老年人鼻出血38例分析

鼻出血是病理条件下人体最多见的出血[1],是耳鼻喉科最常见的急症,老年人常患高血压、动脉硬化及伴各个器官不同程度的功能衰退,而且多数患者恐惧死亡引起精神紧张,了解老年人生理及心理特点,提高防范,快速有效施治非常必要,现将我院2004年1月～2006年12月诊治的严重老年人鼻出血38例总结如下。     

2007年1～11月全国医药行业经济运行情况分析

通过参考2007年1～11月医药行业统计数据，对全国医药行业经济运行情况进行了分析。结果显示，全国医药行业生产、销售保持快速增长，但产销率下降，出口增速减缓。虽然成本费用在提升，但经济效益出现了大幅度提升。     

"心希望工程"为社区群众带来佳音大型冠心病社区健康干预全面启动

冠心病在社区中是老年人群最常见的慢性疾病之一,如何来采取行动,以减慢和抑制这一慢性病上升的趋势已成为当务之急. 由中国医师协会和上海和黄药业共同发起的"心希望工程",自2007年3月正式启动以来,已在北京、上海以及浙江、江苏、广东、辽宁、山东等地的大、中城市取得了良好的社会反响.     

上医股份以最快的速度送出抗震救灾急救药品

5月12日,四川省汶川地区发生强烈地震以后,作为国家战备药品储备基地、军队战备药材代储企业的上海市医药股份有限公司,在国家重大突发事件面前,表现出高度的社会责任感,迅速启动了药品应急供应绿色通道,截至5月13日下午4点,已经送出第一批急救药品887件,并向上海市红十字会捐赠急救药品(价值人民币87.48万元).     

"入籍的中国女婿"——马海德大夫两三事

乔治·海德姆有了中国名儿 乔治·海德姆1910年9月生于美国纽约州水牛城一个阿拉伯移民家庭,祖籍黎巴嫩.他的父亲是个工人.乔治·海德姆靠奖学金资助完成了学业.1933年,23岁的他毕业于瑞士日内瓦医科大学,并获博士学位.受时代的影响,他毕业后就来到中国,结识了宋庆龄等人,因此得以在1936年和斯诺一起来到陕北.     

一动,一热,一冷,一烤霍英东勇斗癌魔4法宝

杰出的社会活动家、著名爱国人士、香港知名实业家、全国政协副主席霍英东先生于2006年10月28日在北京逝世,享年83岁.霍英东先生生前与癌症斗争了23年多,他的精神值得大家学习.霍英东先生是香港著名的大企业家,他热爱祖国,乐善好施,经常慷慨捐资救灾或为国家、社会、民众办好事和实事.     

狂犬病诊治进展

人类的狂犬病是一种中枢神经系统病毒感染性疾病,常由患狂犬病动物的唾液污染伤口而传染;一旦出现症状,病人基本上100%死亡,从狂犬病后康复的病例极为罕见,仅有3例报道。临床表现为特有的恐水怕风、咽肌痉挛、进行性瘫痪等。狂犬病在87个国家有流行,主要流行于东南亚、非洲及拉     

丙酮酸对糖尿病大鼠晶状体氧化损伤与能量代谢的作用

目的:探讨丙酮酸对大鼠糖尿病性白内障的抑制作用.方法:Wistar大鼠120只,随机分为对照组、模型组及治疗组3组.模型组、治疗组应用链脲佐茵(STZ)诱发糖尿病.治疗组饲料及饮水中添加2%丙酮酸钠.在实验4、8、12周观察3组大鼠晶状体组织中GSH、MDA以及ATP的变化.结果:模型组与对照组比较,晶状体组织中GSH及ATP含量明显下降,MAD水平升高.而治疗组上述指标有不同程度改善.结论:丙酮酸减轻氧化应激反应,改善晶状体的能量代谢,抑制糖尿病性白内障的发生.     

抗震救灾捐赠药品的科学管理

2008年5月12日汶川发生8.0级大地震,引起了全世界的注意,也牵动了祖国各地人民的心.在地震发生后,祖国各地的企事业单位和个人通过各种形式表现自己的关注,很多制药企业通过捐赠药品的方式表达自己的爱心.作为四川省急救中心专门负责捐赠药品的部门,我们在具体工作中总结了一些经验,也发现了一些问题,在此提出,供参考和借鉴.     

川芎DNA提取方法的研究

目的 以伞形科蒿本属植物川芎Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.叶为材料,研究川芎DNA的提取方法 .方法 分别采取CTAB法、高盐低pH法、木本植物DNA提取法、改良高盐低pH法提取基因组DNA,并对4种方法进行了改进.通过0.9%琼脂糖凝胶电泳和RAPD两种方法检测所提取的DNA样品.结果 比较DNA产量、质量等,确定了木本植物DNA提取法最佳.结论 木本植物DNA提取法为最佳方法.     

抗抑郁药致血小板减少症的文献病例分析

目的:了解抗抑郁药致血小板减少症的临床特征,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法:计算机检索中国知网、万方数据库、维普网、PubMed和Web of Science,检索时限为1985年1月1日-2020年8月31日,收集抗抑郁药致血小板减少症的文献报道,并对患者人口学特征、用药情况、临床表现、治疗和转归进行描述分析。结果:共检索获得17篇文献,纳入19例患者,其中男性10例、女性9例,年龄5~95岁,平均(48±24)岁;共涉及9种药物,包括艾司西酞普兰4例,西酞普兰、氟西汀、米氮平各3例,阿米替林2例,舍曲林、帕罗西汀、米安色林、丙咪嗪各1例。单一用药9例,合并用药10例。19例患者出现血小板减少在用药后3 d~10年,其中14例患者存在出血倾向,主要临床表现为皮肤黏膜出血、牙龈出血、黑便、便血、阴道出血、眼部出血、肺泡出血;5例无出血症状。经过停药/换药、对症治疗后,19例患者血小板计数均恢复正常,出血症状消失。结论:临床应用抗抑郁药导致的血小板减少症无明显临床特征,不易被发现,但不及时发现有可能导致严重的出血症状。临床应用此类药物时应密切监测血小板计数的变化,保障患者的用药安全。     

Dietary phytochemicals and their potential effects on obesity: A review

The incidence of obesity is rising at an alarming rate and is becoming a major public health concern with incalculable social costs. Indeed, obesity facilitates the development of metabolic disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases in addition to chronic diseases such as stroke, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, some cancers, and inflammation-bases pathologies. In this review we summarize the progresses made in our understanding of obesity, including the role of inflammation process, the recently understood endocrine function of adipose tissue, as well as passive roles of processes of energy storage and adipogenesis related to fat cell lifecycle: differentiation, maturation, and apoptosis. In addition, the article discusses the anti-obesity potential of dietary phytochemicals and analyzes their mechanisms of action, e.g. induction of apoptosis and lipolysis and inhibition of inflammation.     

Women’s issues in mood disorders

Since the introduction of antidepressants in the 1950s, it was assumed for the next several decades that there were no special reasons to look at the application of these medications to women. In the past half-century, particularly in the past decade, since the advent of the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI), a series of specific foci have developed. Firstly, there appear to be differences in the degree of response to particular antidepressants between the genders. Secondly, there is data concerning hormonal effects of particular relevance to women, i.e. prolactin, which separates out among the antidepressants. Also of concern to women are the potential teratogenic effects of these medications, which impact on their use during pregnancy. Finally, there are certain diagnostic syndromes that are particularly relevant to women: premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD); postpartum depression (PPD) and perimenopausal depression (PMD). It appears that the SSRIs may be more effective, relative to the older tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), in women than in men. The SSRIs have shown to be effective in treating these disorders, with the possibility of intermittent luteal phase treatment of PMDD. Non-antidepressant (AD) approaches have generally been found to be less effective. In the first trimester of pregnancy, there is data available supporting the safe use of SSRIs, particularly those first released, i.e. fluoxetine and sertraline. Finally, all SSRIs, with the exception of sertraline, can increase the risk of hyperprolactinaemia. This can lead to a variety of complications including amenorrhea and osteoporosis. This effect of sertraline, due to its unique profile in blocking re-uptake of dopamine, extends itself into additional relative benefits for sleep and memory. The issues associated for women with bipolar disorder are dealt with in terms of both increased risk of relapse during pregnancy and postpartum periods, as well as the relative risk of use of lithium and mood stabilisers in pregnancy and lactation.     

Effects of mitochondrial inhibitors on cell viability in U937 monocytes under glucose deprivation

We studied cytotoxic mechanism of mitochondrial inhibitors in U937 cells. U937 cells were sensitive to cytotoxicity of mitochondrial inhibitors under glucose deprivation condition, whereas PC12 neuronal cells were not. In glucose deprivation condition, intracellular ATP content is decreased and thereby AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated. And also activation of JNK, inactivation of ERK, and enhanced expression of Bcl-2 were observed. Mitochondrial inhibitors such as rotenone, TTFA, antimycin A, sodium azide, oligomycin, and valinomycin were used in this study. Inhibitors did not much influence intracellular ATP contents and activity of AMPK under glucose deprivation condition. Activities of Akt and p38 MAPK, however, were decreased by the inhibitors under glucose deprivation condition except TTFA. Furthermore, intracellular Ca2+ concentration was also greatly increased by the inhibitors. Finally, mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased by the inhibitors but TTFA increase the potential and oligomycin maintains it. In the present study, results suggest that under glucose deprivation condition mitochondrial inhibitors may induce severe cytotoxicity of U937 cells through inhibition of Akt and p38 MAPK, increase of [Ca2+]i, and decrease of MMP, but not through inhibition of ATP production and activation of AMPK.     

“4＋7”带量采购对内蒙古自治区人民医院口服抗肿瘤药原研药和仿制药使用情况影响

目的 分析“4＋7”带量采购政策对内蒙古自治区人民医院口服抗肿瘤药品原研药和仿制药使用的影响，为临床药学服务和医院的药事管理提供依据。方法 采用Excel软件计算口服抗肿瘤药品的使用数量、金额、价格、用药频度（DDDs）、限定日费用（DDC）、占比、增幅、降幅，及仿制药替代率、费用节省率进行分析。结果 “4＋7”带量采购实施后，原研药和仿制药价格出现了不同幅度的降价，其中中选品种来曲唑单品价格降幅最大，降幅超过60%，原研药中价格降幅最大的是阿斯利康制药有限公司生产的吉非替尼，达30%。“4＋7”带量采购实施后，甲磺酸伊马替尼、替吉奥、来曲唑、阿那曲唑、卡培他滨、替莫唑胺仿制药DDDs均增加，而销售金额均下降。吉非替尼仿制药DDDs增幅最大，达74.17%，销售金额则增加57.38%。甲磺酸伊马替尼原研药受带量采购政策影响，DDDs和销售金额均增加，而其他相应的原研药的DDDs和销售金额均减少。“4＋7”带量采购的实施进一步提高仿制药的使用率，为医保费用节省899万元，费用节省率为49.99%。结论 带量政策实施后，药品费用支出减少，切实减轻了部分患者的用药负担。     

Structure-activity relationships for the action of 11 pyrethroid insecticides on rat Na v 1.8 sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Pyrethroid insecticides bind to voltage-sensitive sodium channels and modify their gating kinetics, thereby disrupting nerve function. This paper describes the action of 11 structurally diverse commercial pyrethroid insecticides on the rat Na v 1.8 sodium channel isoform, the principal carrier of the tetrodotoxin-resistant, pyrethroid-sensitive sodium current of sensory neurons, expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. All 11 compounds produced characteristic sodium tail currents following a depolarizing pulse that ranged from rapidly-decaying monoexponential currents (allethrin, cismethrin and permethrin) to persistent biexponential currents (cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin). Tail currents for the remaining compounds (bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate and tefluthrin) were monoexponential and decayed with kinetics intermediate between these extremes. Reconstruction of currents carried solely by the pyrethroid-modified subpopulation of channels revealed two types of pyrethroid-modified currents. The first type, found with cismethrin, allethrin, permethrin and tefluthrin, activated relatively rapidly and inactivated partially during a 40-ms depolarization. The second type, found with cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin and fenvalerate, activated more slowly and did not detectably inactivate during a 40-ms depolarization. Only bifenthrin did not produce modified currents that fit clearly into either of these categories. In all cases, the rate of activation of modified channels was strongly correlated with the rate of tail current decay following repolarization. Modification of Na v 1.8 sodium channels by cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin was enhanced 2.3- to 3.4-fold by repetitive stimulation; this effect appeared to result from the accumulation of persistently open channels rather than preferential binding to open channel states. Fenpropathrin was the most effective compound against Na v 1.8 sodium channels from the perspective of either resting or use-dependent modification. When use dependence is taken into account, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and tefluthrin approached the effectiveness of fenpropathrin. The selective expression of Na v 1.8 sodium channels in nociceptive neurons suggests that these channels may be important targets for pyrethroids in the production of paresthesia following dermal exposure.     

新疆高寒地区家畜、家禽胆汁与肠内容物中的弯曲菌带菌情况的调查分析

目的调查高寒地区家畜、家禽胆汁与肠内容物中弯曲菌的分布情况。方法对12种家畜、家禽胆汁与肠内容物中的弯曲菌进行分离、培养、鉴定,并观察7种家畜、家禽胆汁弯曲菌的存活时间。结果在1814份家畜、家禽胆汁中发现,猪、牛、马、羊、狗、猫、鸡、鹅、鸭、鹌鹑、鸽子、家兔的胆汁中弯曲菌带菌率分别为6.67%、4.17%、4.94%、3.64%、8.93%、19.05%、6.41%、2.78%、6.48%、24.39%、5.66%、0。体外实验证明,弯曲菌在胆汁中可存活4～7周。结论高寒地区家畜、家禽肠内容物的带菌率均高于同种家畜、家禽的胆汁带菌率,提示该区家畜、家禽是弯曲菌的重要传染源。     

Hemodialyzer clearances of gentamicin,kanamycin, tobramydn,amikacin, ethambutol. procainamide,and flucytosine,with a technique for planning therapy

Hemodialyzer clearance studies have been undertaken on the following drugs: gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, amikacin, ethambutol, procainamide, and flucytosine. The following hemodialyzers were tested: Dow model 4, Kiil, Travenol UF II, and the Extracorporeal EX-03. The studies were predominantly undertaken in vitro,permitting direct comparison between drug clearances on the same dialyzer. Protein binding studies for gentamicin, kanamycin, procainamide, and ethambutol are also reported. Nomograms to facilitate the prediction of drug dosage regimens in dialysis patients are included.This work was supported in part by a grant from the General Clinical Research Centers Program (RR-133) of the Division of Research Resources, National Institutes of Health, and by a research contract (2-2219) from the Artificial Kidney-Chronic Uremia Program of the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health.This paper was presented in part at the American Society of Nephrology meeting, 1974.     

Improving antivenom availability and accessibility: Science, technology, and beyond

Snakebite envenomings constitute a serious and neglected public health problem. Despite the fact that effective treatment exists, i.e. administration of animal-derived antivenoms, the availability and accessibility of these life-saving immunobiologicals is deficitary in various parts of the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and some regions of Asia. This article discusses some of the problems that need to be circumvented in order to improve the availability and accessibility of antivenoms. The conglomerate of antivenom manufacturers is highly heterogeneous in terms of technological base, qualification of staff, implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), and volume of production. Therefore, improvements in antivenom quality and availability should be based on strategies tailored to the situation of each region or country; in this context, three different scenarios are discussed. Accessibility of antivenoms demands concerted efforts at multiple levels, including raising the awareness of public health authorities on the relevance of the problem, implementing innovative antivenom purchasing schemes, strengthening national distribution channels on the basis of robust epidemiological information, improving the cold chain and the provision of health services in remote rural settings, supporting the correct use of antivenoms, and promoting the involvement of local community organizations in various aspects of prevention and management. These tasks should be envisaged in terms of synergistic, interprogrammatic and intersectorial interventions, with the participation of many players.     

Methods for the treatment and prevention of bacterial biofilms

Attachment of bacterial cells to host tissue is usually a prerequisite to colonisation and pathogenesis. Surface-associated bacteria often form tightly-packed, exopolysaccharide-encased colonies known as biofilms. Biofilms play a role in the pathogenesis of dental caries, periodontitis, infective endocarditis, cystic fibrosis pneumonia, prostatitis, osteomyelitis, otitis media, infectious kidney stones and other chronic infections. In addition, biofilms that form on indwelling catheters are responsible for a majority of hospital-acquired bloodstream, eye, ear, nose, throat and urinary tract infections; and biofilms that form on permanently implanted medical devices, such as artificial heart valves and prosthetic joints, are a major cause of device failure. Biofilms are notorious for their resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents. The role played by biofilms in human disease, combined with the importance of biofilms in industry, agriculture and biotechnology, has led to an exponential growth in the number of publications related to biofilms in recent years, and a concomitant growth in the number of biofilm-related patents. This review describes the current status of research on pathogenic biofilms with an emphasis on discoveries that have been the subjects of recent therapeutic patents.