5 min后修饰行为出现并且修饰时间明显增加,与空白对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).偏离垂直轴旋转刺激后,实验对照组血清中 5-HT 水平显著升高(P<0.05);色钉菇多糖组与实验对照组相比,5-HT含量降低,且剂量为200 mg/kg 时降低效果最显著(P<0.05).而血清中胃动素水平在实验对照组显著降低(P<0.05);色钉菇多糖组则显著升高(P<0.05),且剂量为200 mg/kg 和400 mg/kg 时升高的最显著(P<0.01).结论 色钉菇多糖有显著的抗运动病作用,以200 mg/kg剂量的效果最佳.  相似文献   

18.
The pharmacotherapy of prevention and treatment of acute altitude- related problems - acute mountain sickness, high-altitude cerebral oedema and high-altitude pulmonary oedema - is reviewed. Drug therapy is only part of the answer to the medical problems of high altitude; prevention should include slow ascent and treatment of the more severe illnesses should include appropriate descent. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, in particular acetazolamide, remain the most effective drugs in preventing, to a large extent, the symptoms of acute mountain sickness, and can be used in the immediate management of the more severe forms of altitude-related illnesses. Glucocorticoids in relatively large doses are also effective preventative drugs, but at present are largely reserved for the treatment of the more severe acute mountain sickness and acute cerebral oedema. Calcium channel blockers and PDE-5 inhibitors are effective in the management of acute pulmonary oedema. Further work is required to establish the role of antioxidants and anticytokines in these syndromes.  相似文献   

19.
高原反应是人类进入高海拔地区后,因为以缺氧为主的一系列气候特点而引发的适应不全症状.本文主要从强光照射的损伤和缺氧损伤的药物预防与治疗,来阐述如何正确处理旅行者的高原反应.前往高海拔地区的旅行者在了解自身健康状况下,通过做好强光照射防护,提前预防用药,适当下降高度,携带必备药品如散利痛、胃复安、硝苯地平等,以减轻不适,促进安全、健康旅行,增加旅途的愉快感.  相似文献   

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