寒喘祖帕颗粒联合布地奈德福莫特罗吸入剂对AECOPD的治疗疗效

目的:探讨分析寒喘祖帕颗粒与布地奈德福莫特罗吸入剂联合用药对AECOPD的治疗疗效.方法:本研究选取2020年3月—2021年2月份在本院急诊科及呼吸科住院的且符合纳入标准及排除标准的慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期患者76例,按随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组两组,每组各38例患者,对照组给予布地奈德福莫特罗吸入剂治疗;研究组在对照组基础上加用寒喘祖帕颗粒治疗.观察分析研究组和对照组患者在治疗前后的相关肺功能(FEV1以及FEV1％)、血气功能指标(PaO2、PaCO2)及患者治疗满意度情况.结果:研究组患者的FEV1以及FEV1％均明显高于对照组;在经过治疗后,研究组患者的PaO2水平明显高于对照组,PaCO2水平明显低于对照组;研究组的治疗效果满意率明显高于对照组其P值<0.05,差异具有统计学上的意义.结论:寒喘祖帕颗粒与布地奈德福莫特罗吸入剂联合用药后,对AECOPD治疗疗效较为优良且确切,具有较高的临床应用价值,值得进一步推广.     

槐杞黄颗粒联合布地奈德福莫特罗治疗儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘的临床研究

目的探讨槐杞黄颗粒联合布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂治疗儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘的临床疗效。方法选取2013年3月—2016年6月青海省人民医院收治的咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿450例进行研究,按随机数字表法将患儿分为布地奈德福莫特罗组、槐杞黄颗粒组和联合治疗组,每组各150例。布地奈德福莫特罗组吸入布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂,1吸/次,2次/d。槐杞黄颗粒组口服槐杞黄颗粒,2~3岁:5 g/次,4~12岁:10 g/次,2次/d。联合治疗组给予布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂和槐杞黄颗粒,方法同上。各组患儿均连续治疗3个月。观察3组的临床疗效,比较3组的肺功能,炎症反应和免疫功能。结果治疗后,布地奈德福莫特罗组、杞黄颗粒组和联合治疗组的总有效率分别为78.00%、65.33%、92.00%,联合治疗组总有效率与其他两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,3组FEV1%和PEF%均明显上升,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且联合治疗组这些观察指标明显高于布地奈德福莫特罗组和槐杞黄颗粒组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,3组hs-CRP、TNF-α和IL-6水平显著下降,IL-10水平显著升高,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且联合治疗组这些观察指标的改善程度明显优于布地奈德福莫特罗组和槐杞黄颗粒组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,3组Ig E、CD~(4+)、CD~(4+)/CD~(8+)明显降低,CD8+明显升高,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且联合治疗组这些观察指标的改善程度明显优于布地奈德福莫特罗组和槐杞黄颗粒组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论槐杞黄颗粒联合布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂治疗儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘具有较好的临床疗效,能改善肺功能,调节免疫功能和炎症反应,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂治疗支气管哮喘的临床疗效观察

目的观察布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂治疗支气管哮喘的临床疗效。方法114例支气管哮喘患者,根据随机数字表法分为对照组与实验组,各57例。对照组患者采取布地奈德粉吸入剂+富马酸福莫特罗粉吸入剂吸入治疗,实验组患者采取布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂吸入治疗。比较两组患者治疗前后肺功能指标水平、临床症状评分、自我感觉评分及治疗依从性、临床治疗效果。结果治疗前,两组肺活量占预计值的百分比(VC%pred)、第1秒用力呼气容积占用力肺活量的百分比(FEV1/FVC)、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、每分钟最大通气量(MVV)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,两组VC%pred、FEV1/FVC、FEV1、MVV均较本组治疗前明显改善,实验组改善程度优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组患者临床症状评分、自我感觉评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组患者临床症状评分、自我感觉评分均明显低于治疗前,且实验组患者临床症状评分(1.01±0.08)分、自我感觉评分(0.93±0.11)分均明显低于对照组的(2.12±0.12)、(2.54±0.21)分,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组患者治疗依从性优良率100.00%高于对照组的92.98%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组患者总有效率96.49%高于对照组的77.19%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在支气管哮喘的患者治疗中,采取布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂吸入治疗,可明显地改善患者肺功能指标水平,减轻临床症状,改善自我感觉,提高了患者对临床治疗的依从性,进而获得较高的临床治疗总有效率,效果理想。     

补肺活血胶囊联合布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的临床研究

目的探讨补肺活血胶囊联合布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的临床疗效。方法选取2015年10月—2018年10月解放军第一医院收治的96例慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者为研究对象,将所有患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各48例。对照组患者吸入布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂,2吸/次,2次/d。治疗组在对照组基础上口服补肺活血胶囊,4粒/次,3次/d。两组患者持续治疗1个月。观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组的临床症状改善时间、肺功能指标、血气指标水平、血清炎性因子水平。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为83.33%、95.83%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,治疗组患者喘息、咳嗽、哮鸣音消失时间显著短于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)和FEV1/FVC均显著升高,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);并且治疗组患者肺功能指标明显高于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者动脉血二氧化碳分压(p CO2)水平显著降低,血氧分压(p O2)水平显著升高,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);并且治疗组血气指标水平显著高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)水平均显著降低,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);并且治疗组血清炎性因子水平明显低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论补肺活血胶囊联合布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期具有较好的临床疗效,可改善患者肺功能和临床症状,降低炎性因子水平,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

雪梨止咳糖浆联合布地奈德福莫特罗治疗儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘的临床研究

目的探讨雪梨止咳糖浆联合布地奈德福莫特罗吸入剂治疗儿童咳嗽变异性哮喘的临床疗效。方法选取2018年6月—2019年11月在天津市宁河区医院治疗的110例咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将全部患儿分为对照组和治疗组,每组各55例。对照组雾化吸入布地奈德福莫特罗吸入剂,1吸/次,2次/d。治疗组在对照组基础上口服雪梨止咳糖浆,5 mL/次,3次/d。两组患儿连续治疗4周。观察两组的控制率,比较两组的咳嗽消失时间、气喘消失时间、哮鸣音消失时间、日间咳嗽评分、夜间咳嗽评分、肺功能和诱导痰白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、组织中P物质(SP)、嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)水平。结果治疗后,治疗组的控制率(92.73%)明显高于对照组(78.18%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,治疗组的咳嗽消失时间、气喘消失时间、哮鸣音消失时间比对照组短,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组的日间咳嗽评分、夜间咳嗽评分明显低于治疗前(P0.05);且治疗组的日间咳嗽评分、夜间咳嗽评分比对照组低(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、FEV1/用力肺活量(FVC)明显升高(P0.05),且治疗组FEV1、FEV1/FVC较对照组升高的更明显(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者诱导痰的IL-6、SP、ECP明显降低(P0.05),且治疗组IL-6、SP、ECP较对照组降低的更明显(P0.05)。结论雪梨止咳糖浆联合布地奈德福莫特罗吸入剂可提高小儿咳嗽变异性哮喘的疗效,减轻患儿的咳嗽症状,改善肺功能,减轻炎症反应,具有一定的临床研究价值。     

福多司坦联合布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂治疗稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病的临床研究

目的研究福多司坦片联合布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂治疗稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病的临床疗效。方法选取2016年11月—2018年7月都江堰市人民医院收治的360例稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者作为研究对象,采用数字表法将患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各180例。对照组给予布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂,1吸/次,2次/d。治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上口服福多司坦片,0.4 g/次,3次/d。两组患者均持续治疗2周。观察两组患者的临床疗效,同时比较两组的圣乔治呼吸问卷(SGRQ)评分、血气指标、肺功能指标和血清学指标。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为77.8%、91.7%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组肺部症状、活动能力、疾病影响评分和总分均显著降低,同组治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,治疗组SGPR评分显著低于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者氧分压(p O2)、1秒钟用力呼气量(FEV1)/用力肺活量(FVC)、最大呼气流量(PEF)显著升高,二氧化碳分压(p CO2)均显著降低,同组治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,治疗组血气指标和肺功能指标均显著优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、丙二醛(MDA)水平均明显降低,对氧磷酶-1(PON1)水平明显增高,同组治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,治疗组血清学指标明显优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论福多司坦片联合布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂治疗稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病疗效显著,可改善血气和肺功能指标,降低血清炎症因子水平和氧化应激水平,具有一定的临床推广价值。     

金水宝胶囊联合布地奈德福莫特罗治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的临床研究

目的探讨金水宝胶囊联合布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的临床疗效。方法选取2017年3月—2018年8月在陕西中医药大学第一附属医院就诊的94例慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和治疗组,每组各47例。对照组雾化吸入布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂,1吸/次,2次/d。治疗组在对照组基础上口服金水宝胶囊,3粒/次,3次/d。两组患者连续治疗3个月。观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组的肺功能和免疫功能。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为78.72%、93.62%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组的FEV1(第一秒用力呼气容积)、FEV1/FVC(用力肺活量)、第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1%pred)、功能残气量(FRC)均明显升高,同组治疗前后差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后治疗组的FEV1、FEV1/FVC、FEV1%pred、FRC明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组的CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+均明显升高,辅助性T细胞17(Th17细胞)、Th17细胞/调节性T细胞(Treg细胞)均明显降低,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后治疗组的CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+高于对照组,Th17细胞、Th17细胞/Treg细胞低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论金水宝胶囊联合布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期具有较好的临床疗效,可改善肺功能,调节免疫功能,具有一定临床推广应用价值。     

寒喘祖帕颗粒联合甲泼尼龙治疗儿童顽固喘憋性肺炎的临床研究

目的探讨寒喘祖帕颗粒联合注射用甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠治疗儿童顽固喘憋性肺炎的临床效果。方法选取2016年4月—2017年6月深圳市龙岗中心医院儿科收治的82例顽固喘憋性肺炎患儿,根据随机分组法将所有患儿分为对照组和治疗组,每组各41例。对照组静脉滴注注射用甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠,1.5 mg/kg,3次/d。治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上口服寒喘祖帕颗粒,2 g/次,2次/d。两组患儿均连续治疗6 d。比较两组患儿的临床疗效,同时比较治疗前后两组患儿的临床症状改善情况、血气指标和炎性指标。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为75.6%、92.7%,两组总有效率比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组气喘缓解时间、咳嗽消失时间、喘鸣音消失时间和平均住院时间均显著短于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组氧分压(pO_2)明显升高,二氧化碳分压(pCO_2)明显降低,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组血气指标明显优于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组血清TNF-α、IL-13、IL-1β水平均明显下降,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组炎性指标水平明显低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论寒喘祖帕颗粒联合注射用甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠治疗儿童顽固喘憋性肺炎具有较好临床疗效,可有效改善临床症状和血气指标,降低炎症状态,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂改善支气管哮喘患者症状及肺功能的临床研究

目的研究布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂改善支气管哮喘患者症状及肺功能的作用。方法选择我院2014年1月~2016年1月收治入院的支气管哮喘患者200例作为研究对象,随机分为观察组与对照组,每组100例,对照组采取抗感染、常规吸氧等常规治疗,观察组同时给予布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂吸入治疗,测定两组患者的第一秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、最大通气量(MVV)及FEV1/FVC等肺功能指标。并根据支气管哮喘疗效判断标准确定其治疗效果并记录不良反应发生率。结果观察组患者的总有效率为98.0%(98/100),显著高于对照组的84.0%(84/100),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);从治疗前后的肺功能对比来看,治疗前两组患者的肺功能对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后观察组的FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC、MVV均显著优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者治疗后CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+等T淋巴细胞水平均明显优于对照组,且比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者治疗后CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+等T淋巴细胞水平均明显优于对照组治疗后,且比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂治疗支气管哮喘效果显著,且显著改善患者肺功能,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

寒喘祖帕颗粒联合沙丁胺醇治疗喘憋性肺炎的疗效观察

目的探讨寒喘祖帕颗粒联合沙丁胺醇雾化治疗小儿喘憋性肺炎的临床疗效。方法选取2014年12月—2016年1月廊坊市第四人民医院收治的喘憋性肺炎患儿80例,随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各40例。对照组患儿氧驱动雾化吸入硫酸沙丁胺醇雾化吸入溶液,将0.5 m L雾化溶液(含2.5 mg沙丁胺醇)用生理盐水稀释至2~2.5 m L,5 min/次,2次/d。治疗组在对照组的基础上口服寒喘祖帕颗粒,2 g/次,2次/d。两组均连续治疗6 d。观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组气喘缓解时间、咳嗽消失时间、喘鸣音消失时间及平均住院时间。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为77.5%、92.5%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与对照组对比,治疗组患儿的气喘缓解时间、咳嗽消失时间、喘鸣音消失时间及平均住院时间均显著缩短,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论寒喘祖帕颗粒联合沙丁胺醇治疗小儿喘憋性肺炎疗效显著,能显著改善患儿的临床症状,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Nachweis einiger Heilmittel in der Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit

Zusammenfassung Mittels Gaschromatographie und Dünschichtchromatographie wiesen die Autoren 11 Substanzen nach, welche durch Injektion oder nach Verabreichung per os in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit eindrangen. In ihrer Aufstellung konnten sie eine direkte Beziehung zwischen Struktur sowie chemischphysikalischen Eigenschaften der Substanz und ihrer Fähigkeit, aus dem Blut in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit einzudringen, nicht nachweisen, außer der Tatsache, daß Substanzen mit starker Affinität zu Eiweißstoffen erst in höheren Dosen nachweisbar waren.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.