淀粉微球对顺铂体内分布的影响

磷酸化淀粉微球与抗癌药物顺铂经冻干吸附,能够达到有效载药,研究结果表明顺铂与淀粉微球结合后经颈静脉注射,药物在血循环中的浓度明显降低而在肺部有显著提高,这有利于肺部肿瘤的治疗。     

顺铂白芨胶微球在犬体内的药动学

目的研究顺铂白芨胶微球肝动脉灌注后体内药动学过程,判别其体内靶向性和缓释性能,为其临床治疗提供科学依据.方法犬麻醉后经股动脉穿刺引入5F单弯血管造影导管,透视下插至肝动脉分别灌注顺铂白芨胶微球和顺铂注射液,不同时间点采血,通过原子吸收光谱法检测血药浓度,通过DAS2.0药动学计算软件计算顺铂不同剂型在犬体内的药动学参数.结果白芨胶微球中的顺铂和顺铂注射液在犬体内的药动学模型为二室模型,其中顺铂注射液药动学参数t1/2α(2.3±0.9)h,t1/2β(75.1±2.0)h,AUC(0-t)(49.2±1.8)mg·h·L-1,AUC(0-∞)(64.3±3.8)mg·h·L-1,MRT(0-t)(58.0±1.9)h,MRT(0-∞)(120.7±10.2)h,C(max)(1.72±0.17)mg·L-1,t(max)(0.057±0.098)h;顺铂白芨胶微球的顺铂药动学参数t1/2α(11.5±4.3)h,t1/2β(143.2±42.4)h,AUC(0-t)(31.2±1.5)mg·h·L-1,AUC(0-∞)(47.4±6.O)mg·h·L-1,MRT(0-t)(62.1±1.7)h,MRT(0-∞)(152.4±48.2)h,C(max)(0.77±0.05)mg·L-1,t(max)(1.30±0.27)h.结论顺铂白芨胶微球在体内栓塞治疗的同时,通过其被动靶向作用在肝组织缓慢释放药物,降低其在外周血液和组织的药物浓度,长时间提高其在病灶部位的有效浓度,达到提高临床治疗效果,减少其不良反应的目的.     

顺铂壳聚糖微球犬肝动脉栓塞的研究

研究了顺铂壳聚糖微球经犬肝动脉栓塞后体内药动学过程、靶向特征及栓塞效果,并初步应用于临床。经肝动脉给药材24h,栓塞组肝组织顺铂浓度为顺铂溶液组的2.92倍,而其血浓峰值及药时曲线下面积(AUC)均低于溶液组。血管造影显示,微球栓塞后肝脏外周血管明显减少,病理切片可见栓塞部位组织坏死。微球栓塞后GPT,GOT及ALP有一过性升高,3周后基本恢复正常;微球临床初步应用效果较好。结果表明,以壳聚糖为载体材料制备的微球是一种良好的癌症化疗栓塞剂。     

顺铂明胶微球的研制及相关生物学特性

目的 研制包裹有顺铂的颗粒型可降解性栓塞剂。方法 采用改良的双相乳化冷凝聚合法制备顺铂明胶微球，以原子吸收光谱分析为基础，测定顺铂明胶微球的包裹率、载药率及体外释药特性。结果 顺铂明胶微球颗粒直径均匀，药物包裹率91％。载药率17.4%，体外4b内缓释96％。结论 本法制得的顺铂明胶微球性质稳定，微球降解速率及药物释放速度基本符合临床要求。     

顺铂泛影葡胺微球的制备及其体外释药特性考察

<正>顺氯氨铂简称顺铂[1],是金属配合物抗肿瘤药物,主要用于肺癌、甲状腺癌、食管癌、膀胱癌等治疗。但其肾毒性、骨髓抑制等不良反应较大,影响了治疗效果。本文通过制备含显影剂的顺铂泛影葡胺微球,研究微球的体外释放,并考察其释放机制,同时也为其他药物制备微球提供借鉴作用。1试药与仪器顺铂原料药(锦州九泰药业有限责任公司);顺铂泛影葡胺微球(自制);Visking透析袋(美国);LA-10A型高效液相     

柱前衍生化HPLC用于顺铂纳米粒大鼠药动学的研究

目的建立一种改良的柱前衍生化-高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定顺铂纳米粒大鼠血浆药物浓度,并将其应用于大鼠体内药动学研究。方法采用衍生化试剂二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(DDTC)与顺铂络合生成Pt(DDTC)2衍生化产物,加入内标物地西泮,氯仿提取,挥干,乙酸乙酯复溶,采用HPLC法测定。色谱条件:色谱柱为C18,流动相为水-甲醇(体积比为1∶3),检测波长为252 nm。大鼠以7.5 mg·kg-1剂量分别尾静脉注射顺铂纳米粒和注射剂,不同时间取血,采用所建立的分析方法测定血浆顺铂质量浓度,计算药动学参数。结果本法可精密准确地测定顺铂纳米粒静脉注射给药后大鼠血浆中的顺铂质量浓度,线性范围为0.488~97.6 mg·L~(-1),最低定量限为100μg·L~(-1),日内、日间变异系数均<5%。顺铂纳米粒的主要药动学参数:ρmax为(62.85±13.83)mg·L~(-1),t1/2为(3.53±1.57)min,AUC0-∞为(176.81±46.19)mg·L~(-1)·h,CL为(44.89±11.91)m L·kg·h-1。结论该方法适用于顺铂纳米粒体内药物质量浓度测定及其药动学的研究。与顺铂注射液相比,顺铂纳米粒药时曲线下面积显著提高,清除率显著降低,其药动学的改变有利于降低药物的毒副作用。     

HPLC法测定人血浆中顺铂的浓度及其药动学研究

目的:建立测定非小细胞肺癌患者静脉滴注小剂量顺铂后血浆中药物浓度的方法,并分析其药动学特点。方法:15名非小细胞肺癌化疗患者静脉滴注小剂量顺铂,动态采集患者给药前及末次给药后96h内的血浆样本,以高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定顺铂的血药浓度,DAS软件计算药动学参数。结果:顺铂血药浓度在0.16～4mg.L-1范围内线性关系良好,相对回收率为96.60%～113.95%,日内、日间RSD均在10%以内。顺铂的药动学模型为开放二室模型,药动学参数分别为:消除半衰期(t1/2β)(62.89±10.84)h,表观分布容积(V)(13.39±4.86)L,清除率(CL)(1.42±0.57)L.h-1,药-时曲线下面积(AUC)(74.24±43.83)mg.h.L-1。结论:HPLC法测定顺铂血药浓度,操作简单易行,重现性好,符合血药浓度监测及人体内药动学研究要求。     

大剂量顺铂化疗的药代动力学

目的：研究大剂量顺铂化疗的药动学。方法：用HPLC法测定血浆顺铂浓度。结果：血浆顺铂的药代动力学模式为开放二室模型，t1/2α为18.606min,t1/2β为41.1782h。结论：大剂量顺铂化疗的t1/2β达41.1782h。给药间隔须在三周以上。     

顺铂靶向制剂研究进展

顺铂(ｃｉｓ-ｄｉａｍｉｎｅｄｉｃｈｌｏｒｏｐｌｉｔｉｎｕｍ,ＣＤＤＰ)是一种无机铂络合物,属周期非特异性抗癌药,抗瘤谱较广,但有肾毒性、神经毒性、骨髓抑制等毒副作用,并可引起严重的胃肠道反应,因此临床应用受到限制。研究证明［１］,顺铂在组织中的浓度高低与其抗癌作用及毒副作用一致,因此,将顺铂制成靶向制剂,提高药物在靶部位的浓度,降低血液及其他组织中药物浓度,不仅可以提高疗效,还可以降低其全身毒副作用。早期的顺铂靶向制剂有微囊、脂质体,近年来各种载体材料的顺铂微球相继问世,用于动脉栓塞及靶向给药系统。１顺铂苯乙烯…     

米托蒽醌肝动脉栓塞羧甲基淀粉微球的研究

为进一步研究栓塞微球的制备工艺、体外释药规律及药动学与药效学之间的关系,以米托蒽醌为模型药物、羧甲基淀粉钠为载体材料、对苯二甲酰氯为交联剂,经均匀设计法优化了制备空白羧甲基淀粉微球的工艺,用吸附法制备了米托蒽醌载药羧甲基淀粉微球。对载药微球的理化性质进行了研究。并以家兔为模型动物研究了载药微球经肝动脉栓塞给药后的药代动力学情况。结果表明:载药微球的平均算术粒径为75.71μm,含药量为13.21%,吸水膨胀率为71.94%,体外释药符合单指数模型。药动学研究表明,米托蒽醌制成微球经肝动脉栓塞给药后可延长药物驻留于靶位的时间,提示有利于肝癌的治疗。     

Altered cisplatin pharmacokinetics during nonalcoholic steatohepatitis contributes to reduced nephrotoxicity

Disease-mediated alterations to drug disposition constitute a significant source of adverse drug reactions. Cisplatin (CDDP) elicits nephrotoxicity due to exposure in proximal tubule cells during renal secretion. Alterations to renal drug transporter expression have been discovered during nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), however, associated changes to substrate toxicity is unknown. To test this, a methionine- and choline-deficient diet-induced rat model was used to evaluate NASH-associated changes to CDDP pharmacokinetics, transporter expression, and toxicity. NASH rats administered CDDP (6 mg/kg, i.p.) displayed 20% less nephrotoxicity than healthy rats. Likewise, CDDP renal clearance decreased in NASH rats from 7.39 to 3.83 mL/min, renal secretion decreased from 6.23 to 2.80 mL/min, and renal CDDP accumulation decreased by 15%, relative to healthy rats. Renal copper transporter-1 expression decreased, and organic cation transporter-2 and ATPase copper transporting protein-7b increased slightly, reducing CDDP secretion. Hepatic CDDP accumulation increased 250% in NASH rats relative to healthy rats. Hepatic organic cation transporter-1 induction and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein-1 and multidrug resistance-associated protein-4 reduction may contribute to hepatic CDDP sequestration in NASH rats, although no drug-related toxicity was observed. These data provide a link between NASH-induced hepatic and renal transporter expression changes and CDDP renal clearance, which may alter nephrotoxicity.     

Control of nephrotoxicity in the rat during repeated cis-platinum treatments

The nephrotoxicity of cis-platinum (CDDP) in the rat can be controlled throughout a series of weekly administrations of CDDP (each of 5 mg kg-1, i.v.) for at least three weeks by a combination of protective measures involving pretreatment with dithiocarbamates and diuretics and the administration of appropriate dithiocarbamates given 1 h after the CDDP. The use of dithiocarbamates with polar substitutents is effective in removing both renal and hepatic deposits of platinum from rats subsequent to its administration and in this respect these compounds are significantly superior to meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in the rate at which platinum is removed and in the amounts removed. The most effective of the dithiocarbamates remove ca. 70% of the platinum from the kidneys and the liver; the least effective remove ca. 50% of the platinum from these organs when given at a level of 1.57 mmol kg-1 i.p. for 6 days subsequent to the administration of CDDP. Acetazolamide was shown to be much less effective in preventing renal damage than the dithiocarbamates and was not effective in reducing renal or hepatic levels of platinum. Pretreatment with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate 12 h prior to the administration of the CDDP was more effective in preventing renal damage than the administration of this compound 30 min before the cis-platinum. Several dithiocarbamates are found to be superior to sodium diethyldithiocarbamate in reducing renal platinum burdens of rats given CDDP at the level of 6 mg kg-1, and dose-response curves for the removal of renal and hepatic platinum were determined for sodium N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate (NaG).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The role of metallothionein in the reduction of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by Bi3(+)-pretreatment in the rat in vivo and in vitro. Are antioxidant properties of metallothionein more relevant than platinum binding?

Nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin (CDDP) was reported to be reduced by Bi3(+)-pretreatment, which selectively induces renal metallothionein (MT). In the present study renal MT had increased to 250% of control in rats that received bismuth subnitrate (50 mumol/kg/day, orally) for 8 days. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the reduction of CDDP-induced toxicity is a renal effect: in proximal tubular cells (PTC) isolated from Bi3(+)-treated rats the toxicity of CDDP, and also of HgCl2, CdCl2 and p-aminophenol, was reduced as compared to PTC from untreated rats. In contrast to the reduction in CDDP, Hg2+ and Cd2+ toxicity, the reduction in p-aminophenol toxicity cannot be explained by the metal-binding properties of MT. MT was reported to act as a free radical scavenger, which may explain our observation since p-aminophenol toxicity is thought to be a consequence of the generation of oxygen radicals. In vivo experiments showed that the overall renal Pt-content as well as the Pt bound to renal MT is lower in Bi3(+)-pretreated rats than in untreated rats, 24 hr after administration of CDDP (12 mg/kg), suggesting that the reduction in nephrotoxicity is not due to increased binding of Pt2+ to renal MT. Renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was increased in rats that had only received CDDP. Such a rise in SOD may result from peroxidative damage caused by exposure to CDDP. The fact that SOD was not elevated in rats that received Bi3+ prior to CDDP suggests that (i) peroxidation contributes to CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity and (ii) the anti-oxidant properties of MT are responsible for the reduction of this toxicity.     

Effects of a cisplatin-chondroitin sulfate A complex in reducing the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin

To assess the effects of a macromolecular prodrug in reducing the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin (CDDP), chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) with a mean molecular weight of 23,000 Da was used to form a complex with CDDP, and the pharmacokinetics and toxicology of the resulting complex were examined in rats in comparison with those of CDDP. The total plasma platinum levels and urinary accumulation were determined up to 3 h following a bolus injection of 2 mg/kg. The results of the pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the complex suppressed the rapid distribution of CDDP, decreased the renal clearance and resulted in over fivefold higher AUC values within 3 h in comparison with CDDP treatment. In addition, the plasma levels of the drug following administration of the complex decreased greatly with time throughout the experimental period (3-24 h), whereas a slow elimination was observed following CDDP administration, which was due to the irreversible protein binding of CDDP. The tissue-to-plasma partition ratio at 10 min also indicated that the CDDP-CSA complex controlled the perfusion of CDDP to tissues, especially to the kidney. The accumulation in various tissues was evaluated at 3 h and 24 h following the injection of 5 mg/kg. Marked differences in renal accumulation were found within 3 h. Significant reductions in accumulation in the kidney, lung, muscle and whole blood were found within 24 h of administration of the complex. The renal toxicity of the CDDP-CSA complex was evaluated by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Cr) and the ratio of terminal kidney weight to body weight at doses of 2 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg. The complex displayed a much lower nephrotoxicity at 5 mg/kg in comparison to CDDP, and similar results were obtained at 2 mg/kg. This suggests that the complex changed the toxicodynamics of CDDP. Moreover, the anticancer activity of the CDDP-CSA complex, tested against SW 4800 human colon cancer cells and HeLa human cervix cancer cells in vitro, showed no decrease as compared with that of free CDDP. We conclude that the CDDP-CSA complex had the same activity as the parent drug but showed reduced nephrotoxicity at high doses of CDDP through an improvement in the pharmacokinetics of CDDP, which resulted from both the minimization of entry into normal tissues and renal clearance. In addition, it is also possible that different intracellular interactions in renal cells play a role in protection against the nephrotoxicity of high doses of CDDP.     

Effect of cisplatin on renal brush border membrane enzymes and phosphate transport

Cisplatin (CDDP) is widely used in the treatment of various cancers but its clinical use is associated with dose limiting nephrotoxicity. The present work was carried out to study the effect of administration of CDDP on rat renal brush border membrane (BBM) marker enzymes and inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport across BBM vesicles (BBMV). Animals were administered a single intraperitoneal dose of CDDP (6 mg/kg body weight) or normal saline and then sacrificed 2, 4, 8 and 16 days after this treatment. The administration of CDDP resulted in increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels and decreased activity of BBM marker enzymes in the BBM as well as in the homogenates of cortex and medulla. Kinetic studies showed that the Vmax of the enzymes was decreased in BBM from CDDP treated rats while the Km remained unchanged. The Na+ -gradient dependent transport of Pi across BBMV was also significantly reduced after CDDP treatment. These results strongly suggest that the administration of a single nephrotoxic dose of CDDP results in impairment of the functions of renal BBM.     

The effect of heavy metal chelators on the renal accumulation of platinum after cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum II administration to the rat.

1 Rats received a total of 18 mg/kg cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) (CDDP) intravenously and were treated concomitantly with calcium-disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CaNa2EDTA), 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL), deferoxamine, 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMS) or vehicle. In comparison to controls, renal platinum concentration was significantly reduced in the DMS and deferoxamine-treated groups. However, significant deterioration occurred in the deferoxamine-treated group. The hepatic platinum concentration was unaffected by the chelating agents. 2 Following a dose of 6 mg/kg CDDP intravenously, eight days of treatment with DMS, 50 mg/kg daily, had no effect on renal platinum excretion, while treatment with 100 or 200 mg/kg daily reduced renal platinum concentration by 50%. 3 In order to determine whether DMS could prevent the nephrotoxicity of CDDP, rats were given 6 mg/kg CDDP intravenously, followed by a four day course of DMS treatment at doses of 0, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg daily begun 3 h after the CDDP dose. DMS failed to prevent renal toxicity as indicated by weight loss, serum creatinine concentration, renal histology, and the urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, a renal tubular enzyme.     

促红细胞生成素对顺铂急性肾损伤的保护作用

目的：探讨促红细胞生成索（Erythopoietin,Epo）对顺铂（CDDP）急性肾损伤的保护作用及机制。方法：建立大鼠CDDP急性肾损伤动物模型,将SD大鼠随机分为生理盐水（NS）组、CDDP组及Epo治疗（CDDP＋Epo治疗）,观察各组血清尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Scr）和肾组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）及肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）的变化。结果：Epo治疗组血清BUN、Scr及MDA、TNF-α较CDDP组显著下降（P〈0．05）,SOD显著升高（P〈0．05）。结论：Epo可提高SOD,降低TNF—α对CDDP急性肾损伤具有保护作用。     

葡甲胺对顺铂所致大鼠肾毒性的预防作用

目的　研究葡甲胺 (N MG)对顺铂 (CDDP)所致大鼠肾毒性的预防作用及其可能机制。方法　大鼠1次腹腔注射 5mg/kgCDDP动物模型 ,于CDDP处理前 1h经口给予N MG预处理。检测指标包括血尿素氮BUN、尿蛋白、尿铂 (Pt) ,肾组织匀浆中NOS、NO、MDA、SOD及肾组织Pt含量 ,同时观察抗肿瘤活性。结果　给药后第 3、5天N MG预处理组可明显预防CDDP所致大鼠肾功能损害 ,降低肾组织中NOS、NO、及MDA含量 ,增加SOD活性 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。另外 ,给药后第 3天尿Pt(0 .42 5 μg/mgCr)排泄量非常显著地高于CDDP组(0 2 45 μg/mgCr,P <0 0 1) ,肾组织Pt含量于给药后第 3、5天显著低于CDDP组 (P <0 0 5 )。N MG预处理对荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤抑制率与CDDP组无显著性差异。结论　N MG预处理能明显预防CDDP所致大鼠的肾损害 ,其预防作用机制可能是N MG促进Pt经尿排出 ,并减少了肾组织Pt蓄积 ,从而CDDP产生的自由基减少 ,脂质过氧化程度减轻。N MG对CDDP抗肿瘤活性无明显影响。     

Effects of Disopyramide and Verapamil on Renal Disposition and Nephrotoxicity of Cisplatin in Rats

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of disopyramide and verapamil on the renal handling of cisplatin (CDDP) and nephrotoxicity in rats. The stereoselective effect of verapamil was also studied. Methods. CDDP was administered to rats by i.v. bolus injection or by infusion at a constant rate with or without concomitant administration of racemic disopyramide, racemic verapamil, or each verapamil enantiomer. The concentrations of CDDP in plasma and in the kidney and liver were determined by HPLC. In separate experiments, CDDP was administered as described above, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was monitored for 7 days. Results. The BUN level after administration of CDDP was significantly reduced by coadministration of either disopyramide or verapamil. Renal accumulation of CDDP was significantly reduced by these drugs, whereas accumulation into the liver was not significantly changed. The relationship between the BUN levels and the area under the curve of CDDP concentration in the kidney versus time (AUC_k) was analyzed using a sigmoid E_max model; this showed that the reduced BUN levels were explained by the AUC_k. Furthermore, verapamil showed stereoselective inhibition of the renal accumulation of CDDP. Conclusions. The renal accumulation of CDDP was inhibited by disopyramide and verapamil, and this inhibition resulted in the amelioration of nephrotoxicity.     

Pharmacokinetics and Disposition of a Localized Lymphatic Polymeric Hyaluronan Conjugate of Cisplatin in Rodents

Cisplatin (CDDP) is an effective anticancer agent for many solid tumors but has significant systemic toxicity limiting its use in many patients. We have designed a loco-regional delivery system to increase platinum levels in the lymphatics, where early metastasis is most likely to occur, while reducing systemic toxicities. CDDP was conjugated to a biocompatible polymer hyaluronan (HA), with a conjugation degree of approximately 20% (w/w). Conjugates were delivered via subcutaneous injection into the mammary fat pad of rats. Intravenous hyaluronan-cisplatin (HA-Pt) exhibited an increased plasma area under the curve (AUC) 2.7-fold compared to conventional CDDP but with a reduced peak plasma level (C_max), and HA-Pt increased the ipsilateral lymph node AUC by 3.8-fold compared to CDDP. Urine creatinine was unchanged over 30 days following dosing of HA-Pt. This study demonstrates that intralymphatic drug delivery with polymer-conjugated platinum may provide greater tissue and systemic plasma concentrations of platinum than intravenous CDDP. In addition, localized particle delivery augmented distribution in the loco-regional tissue basin where tumor burden predominates, while renal toxicity compared to standard intravenous CDDP was significantly reduced.