环丙贝特的合成

目的研究环丙贝特的合成工艺。方法以廉价苯乙烯为起始原料,依次经成环、Friedel-Crafts酰化、Baeyer-Villiger重排、醇解、Bargellini反应,成功合成了环丙贝特。结果本法总收率为56.2%,所得产物由1H-NMR确证结构。结论重排反应时避免直接使用危险性大的过氧酸,本合成工艺安全可行。同时,以丙酮和氯仿代替α-溴代异丁酸酯,显著降低生产成本。     

dl—萘普生重排合成的工艺研究

以2-甲氧基萘为起始原料,通过丙酰化、溴化、缩酮化、重排及水解制成2-(5-溴-6-甲氧基-2-萘基)丙酸,再经催化转移氢解脱溴即得萘普生。工艺简便,反应条件温和,总收率达74%。     

6-甲氧基-2-萘丙酮的萘1-取代占位制备

2—甲氧基荼通过溴化、丙酰化和脱溴三步反应合成了6—甲氧基—2—萘丙酮。研究并优化了溴化反应中溶剂的用量和丙酰化的工艺条件。结果表明，经优化工艺能明显减少溴化反应的溶剂用量，6—甲氧基—2—萘丙酮的得率达到87．8％。     

2—(α—溴丙酰)—6—萘甲醚的合成工艺研究

利用2—丙酰—6—萘甲醚与吡啶过溴化物在无水1,2—二氯乙烷中,于低温下进行选择性溴代反应,制备2—(α—溴丙酰)—6—萘甲醚。产品收率高,色泽好,工艺操作稳定。     

丙戊酰胺的又一合成法

丙二酸环异亚丙酯与正溴丙烷在无水碳酸钾和相转移催化剂 TBAB 存在下进行烷基化反应,得到2,2-二丙基丙二酸环异亚丙酯。后者用浓氨水进行氨解得到丙戊酰胺,此法较为简便。     

2-(α-溴丙酰)硒吩及其类似物的合成

硒吩和丙酸酐在85%磷酸作用下酰化得到2-丙酰硒吩,再用溴化铜溴代得到AGEs裂解剂的中间体2-(α-溴丙酰)硒吩,收率60%.同法制得类似物2-溴乙酰硒吩,收率89%.     

7-溴-2-氧代庚酸的合成

二氯乙酸乙酯和1,3-丙二硫醇在溴化四丁基铵和无水碳酸钾作用下室温反应得到1,3-二噻烷-2-羧酸乙酯,在氢化钠作用下与1,5-二溴戊烷进行烷基化反应得到2-(5-溴戊基)-1,3-二噻烷-2-羧酸乙酯,再经硫酰氯氧化水解、酸水解得到7-溴-2-氧代庚酸,总收率58%.     

缩酮-α-磺酸酯重排法合成dl-萘普生

β-萘酚经甲基化、丙酰化、侧链溴化、缩酮化制成1-(6-甲氧基-2-萘基)-2-羟基丙-1-酮缩二甲醇,再经苯磺酰化重排制得 dl-萘普生,总收率50%。     

抗肿瘤药物2′-脱氧-5-氟尿苷合成研究

目的:合成抗肿瘤药物2′-脱氧-5-氟尿苷。方法:以5-氟尿嘧啶核苷为原料,经丙酰溴酰化溴代得2′-溴代-3,′5′-O-二丙酰基-5-氟尿嘧啶核苷,然后氢化得产物2′-脱氧-3,′5′-O-二丙酰基-5-氟尿嘧啶核苷,最后经皂化合成2′-脱氧-5-氟尿苷。结果:以5-氟尿嘧啶核苷为起始原料经3步反应合成了2′-脱氧-5-氟尿苷。结论:本合成方法工艺简便,原料易得,条件温和,总收率为72.0%,适于工业制备。     

抗癌药5-氟尿嘧啶-2′-脱氧核糖核苷合成路线改进

本文介绍了由5′-尿嘧啶核糖核苷酸二钠盐,经化学法脱磷酸,得尿嘧啶核糖核苷,在无水乙腈中与丙酰溴反应,得3′,5′-二丙酰-2′-脱氧-2′-溴代尿嘧啶核糖核苷,催化氢化脱溴,得3′,5′-O-二丙酰基-2′-脱氧尿嘧啶核糖核苷,用氟氮混合气氟化,甲醇-氨水脱保护基,制得5-氟尿嘧啶-2′-脱氧核糖核苷的方法。起始原料为味精厂综合利用产品。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.