微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定棓丙酯原料药中的金属元素

摘 要 目的：建立测定棓丙酯原料药中镁（Mg）、铝（Al）、铬（Cr）、锰（Mn）、镍（Ni）、铁（Fe）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、镉（Cd）等常见金属元素含量的方法。方法: 样品加入硝酸经微波消解处理,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法以7锂（Li）、45钪（Sc）、72锗（Ge）、115铟（In）为内标元素测定金属元素。测定条件：射频功率为1 530 W,碰撞气为氦气,载气为氩气,载气流量为1.08 L·min-1,积分时间为0.1 s,数据采集重复次数为3次。结果: 各元素在1～200 ng·ml-1范围内线性良好（r＞0.999 0）;检测限为0.003 8～0.785 1 ng·ml-1;精密度、稳定性、重复性的RSD＜5%;各元素平均加样回收率为97.45%～105.24%,RSD为1.1%~3.3%（n=9）。结论: 该方法线性回归良好、灵敏度高、准确性好,适用于棓丙酯原料药中痕量金属元素的检测分析。     

菊花及水煎液中21种金属元素的分析与评价

摘 要 目的：比较6个不同产区菊花中21种重金属元素含量的差异,建立菊花重金属元素的基础数据库,评价菊花服用的安全性。方法: 采用微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP MS）,对33批菊花药材及水煎液样品中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜等21种金属元素的含量进行测定。结果:各元素呈现良好的线性关系（r＞0.997）,回收率在70.0%～118.9%,RSD在0.97%～20.82%,表明该方法准确可靠。33批菊花中有7批镉超过0.3 mg·kg^-1,但水煎液重金属残留均在安全范围。结论:在重金属残留方面菊花汤剂或茶饮方式服用较安全。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定谷维素中8种痕量元素的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立谷维素中痕量元素的含量测定方法。方法: 样品经微波消解后,以钪（Sc）,锗（Ge）、铟（In）、铋（Bi）为内标,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定谷维素原料中铬（Cr）、锰（Mn）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、汞（Hg）、铅（Pb）8种痕量元素的含量。结果: 标准曲线相关系数均大于0.999 0,该方法对各元素的检出限在0.001～0.009 mg·kg^-1范围内,各元素加标回收率范围为87.7%～117.0%,RSDs均小于3.5%（n=6）。结论:该方法准确快速、灵敏度高,可用于谷维素中痕量元素的含量测定。     

ICP-MS法同时测定半夏糖浆中6种重金属元素的含量

摘 要 目的：建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP MS）同时测定半夏糖浆中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜、铬6种重金属元素含量的分析方法。方法: 微波消解法处理样品,用ICP MS法（射频功率1.5kW,采样深度10 mm,等离子气、辅助气和载气流量分别为15.0,0.8,0.7 L·min-1,积分时间为0.3~2 s）检测不同厂家不同批次半夏糖浆中6种重金属元素的含量。结果: 各待测元素线性关系良好,r均≥0.997 0,检出限范围为0.3～15.2 ng·g-1,加样回收率为90.4%～98.7%,RSD≤5.8%。结论: 本方法准确、灵敏、简便,可用于半夏糖浆中6种重金属元素的含量测定。     

ICP-MS法测定依地酸二钠中8种金属元素含量

摘 要 目的：建立ICP MS法测定依地酸二钠中Fe、Ni、Cu、As、Cr、Cd、Hg、Pb等8种金属元素含量。方法: 采用ICP–MS法进行测定,应用碰撞池技术(CCT),最大程度的减少多原子干扰,通过在线加入Sc、Rh、Tb、Lu、Bi 等内标元素的方法,校正测量结果,降低基体效应和信号漂移干扰。样品用纯水溶解成0.1%水溶液,直接进样。结果: 检测限范围为0.009～0.11 ng·ml-1时 ,标准曲线线性关系良好(r在0.997 0～1.000 0范围内）;回收率均在82%～98% 之内(n=6)。结论: 上述方法简便、快速、准确,可用于依地酸二钠中8种金属元素的含量测定。     

ICP-OES法同时测定右旋糖酐铁中铅、镉、砷、汞等8种重金属元素的含量

摘 要 目的：建立用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP OES）同时测定右旋糖酐铁中铅、镉、砷、汞、钴、钒、硒、钼8种重金属元素含量的分析方法。方法: 通过检测波长考察,确定检测波长为：铅220.353 nm、镉228.802 nm、砷188.980 nm、汞194.164 nm、钴228.615 nm、钒311.070 nm、硒196.026 nm、钼204.598 nm。通过仪器参数优化,确定最优高频入射功率为1.3 kW,雾化气流速为0.7 L·min^-1,泵速为10 r·min^-1。应用上述检测参数,采用ICP OES法测定8种重金属元素的含量。结果: 各待测元素线性关系良好,r均大于0.999 0,检出限为0.12~7.26  ng·ml^-1,定量限为0.40~23.96 ng·ml^-1,加样回收率在94.1%~103.4%,RSD均小于3%（n=9）。结论:该方法专属性好,灵敏度高,迅速准确,可用于右旋糖酐铁中8种重金属元素含量的同时测定。     

UPLC法同时测定不同产地牛蒡根中橙皮苷和牛蒡苷的含量

摘 要 目的：建立UPLC法同时测定不同产地牛蒡根药材中橙皮苷、牛蒡苷的含量。方法: 采用Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱柱（50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm）,流动相为乙腈(A) 0.1%甲酸水溶液(B),梯度洗脱,流速0.3 ml·min^-1,检测波长280 nm,柱温25℃。结果: 橙皮苷、牛蒡苷分别在4.950～29.700,6.250～37.500 μg·mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均加样回收率分别为99.0%、98.5%,RSD分别为0.98%、1.5%（n=6）。结论: 该方法灵敏、快速、准确,可用于牛蒡根药材的质量控制。     

ICP-MS同时测定不同产地制草乌药材中6种重金属的含量及聚类分析

目的建立等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定不同产地制草乌子药材中Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、As等6种重金属含量的方法,并采用聚类分析进行质量评价。方法测定时选取同位素~(208)Pb和~(202)Hg以~(209)Bi作为内标物,~(114)Cd以~(115)In作为内标物,~(63)Cu、~(52)Cr以~(47)Sc作为内标物,~(75)As以Ge作为内标物,样品经微波消解后,采用ICP-MS同时测定不同产地制草乌药材中6种重金属元素的含量。结果采用SPSS 20.0软件对不同产地的制草乌中6种重金属含量进行系统聚类分析后,发现部分产地的制草乌药材中有镉、砷和汞等元素超标现象,不同产地的制草乌药材中6种金属元素含量差异较大,6种金属元素的线性相关系数均大于0.998 5,平均加样回收率在83.99%～97.96%之间,RSD在0.94%～2.66%之间。结论所建立的方法具有操作简单,分析速度快,重复性好等优点,可以用于不同产地制草乌药材中6种重金属元素的含量测定及其质量评价。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定动物类中药中的5种有害元素

摘 要 目的：建立微波消解 电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP MS）测定动物类中药中的Pb、Cd、As、Hg、Cu等5种有害元素的方法。方法: 样品经HNO3 H2O2微波消解后,优化了电感耦合等离子体质谱仪工作参数,基体干扰和质谱干扰分别通过使用Ge、In、Bi内标溶液和碰撞反应池技术（KED模式）消除。结果: 5种有害元素的检出限在0.04～0.52 μg·L-1,方法精密度（RSD）为1.1%～4.8%,回收率为92.4%～110.0%。利用本方法对40批次的动物类中药中的5种有害元素进行了测定,结果表明某些动物类中药的有害元素含量较高。结论: 本方法快速灵敏准确,适用于动物类中药中的有害元素的分析。     

水杨酸-次氯酸钠分光光度法测定露蜂房总氮含量

摘 要 目的：建立露蜂房药材总氮含量的水杨酸 次氯酸钠分光光度测定方法,考察其不同产地、不同批次药材的总氮含量。方法: 露蜂房经硫酸 过氧化氢消化后,用水杨酸 次氯酸钠显色,以氯化铵为对照品在650 nm处测定总氮含量。为了确保检测方法的可靠性,对显色温度、时间、各试剂用量等做了单因素试验考察,并对磷酸缓冲液、水杨酸钠溶液和次氯酸钠溶液的用量进行了正交试验优化。结果: 露蜂房总氮含量测定的显色温度宜为室温,反应时间宜为1.5 h,磷酸缓冲液、水杨酸钠溶液、次氯酸钠溶液的用量分别以4,7,1.5 ml为宜。在此条件下总氮浓度在0.06～0.78 μg·ml^-1间与吸光度值呈良好线性关系（r=0.999 8）,平均回收率为100.98%,RSD为2.10%（n=6）。结论:水杨酸 次氯酸钠分光光度法适用于露蜂房药材总氮含量测定;露蜂房药材总氮含量在不同产地、不同批次间存在着较大差异 。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Nachweis einiger Heilmittel in der Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit

Zusammenfassung Mittels Gaschromatographie und Dünschichtchromatographie wiesen die Autoren 11 Substanzen nach, welche durch Injektion oder nach Verabreichung per os in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit eindrangen. In ihrer Aufstellung konnten sie eine direkte Beziehung zwischen Struktur sowie chemischphysikalischen Eigenschaften der Substanz und ihrer Fähigkeit, aus dem Blut in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit einzudringen, nicht nachweisen, außer der Tatsache, daß Substanzen mit starker Affinität zu Eiweißstoffen erst in höheren Dosen nachweisbar waren.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.