异烟肼原位凝胶的研制及质量控制

目的：制备异烟肼原位凝胶,并建立其质量控制方法。方法：采用搅拌子法测定胶凝温度并用黏度计测定黏度。建立异烟肼原位凝胶的质量控制方法。结果：以泊洛沙姆407和卡波姆940为混合基质制备异烟肼原位凝胶,得到优化处方：浓度为20％的泊洛沙姆407,0．2％的卡波姆940,1．0％的异烟肼溶液30ml,内合1ml甘油（保湿剂）。搅拌子法测得胶凝温度为29℃。结论：制备的异烟肼原位凝胶处方合理,质量稳定,且具有温度敏感型反相凝胶的性质,在体温条件下可以发生相变成为凝胶,可用于结核患者病灶内注射给药,以期达到靶向及缓释给药目的。     

喷昔洛韦眼用温度敏感原位凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的 制备喷昔洛韦(penciclovir,PCV)温度敏感原位凝胶,对其进行了处方优化筛选,并建立其质量控制方法.方法 考察含有不同泊洛沙姆407(Pluronic F127)和泊洛沙姆188(Pluronic F68)浓度配比的处方对原位凝胶胶凝温度、流变学性质、质构特性和体外药物释放行为等的影响,从而设计和优化处方.结果 得到最佳凝胶基质组成为19%F127/0.3%F68,其胶凝温度33.7℃;达到34℃时粘度和胶凝强度明显增大;PCV自凝胶中的释放具有一定的缓释效果.结论 喷昔洛韦眼用温度敏感原位凝胶有望开发成为一种新型眼部给药制剂.     

姜黄素微乳温敏原位凝胶剂的制备及其理化性质研究

制备姜黄素微乳温敏原位凝胶剂并进行质量评价。在姜黄素微乳的基础上加入温敏凝胶基质制成原位凝胶,并考察微乳原位凝胶的形态、粒径、表面电位、载药量、体外释药等。结果表明制备的姜黄素微乳原位凝胶剂为澄清透明的液体,透射电镜下观察为类球形液滴,粒径分布均匀,平均粒径为21.2 nm,Zeta电位为-26.13 mV,药物含量为19.54 mg/g,在37℃1 min内胶凝,胶凝后24 h内体外累积释药93.76%。所制备的姜黄素微乳原位凝胶剂可改善姜黄素的溶解度,具有良好的温度敏感性。     

吡嘧司特钾眼用原位温度敏感凝胶的制备及其体外释放度的研究

目的：以吡嘧司特钾为模型药物,制备眼用原位温度敏感凝胶,考察其体外释放度。方法：以泊洛沙姆407/188为基质,筛选最佳处方以达到合适的胶凝温度,建立高效液相色谱法测定吡嘧司特钾含量并以无膜溶出模型考察体外释放度。结果：处方中以5%甘露醇为溶媒,0.1%吡嘧司特钾（w/v）、0.01%苯扎溴铵（v/v）、6%泊洛沙姆188（w/v）和20%泊洛沙姆407（w/v）的组成可以达到最适胶凝温度,经影响因素试验考察证明该制剂性质稳定,体外释放度考察结果表明药物的释放与时间成线性关系。结论：本文制备的吡嘧司特钾眼用原位温度敏感凝胶具有很好的温度敏感性,能够延长药物在眼部停留时间且给药方便,有望开发成为一种新型眼用给药制剂。     

盐酸博安霉素注射用温度敏感原位凝胶的研究

本文以泊洛沙姆F127为主要基质材料,复合使用泊洛沙姆F68和高分子材料羟丙基甲基纤维素K4M,制备盐酸博安霉素注射用温度敏感原位凝胶。对凝胶的胶凝温度、流变学、质构特性、电镜结构和体外释放等性能进行了研究,并考察了该制剂在大鼠体内的药代动力学。结果表明,制备的盐酸博安霉素注射用温度敏感原位凝胶在常温下为流动的液体,在人体温度下能够发生相转变,成为具有一定胶凝强度的半固体,方便注射给药,胶凝后呈现三维网状空间结构,药物的扩散和凝胶材料的溶蚀为控制药物释放的主要因素。该制剂具有明显的缓释作用,在大鼠体内可以持续释放48 h以上。     

诺氟沙星阴道用温度敏感原位凝胶的制备及体外释放度研究

摘 要 目的：制备诺氟沙星阴道用温度敏感原位凝胶,并考察其体外药物释放行为。方法: 以泊洛沙姆为基质,采用冷溶法制备诺氟沙星阴道用温度敏感原位凝胶,考察泊洛沙姆407与泊洛沙姆188的用量对胶凝相变温度的影响,采用星点设计 效应面法优化其处方,并考察其体外药物释放行为。结果: 在一定浓度范围内,随着泊洛沙姆407用量的增大胶凝化温度逐渐降低,随着泊洛沙姆188用量的增大胶凝化温度逐渐升高,通过优化得到诺氟沙星阴道用温度敏感原位凝胶的最佳处方为：泊洛沙姆407的浓度为20.6%（w/v）,泊洛沙姆188的浓度为5.7%（w/v）,在温度为36.5 ℃以上可发生胶凝。药物在温度敏感原位凝胶中呈持续缓慢释放,6 h药物的累积释放度为87.5%±5.4%。结论: 诺氟沙星阴道用温度敏感原位凝胶具有很好的温度敏感性,可以延缓药物释放,有望开发成为一种新型阴道给药制剂。     

盐酸美普他酚鼻用温敏型凝胶的制备及其体外释放度考察

目的:制备盐酸美普他酚鼻用温敏型凝胶并考察其体外释放特性。方法:以盐酸美普他酚为主药,泊洛沙姆P407为凝胶材料制备凝胶;以影响制剂胶凝温度的泊洛沙姆P407、P188及PEG6000用量为考察因素,胶凝温度为考察指标进行正交试验优选处方;同时采用改良的Franz扩散池法,以生理盐水为介质进行体外释放特性评价。结果:以处方中含有泊洛沙姆P407为20%、泊洛沙姆P188为3%、PEG6000为2%为最佳处方,平均胶凝温度为32.4℃。所制制剂15min即释药约25%,体外释药行为符合Higuchi方程。结论:该制剂处方设计和工艺方法可行,并具有一定的缓释特性,适合鼻腔给药。     

星点设计-效应面法优化贝美前列素眼用温度敏感原位凝胶的处方工艺

目的 使用星点设计-效应面法探讨贝美前列素眼用温度敏感原位凝胶的处方组成，并考察其体外释放度。方法 以泊洛沙姆407和188为凝胶基质，用星点设计-效应面法筛选出最佳处方得到合适的胶凝温度，高效液相色谱法测定贝美前列素眼用凝胶的含量，并以无膜溶出模型考察其体外释放度。结果 处方以1%吐温80，0.03%贝美前列素（w/v）、21%泊洛沙姆407（w/v）和2%泊洛沙姆188（w/v）组成能达到最适胶凝温度。体外释放度的考察结果显示药物的释放与时间呈线性关系。结论 本实验制备的贝美前列素眼用温度敏感原位凝胶具有理想的胶凝温度，能够使药物更加持久地附在给药部位，具有给药方便等优点，是一种值得开发并推广使用的眼用制剂。     

羧甲基壳聚糖阴道温敏性原位凝胶的研制及体外质量考察

摘要：目的:优化羧甲基壳聚糖（CCS）阴道温敏性原位凝胶的处方,并对其体外性质进行考察。方法:拟定CCS质量分数为1.0%,以pH 4.2乳酸-乳酸钠为缓冲体系,在单因素试验的基础上,以胶凝温度(Tgel)为评价指标,以正交试验优化泊洛沙姆407（P407）、泊洛沙姆188（P188）、甘油及聚卡波菲（PCP）的用量。对最佳处方制备的CCS温敏性原位凝胶的pH、胶凝时间、黏度及体外释药特性进行考察。结果:优化的最佳处方为18%P407,5%P188,5%甘油及0.4%PCP。最佳处方制备的CCS温敏性原位凝胶平均Tgel为29.5℃,pH为4.12,胶凝时间为22.6 s,在8个温度单位内完成黏度的增加,体外释药符合一级动力学过程,且主要由基质溶蚀控制。结论:CCS温敏性原位凝胶体外性质符合阴道给药制剂的要求,并可迅速发生相转变,可望在阴道局部发挥缓释长效作用。     

硫普罗宁眼用原位凝胶的研制

目的筛选硫普罗宁温度敏感型眼用原位凝胶最优处方,提高药物在角膜前的滞留时间。方法以胶凝温度、凝胶溶蚀量、体外药物释放度、离体角膜透过性为考察指标,设计和优化处方;以家兔为受试动物,考察硫普罗宁在角膜的滞留时间、刺激性及稳定性。结果含有质量分数0.2%透明质酸钠的硫普罗宁原位凝胶具有适宜的胶凝温度和一定的缓释作用,其角膜表观透过系数为15.43 cm.s-1,角膜前滞留时间为130 min;刺激性、稳定性符合眼用制剂要求。结论硫普罗宁眼用原位凝胶延长了药物在眼部的作用时间,达到了缓释的目的。     

Development of novel bioadhesive granisetron hydrochloride spanlastic gel and insert for brain targeting and study their effects on rats

The aim of this study was to formulate granisetron hydrochloride (GH) spanlastic in mucoadhesive gels and lyophilized inserts for intranasal administration to improve GH bioavailability and brain targeting. Carpapol 934 and HPMC were incorporated in GH spanlastic in nasal gels (GHSpNGs). Gelatin and HPMC as matrix former, glycine as a collapse protecting and mannitol as an insert filler and sweeting agent were used to prepare GH spanlastic loaded in lyophilized inserts (GHSpNIs). The prepared GHSpNGs were characterized for pH measurement, drug content, rheology, and in vitro drug release. The prepared GHSpNIs were characterized for drug content, surface pH, GH release, and mucoadhesion. Biological investigations including pharmacokinetics studies and brain drug targeting efficiency dimensions were performed on rats (LC–MS/MS). The results showed thixotropic pseudoplastic gels and white insert with pH values in a physiological range, drug content (89.9–98.6%), (82.4–98.38%) for gel and insert, respectively and rapid release rate of GH. Biological studies showed that C_max and AUC_0–6?h in brain and plasma after intranasal administration of gel and insert were higher compared to IV administration of GH solution. A high brain targeting efficiency (199.3%, 230%) for gel and insert, respectively and a direct nose to brain transport (49.8%, 56.95%) for gel and insert, respectively confirmed that there is a direct nose to brain transport of GH following nasal administration of GH spanlastic loaded in nasal gel and insert. GHSpNIs can be considered as potential novel drug delivery system intended for brain targeting via the nasal rout of administration than GHSpNGs.     

Nasal in-situ gels for delivery of rasagiline mesylate: improvement in bioavailability and brain localization

Abstract

Intranasal thermosensitive gel for rasagiline mesylate (RM) was developed for effective treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Intranasal gels were prepared by combination of poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188 (1:1) with mucoadhesive polymers (carbopol 934?P and chitosan). The formulations were evaluated for sol–gel transition temperature, in-vitro drug release and in-vivo mucociliary transit time. Further, optimal intranasal gel formulations were tested for in-vivo pharmacokinetic behavior, nasal toxicity studies and brain uptake studies. It was found that optimal formulations had acceptable gelation temperature (28–33?°C) and adequate in-vitro drug release profile. Pharmacokinetic study in rabbits showed significant (p?<?0.05) improvement in bioavailability (four- to six-folds) of the drug from intranasal gels than oral solution. Chronic exposure studies in Wistar rats showed that these intranasal gels were non-irritant and non-toxic to rat nasal mucosa. Estimation of RM in rat brain tissue showed significant (p?<?0.01) improvement in uptake of RM form intranasal gel formulations than nasal solution.     

Optimization of artemether-loaded NLC for intranasal delivery using central composite design

Abstract

The objective of the study was to optimize artemether-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (ARM-NLC) for intranasal delivery using central composite design. ARM-NLC was prepared by microemulsion method with optimized formulation having particle size of 123.4?nm and zeta potential of ?34.4?mV. Differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction studies confirmed that drug existed in amorphous form in NLC formulation. In vitro cytotoxicity assay using SVG p12 cell line and nasal histopathological studies on sheep nasal mucosa indicated the developed formulations were non-toxic and safe for intranasal administration. In vitro release studies revealed that NLC showed sustained release up to 96?h. Ex vivo diffusion studies using sheep nasal mucosa revealed that ARM-NLC had significantly lower flux compared to drug solution (ARM-SOL). Pharmacokinetic and brain uptake studies in Wistar rats showed significantly higher drug concentration in brain in animals treated intranasally (i.n.) with ARM-NLC. Brain to blood ratios for ARM-NLC (i.n.), ARM-SOL (i.n.) and ARM-SOL (i.v.) were 2.619, 1.642 and 0.260, respectively, at 0.5?h indicating direct nose to brain transport of ARM. ARM-NLC showed highest drug targeting efficiency and drug transport percentage of 278.16 and 64.02, respectively, which indicates NLC had better brain targeting efficiency compared to drug solution.     

Intranasal hydrogel of armodafinil hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder

Armodafinil inclusion complex (AIC) hydrogel was prepared and evaluated for its therapeutic effect on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). After computer simulation and physicochemical property investigation, the AIC was formed by lyophilization of armodafinil with ethanol as solvent and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) aqueous solution, in which the molar ratio of armodafinil and HP-β-CD was 1–1. The AIC encapsulation efficiency (EE) was (90.98 ± 3.72)% and loading efficiency (LE) was (13.95 ± 0.47)% and it increased the solubility of armodafinil in aqueous solution to 21 times. AIC hydrogel was prepared by adding AIC to methylcellulose (MC) hydrogels (3.33% w/v), and its higher drug release amount and slower release rate were testified by the in-vitro release assay and the rheological test. The mucosa irritation of AIC hydrogel was also evaluated. Healthy group, Model group, Sertraline group with 30 mg/kg sertraline gavage, AIC Hydrogel group with 20 mg/kg AIC hydrogel intranasal administration and AIC Aqueous Solution group with 20 mg/kg AIC aqueous solution gavage were set up for the treatment of mice with PTSD generated from foot shock method. Based on freezing response test in fear-conditioning box and open field test, compared with other groups, PTSD mice in AIC Hydrogel group showed significant improvement in behavioral parameters after 11 days of continuous drug administration and 5 days of drug withdrawal. After sacrifice, the plasma CORT level of PTSD mice in AIC Hydrogel group was elevated compared to Model group. Besides, the western blot (WB) of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and amygdala dopamine transporter (DAT) immunohistochemistry sections indicated that AIC hydrogel had a protective effect on the brain tissue of PTSD mice. The brain targeting of intranasal administration was evaluated by fluorescence imaging characteristics of Cy7 hydrogel in the nasal route of drug administration, pharmacokinetics and in-vivo distribution of armodafinil. In short, AIC hydrogel is a promising formulation for the treatment of PTSD based on its high brain delivery and anti-PTSD effect.     

The brain targeting efficiency following nasally applied MPEG-PLA nanoparticles in rats

The aim of this study was to encapsulate nimodipine (NM) within methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid) (MPEG-PLA) nanoparticles and to investigate its brain targeting efficiency following intranasal administration. NM-loaded nanoparticles, prepared through an emulsion/solvent evaporation technique, were characterized in terms of size, zeta potential, NM loading and in vitro release. The nanoparticles were administered intranasally to rats, and the concentrations of NM in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissues were monitored. The contribution of the olfactory pathway to the uptake of NM in the brain was determined by calculating the brain/plasma concentration ratios and "brain drug direct transport percentage (DTP)" following intranasal administration of the nanoparticles and the solution formulation. The results showed that MPEG-PLA nanoparticles had a mean particle size of 76.5 +/- 7.4 nm, a negative surface charge and a 5.2% NM loading. In vitro release was moderate under sink conditions. The intranasal administration of nanoparticles resulted in a low but constant NM level in plasma. The ratio of AUC values of the nanoparticles to the solution was 1.56 in CSF. The olfactory bulb/plasma and CSF/plasma concentration ratios were significantly higher (P < 0.05) after application of nanoparticles than those of the nasal solution, except the ratio in olfactory bulb at 5 min. Furthermore, nasally administered nanoparticles yielded 1.6-3.3-fold greater DTP values in CSF, olfactory bulb and other brain tissues compared to nasal solution. Thus, MPEG-PLA nanoparticles demonstrated its potential on improving the efficacy of the direct nose-brain transport for drugs.     

Brain targeting studies on buspirone hydrochloride after intranasal administration of mucoadhesive formulation in rats

Objectives The purpose of this study was to find out whether nasal application of buspirone could increase its bioavailability and directly transport the drug from nose to brain. Methods A nasal formulation (Bus‐chitosan) was prepared by dissolving 15.5 mg buspirone hydrochloride, 1% w/v chitosan hydrochloride and 5% w/v hydroxypropyl β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) in 5 ml of 0.5% sodium chloride solution. The formulation was nasally administered to rats and the plasma and brain concentration compared with that for buspirone hydrochloride solution after intravenous and intranasal (Bus‐plain) administration. The brain drug uptake was also confirmed by gamma scintigraphic study. Key findings The nasal Bus‐chitosan formulation improved the absolute bioavailability to 61% and the plasma concentration peaked at 30 min whereas the peak for nasal Bus‐plain formulation was 60 min. The AUC_0‐480 in brain after nasal administration of Bus‐chitosan formulation was 2.5 times that obtained by intravenous administration (711 ± 252 ng/g vs 282 ± 110 ng/g); this was also considerably higher than that obtained with the intranasal Bus‐plain formulation (354 ± 80 ng/g). The high percentage of direct drug transport to the brain (75.77%) and high drug targeting index (>1) confirmed the direct nose to brain transport of buspirone following nasal administration of Bus‐chitosan formulation. Conclusions These results conclusively demonstrate increased access of buspirone to the blood and brain from intranasal solution formulated with chitosan and HP‐β‐CD.     

Formulation and evaluation of carnosic acid nanoparticulate system for upregulation of neurotrophins in the brain upon intranasal administration

To develop formulations of carnosic acid nanoparticles and to assess their in vivo efficacy to enhance the expression of neurotrophins in rat model. Carnosic acid loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionotropic gelation technique using central composite design. Response surface methodology was used to assess the effect of three factors namely chitosan concentration (0.1–1% w/v), tri-poly phosphate concentration (0.1–1% w/v) and sonication time (2–10?min) on the response variables such as particle size, zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficiency and drug release. The neurotrophins level in the rat brain upon intranasal administration of optimized batch of carnosic acid nanoparticles was determined. The experimental values for the formulation were in good agreement with those predicted by the mathematical models. A single intranasal administration of the optimized formulation of carnosic acid nanoparticles was sufficient to result in comparable levels of endogenous neurotrophins level in the brain that was almost on par with four, once a day intranasal administration of solution in rats. The results clearly demonstrated the fact that nanoparticulate drug delivery system for intranasal administration of carnosic acid would require less number of administrations to elicit the required pharmacological activity owing to its ability to localize on the olfactory mucosal region and provide controlled delivery of carnosic acid for prolonged time periods.     

Nose-to-brain delivery of tacrine

In the treatment of Alzheimer's disease tacrine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, is not the drug of choice due to its low oral bioavailability, extensive hepatic first-pass effect, rapid clearance from the systemic circulation, pronounced hepatotoxicity, and the availability of drugs better than tacrine in the same pharmacological class. Hence, the aim of this investigation was to ascertain the possibility of direct nose-to-brain delivery of tacrine to improve bioavailability, to avoid the first-pass effect and to minimize hepatotoxicity. Tacrine solution (TS) in propylene glycol was radiolabelled with (99m)Tc (technetium) and administered in BALB/c mice intranasally (i.n.) and intravenously (i.v.). Drug concentrations in blood and brain were determined at predetermined time intervals post dosing. Drug targeting efficiency (DTE %) and the brain drug direct transport percentage (DTP %) were calculated to evaluate the brain targeting efficiency. Brain scintigraphy imaging in rabbits was performed to ascertain the uptake of the drug into the brain. Tacrine solution was effectively labelled with (99m)Tc and was found to be stable and suitable for in-vivo studies. Following intranasal administration tacrine was delivered quickly (T(max) 60 min) to the brain compared with intravenous administration (T(max) 120 min). The brain/blood ratios of the drug were found to be higher for [(99m)Tc]TS(i.n.) compared with [(99m)Tc]TS(i.v.) at all time points. The DTE (207.23%) and DTP (51.75%) following intranasal administration suggested that part of tacrine was directly transported to brain from the nasal cavity. Rabbit brain scintigraphy imaging showed higher uptake of the drug into the brain following intranasal administration compared with intravenous administration. The results showed that tacrine could be directly transported into the brain from the nasal cavity and intranasal administration resulted in higher bioavailability of drug with reduced distribution into non-targeted tissues. This selective localization of tacrine in the brain may be helpful in reducing dose, frequency of dosing and dose-dependent side effects, and may prove an interesting new approach in delivery of the drug to the brain for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.     

眼用盐酸倍他洛尔脂质体-原位凝胶的研制及体外释药的研究

目的制备盐酸倍他洛尔(BH)眼用脂质体-原位凝胶(ISG),并对其体外释药特性进行考察。方法采用逆向蒸发法制备BH脂质体(BHL);以泊洛沙姆407和188(P407,P188)为温敏性ISG基质,以胶凝温度为指标,筛选P407与P188的最佳配比;采用无膜溶出模型对BHL的体外释放行为进行考察。结果 BHL的平均包封率为(88.24±5.46)%(n=3);当P407与P188的处方用量分别为21%及6%时,胶凝温度最接近人眼表温度(34℃);BHL-ISG体外药物释放和凝胶溶蚀均呈现零级释放特征,两者相关性良好。结论 BHL-ISG结合脂质体和原位凝胶的特点,延缓药物释放,为其角膜滞留性研究奠定了基础。     

Intranasal mucoadhesive microemulsions of clonazepam: preliminary studies on brain targeting

The aim of this investigation was to prepare clonazepam microemulsions (CME) for rapid drug delivery to the brain to treat acute status epileptic patients and to characterize and evaluate the performance of CME in vitro and in vivo in rats. The CME were prepared by the titration method and were characterized for globule size and size distribution, zeta potential, and drug content. CME was radiolabeled with (99m)Tc (technetium) and biodistribution of drug in the brain was studied in Swiss albino rats after intranasal and intravenous administrations. Brain scintigraphy imaging in rabbits was also performed to ascertain the uptake of the drug into the brain. Pre and postCME formulation treated human nasal mucosa was subjected to transmission electron microscopy to investigate the mechanism of drug uptake across the nasal mucosa. CME were transparent and stable with mean globule size of 15 +/- 10 nm and zeta potential of -30 mV to -40 mV. (99m)Tc-labeled clonazepam solution ((99m)Tc CS)/ clonazepam microemulsion (CME)/clonazepam mucoadhesive microemulsion (CMME) were found to be stable and suitable for in vivo studies. Brain/blood uptake ratios at 0.50 hour (h) following intranasal CMME, CME, clonazepam solution (CS), and intravenous CME administrations were found to be 0.67, 0.50, 0.48, and 0.13, respectively indicating more effective targeting with intranasal administration and best targeting of the brain with intranasal CMME. Brain/blood ratio at all sampling points up to 8 h following intranasal administration of CMME compared to intravenous was found to be twofold higher indicating larger extent of distribution of the drug in brain. Rabbit brain scintigraphy also showed higher intranasal uptake of the drug into the brain. Transmission electron microscopy revealed significant accretion of CMME within interstitial spaces and paracellular mode of transport due to stretching of the tight junctions present in the nasal mucosa. This investigation demonstrates a more rapid and larger extent of transport of clonazepam into the rat brain with intranasal CMME, which may prove useful in treating acute status epileptics.