活性炭对替硝唑葡萄糖注射液的影响

目的：考察不同量活性炭对替硝唑葡萄糖注射液含量的影响以及不同ｐＨ时活性炭对注射液中替硝唑含量及ｐＨ值的影响。方法：注射液中分别加入不同量活性炭在８０℃水浴恒温３０ｍｉｎ后过滤,测替硝唑、葡萄糖含量。调整注射液为不同ｐＨ值,加入一定量活性炭同法操作,测替硝唑含量和ｐＨ值。结果：随活性炭用量的增加,注射液中替硝唑的含量明显降低,而葡萄糖的含量不受影响;ｐＨ值为４．０～５．０时,活性炭对替硝唑吸附相对较少,活性炭的加入注射液的ｐＨ值有所升高,当ｐＨ在４．０～５．０时影响不大,而ｐＨ在６．０～７．０时升高明显。结论：在实际生产工作中要根据活性炭的加入量酌情增大替硝唑的投入量;在不增加投入量的情况下,活性炭的用量宜控制在０．０５％左右,ｐＨ值宜控制在４．０～５．０之间     

正交设计法考察盐酸洛美沙星葡萄糖注射液制备工艺

目的：对盐酸洛美沙星葡萄糖注射液生产工艺过程的影响因素进行实验考察，寻求最佳生产工艺。方法：通过正交设计考察pH、加炭量、温度和加热时间4个因素对盐酸洛美沙星含量的影响，选用L16(4^5)正交表进行实验。结果：实验证明活性炭对盐酸洛美沙星有明显吸附作用，在pH值为4．8，加炭量为0．02％，温度为50℃及加热时间为10 min的优化条件下，活性炭对盐酸洛美沙星的吸附量最小。结论：生产过程中应对上述影响因素进行控制，提高产品质量。     

均匀设计法考察乳酸环丙沙星葡萄糖注射液制备工艺

目的:考察活性炭吸附环丙沙星的影响因素.方法:通过均匀设计法对药物浓度、pH值、加炭量、温度和加热时间等因素进行考察.结果:活性炭对环丙沙星有明显的吸附作用,在环丙沙星浓度为2.0%,pH值为5.0,加炭量为0.02%,温度为60℃及加热时间为10 min的优化条件下时,活性炭对环丙沙星的吸附量最小.环丙沙星在pH 3.0～5.0时稳定性好.结论:配制环丙沙星葡萄糖注射液时要对上述影响因素进行控制,提高产品质量.     

影响活性炭吸附替硝唑的因素探讨

目的　考察影响活性炭吸附替硝唑的因素。方法　在不同炭量 ,不同温度 ,不同吸附时间下进行活性炭的吸附实验。结果　活性炭量 ,温度 ,吸附时间都分别对活性炭的吸咐产生影响。结论　将替硝唑药液加热 90℃ ,再加 0 .3g· L-1活性炭并保温吸液 2 0min。     

正交法考察盐酸洛美沙星葡萄糖注射液制备工艺

目的对盐酸洛美沙星葡萄糖注射液生产工艺过程的影响因素进行实验考察,寻求最佳生产工艺。方法通过正交设计考察pH、加炭量、温度和加热时间4个因素对盐酸洛美沙星含量的影响,选用L16（4^5）正交表进行实验。结果活性炭对盐酸洛美沙星有明显吸附作用,在pH值为4．8,加炭量为0．02％,温度为50℃及加热时间为10min的优化条件下,活性炭对盐酸洛美沙星的吸附量最小。结论生产过程中应对上述影响因素进行控制,提高产品质量。     

活性炭对替硝唑注射液含量的影响

在配制替硝唑注射液按常规量加入活性炭时,活性炭对替硝唑有较大的吸附作用,同时加热的时间对其含量亦有一定影响。反复实验证明配制替硝唑注射液时,替硝唑按标示量的１１０％投料,投入０．０５％的活性炭,加热时间控制在２０ｍｉｎ时,可提高产品的澄明主和质量,其含量也符合规定。     

替硝唑葡萄糖注射液制备工艺探讨

目的针对温度、葡萄糖、pH值、活性炭对替硝唑葡萄糖注射液的影响,探讨其配制工艺.方法通过加温考察温度对替硝唑的影响;通过先调pH值及两次活性炭吸附配制替硝唑葡萄糖注射液,考察活性炭对替硝唑含量及半成品pH值的影响.结果替硝唑配制温度控制在(63.5±1)℃范围,第1次加活性炭0.1%,煮沸加热20min;第2次加活性炭控制在0.025%～0.05%范围,加热时间控制在15～20min范围,可按107%～110%投料,半成品pH值4.48.结论该工艺可最大限度提高产品质量.     

替硝唑注射液生产工艺的探讨与改进

目的探讨优化替硝唑生产工艺在实际工作中的应用。方法用正交试验优选法，考察了活性炭用量、初配液的pH值、初配液浓度、灭菌温度和灭菌时间几个因素对其成品质量的影响。结果采用活性炭用量为0．5％，初配液pH值为4．5，初配液浓度为50％，灭菌温度为110℃，灭菌时间为50min为最佳配制工艺条件，成品合格率和澄明度均提高。结论正交试验优选法是替硝唑注射液成品质量生产工艺中考察活性炭用量、初配液的pH值、初配液浓度、灭菌温度和灭菌时间等因素的最佳方法。     

正交试验优选替硝唑注射液的生产工艺

在其它检查项目均合格前提下,以替硝唑百分标示量为指标驼用正交试验优选替硝唑生产工艺。主要考察了活性炭用量,初配液的ＰＨ值和妆配液浓度３个因素对其成品质量的影响,并应用直观分析,方差分析结果评定因素的影响大小。通过正交试验得出,采用活性炭用量为１．０％,初配液ＰＨ值为４．５,初配液浓度为４０％为时最佳配条件,成品合格和澄明度均提高。     

本刊郑重声明

目的考察活性炭对替硝唑注射液制备的影响。方法制备过程中分别加入不同浓度的活性炭，测定其含量及pH值。结果活性炭对pH值无显著影响（F0.05〉F），对替硝唑含量有极显著影响（F〉F0.01）。结论活性炭的最佳用量为0．02％～0．04％。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Nachweis einiger Heilmittel in der Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit

Zusammenfassung Mittels Gaschromatographie und Dünschichtchromatographie wiesen die Autoren 11 Substanzen nach, welche durch Injektion oder nach Verabreichung per os in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit eindrangen. In ihrer Aufstellung konnten sie eine direkte Beziehung zwischen Struktur sowie chemischphysikalischen Eigenschaften der Substanz und ihrer Fähigkeit, aus dem Blut in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit einzudringen, nicht nachweisen, außer der Tatsache, daß Substanzen mit starker Affinität zu Eiweißstoffen erst in höheren Dosen nachweisbar waren.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.