国外上市新型注射剂的研究进展

纳米粒、微球、脂质体、原位凝胶和微乳或亚微乳等给药系统能减少药物在体内外的降解,实现药物的控制释放.基于上述给药系统的新型注射剂已成为药物研发的关注热点.本文综述了近年国外上市的新型注射剂的剂型特点及其临床应用概况,并介绍了几种新型注射装置.     

壳聚糖载药纳米粒研究进展

目的介绍壳聚糖载药纳米粒近年来的研究进展。方法总结壳聚糖纳米粒的制备方法、释药特性、生物摄取及其应用。结果不同的制备方法可得到不同粒径和表面特性的壳聚糖纳米粒。壳聚糖纳米粒改变了壳聚糖的摄取机制，广泛应用于药物的器官靶向、DNA转染效率提高、药物的非注射途释给药等方面。结论壳聚糖纳米粒作为一种新型的药物载体，具有重要的研究开发价值。     

天然药物靶向给药系统的研究

采用新型药物载体使天然药物具有靶向作用是近年来药剂学的研究热点之一。综述脂质体、纳米粒、微球、微乳、药质体等新型载体在天然药物靶向给药系统研究中的应用,并介绍膜融合脂质体、纳米脂质载体、药脂结合物纳米粒以及分泌颗粒类似物等几种新型靶向给药系统的药物载体。     

抗肿瘤药物靶向载体系统的研究与开发

综述肿瘤靶向给药的基础和抗肿瘤药物靶向载体系统的发展。分类介绍普通被动靶向载药系统（如微乳、传统脂质体、聚合物纳米粒、固体脂质纳米粒、纳米脂质载体、药-脂结合物纳米粒等）、表面修饰的被动靶向载药系统及主动靶向载药系统（如免疫脂质体、免疫聚合物纳米粒及受体-配体介导靶向纳米载体）的研究与开发。在传统药物制剂的基础上，发展抗肿瘤药物的新型靶向载体系统，改善药物在体内的代谢动力学特性，增加药物定向富集到肿瘤部位甚至肿瘤细胞内，提高疗效，降低毒副作用，是近年来备受关注的课题。     

壳聚糖微球给药系统

主要介绍壳聚糖微球的制备方法，影响其载药的主要因素，及其在缓控释、靶向给药、黏膜给药、生物大分子给药等方面的应用。近年来壳聚糖微球作为新型给药系统备受关注。     

固体脂质纳米粒和纳米结构脂质载体在经皮给药系统中的研究进展

目的介绍固体脂质纳米粒和纳米结构脂质载体在经皮给药系统中的应用与优势,为其开发利用提供参考。方法查阅国内外相关文献共30余篇,从固体脂质纳米粒和纳米结构脂质载体用于经皮给药系统的优势、药物在固体脂质纳米粒和纳米结构脂质载体中的分布形式及固体脂质纳米粒和纳米结构脂质载体在经皮给药领域中的应用等方面进行综述。结果固体脂质纳米粒和纳米结构脂质载体可以增强药物稳定性,能在皮肤表面产生包封效应,增加皮肤水合作用,具有药物靶向性。结论固体脂质纳米粒和纳米结构脂质载体是极有发展前景的新型经皮给药系统。     

制剂新技术和新型给药系统在蛋白多肽药物研究中的应用

蛋白多肽药物已经成为国内外药学研究和开发的热点,文中介绍几种新制剂技术和新型给药系统在多肽蛋白药物中的应用,分别阐述了聚乙二醇(PEG)修饰技术、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)修饰技术、超临界流体技术和脂质体、微粒和纳米粒、脉冲给药系统、微组装给药系统、微乳、聚合物胶束等的应用和研究新成果.上述新技术和新给药系统研究在多肽蛋白药物制备中取得较大进展,明显改善了蛋白多肽的稳定性和体内药动学性质,在新蛋白多肽药物研究中有广阔的应用前景.     

凝集素修饰透黏膜微粒给药系统

通过对近年来相关文献的检索,本文介绍了凝集素修饰的微球、纳米粒和脂质体,以及凝集素对不同微粒系统的修饰机制,综述凝集素修饰微粒给药系统在透黏膜给药中的应用,认为凝集素修饰微粒给药系统有较好的应用前景。     

壳聚糖微粒及纳米制剂在药剂学中的研究进展

［摘要］查阅国内外相关文献,总结壳聚糖微粒及纳米制剂的主要制备方法及药物的释放方式,阐述壳聚糖微粒纳米制剂在药剂学的主要应用。壳聚糖微粒纳米制剂比表面结构大,生物相容性好,具有优良的药物包埋性能和控制药物释放的能力,是极有发展前景的新型制剂给药系统。     

制剂新技术在多肽、蛋白质类药物给药系统研究中的应用

目的　介绍制剂新技术在多肽、蛋白质类药物给药系统研究中的应用。方法　综述了多肽、蛋白质类药物的性质特点和影响其稳定性的原因;制剂新技术在多肽、蛋白质类药物给药系统中的运用;对LHRH及其类似物和胰岛素两类药物的新型制剂研究进行了概述。结果　脂质体、微乳和复乳、微球、纳米粒、自控式释药技术等制剂新技术广泛应用于多肽、蛋白质类药物给药系统中,取得了较大进展;黄体激素释放激素(LHRH)及其类似物和胰岛素两类药物的新剂型研究具有代表性且引人注目。结论　将制剂新技术用于多肽、蛋白质类药物给药系统的研究,有着广阔的应用前景     

壳聚糖在新型给药系统中的应用

综述壳聚糖的物理化学和生物特性及在基因转染和不同给药系统中的应用研究近况。壳聚糖作为新型药用辅料,已受到越来越多的关注,对其应用的开发和研究已渗透到药剂学的多个领域。壳聚糖用作非病毒基因载体,也已成为近年来的研究热点之一。它也被广泛研究应用于眼部、鼻腔、口腔、胃内、小肠和结肠等靶向给药载体。     

壳聚糖在靶向制剂中的应用进展

壳聚糖是一种天然高分子化合物，壳聚糖及其衍生物具有优良的生物相容性和生物可降解性，在制药业有广阔的应用前景。综述了近几年来壳聚糖及其衍生物在靶向制剂中的应用。     

5-氟尿嘧啶磁性壳聚糖纳米微囊的制备及特性

目的 制备具有磁响应性和药物缓释性能的载药磁性壳聚糖纳米胶囊。方法 采用离子凝聚法,在Fe3O4纳米颗粒存在下,通过带正电荷的壳聚糖和带相反电荷的多聚磷酸钠之间的离子交联反应,生成壳聚糖胶童;优化各反应物的配比,控制胶囊的粒径在纳米级;测定微囊的磁响应性和缓释性能;通过原子力显徽镜观测产品的形貌和粒径。结果 通过适宜的反应条件。制备了具有磁响应性和缓释能力的5-氟尿嘧啶的壳聚糖胶童,粒径为30～350nm的圃球。结论 5-FU-CS微胶囊具有较好的缓释和靶向作用,有希望作为新型药物载体用于靶向给药系统。     

Chitosan-based particles as controlled drug delivery systems

Chitosan, a natural-based polymer obtained by alkaline deacetylation of chitin, is nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable. These properties make chitosan a good candidate for conventional and novel drug delivery systems. This article reviews the approaches aimed to associate bioactive molecules to chitosan in the form of colloidal structures and analyzes the evidence of their efficacy in improving the transport of the associated molecule through mucosae and epithelia. Chitosan forms colloidal particles and entraps bioactive molecules through a number of mechanisms, including chemical crosslinking, ionic crosslinking, and ionic complexation. A possible alternative of chitosan by the chemical modification also has been useful for the association of bioactive molecules to polymer and controlling the drug release profile. Because of the high affinity of chitosan for cell membranes, it has been used as a coating agent for liposome formulations. This review also examines the advances in the application of chitosan and its derivatives to nonviral gene delivery and gives an overview of transfection studies that use chitosan as a transfection agent. From the studies reviewed, we concluded that chitosan and its derivatives are promising materials for controlled drug and nonviral gene delivery.     

Chitosan-Based Particles as Controlled Drug Delivery Systems

Chitosan, a natural-based polymer obtained by alkaline deacetylation of chitin, is nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable. These properties make chitosan a good candidate for conventional and novel drug delivery systems. This article reviews the approaches aimed to associate bioactive molecules to chitosan in the form of colloidal structures and analyzes the evidence of their efficacy in improving the transport of the associated molecule through mucosae and epithelia. Chitosan forms colloidal particles and entraps bioactive molecules through a number of mechanisms, including chemical crosslinking, ionic crosslinking, and ionic complexation. A possible alternative of chitosan by the chemical modification also has been useful for the association of bioactive molecules to polymer and controlling the drug release profile. Because of the high affinity of chitosan for cell membranes, it has been used as a coating agent for liposome formulations. This review also examines the advances in the application of chitosan and its derivatives to nonviral gene delivery and gives an overview of transfection studies that use chitosan as a transfection agent. From the studies reviewed, we concluded that chitosan and its derivatives are promising materials for controlled drug and nonviral gene delivery.     

Impact of chitosan composites and chitosan nanoparticle composites on various drug delivery systems: A review

Chitosan is a promising biopolymer for drug delivery systems. Because of its beneficial properties, chitosan is widely used in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. In this review, we summarize the physicochemical and drug delivery properties of chitosan, selected studies on utilization of chitosan and chitosan-based nanoparticle composites in various drug delivery systems, and selected studies on the application of chitosan films in both drug delivery and wound healing. Chitosan is considered the most important polysaccharide for various drug delivery purposes because of its cationic character and primary amino groups, which are responsible for its many properties such as mucoadhesion, controlled drug release, transfection, in situ gelation, and efflux pump inhibitory properties and permeation enhancement. This review can enhance our understanding of drug delivery systems particularly in cases where chitosan drug-loaded nanoparticles are applied.     

Chitosan microspheres in novel drug delivery systems

The main aim in the drug therapy of any disease is to attain the desired therapeutic concentration of the drug in plasma or at the site of action and maintain it for the entire duration of treatment. A drug on being used in conventional dosage forms leads to unavoidable fluctuations in the drug concentration leading to under medication or overmedication and increased frequency of dose administration as well as poor patient compliance. To minimize drug degradation and loss, to prevent harmful side effects and to increase drug bioavailability various drug delivery and drug targeting systems are currently under development. Handling the treatment of severe disease conditions has necessitated the development of innovative ideas to modify drug delivery techniques. Drug targeting means delivery of the drug-loaded system to the site of interest. Drug carrier systems include polymers, micelles, microcapsules, liposomes and lipoproteins to name some. Different polymer carriers exert different effects on drug delivery. Synthetic polymers are usually non-biocompatible, non-biodegradable and expensive. Natural polymers such as chitin and chitosan are devoid of such problems. Chitosan comes from the deacetylation of chitin, a natural biopolymer originating from crustacean shells. Chitosan is a biocompatible, biodegradable, and nontoxic natural polymer with excellent film-forming ability. Being of cationic character, chitosan is able to react with polyanions giving rise to polyelectrolyte complexes. Hence chitosan has become a promising natural polymer for the preparation of microspheres/nanospheres and microcapsules. The techniques employed to microencapsulate with chitosan include ionotropic gelation, spray drying, emulsion phase separation, simple and complex coacervation. This review focuses on the preparation, characterization of chitosan microspheres and their role in novel drug delivery systems.     

川芎嗪壳聚糖纳米粒的制备及体外靶向分布研究

目的：制备川芎嗪壳聚糖纳米粒,考察纳米粒在人癌细胞的靶向分布。方法：以壳聚糖为载体,用离子交联法制备川芎嗪纳米粒。用激光粒度分析仪检测粒径,用透射电镜观察纳米粒的形态。用HPLC法测定纳米粒的包封率、载药量和体外释放度。以川芎嗪溶液为对照,测定纳米粒在人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞株、人肺腺癌A549细胞株和人白血病K562细胞株中的浓度,评价其靶向性。结果：制备的川芎嗪壳聚糖纳米粒为圆球形,平均粒径为（118.6±2.2） nm,分散系数（0.117±0.016）（n=3）,包封率（79.7±0.4）%,载药量（24.3±0.2）%,缓慢释药96 h累积释药率达75%。纳米粒在人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞株、人肺腺癌A549细胞株和人白血病K562细胞株中的浓度显著高于川芎嗪溶液（P＜0.05）。结论：制备的川芎嗪壳聚糖纳米粒对人癌细胞有靶向浓集作用。     

Preparation of Uniform-Sized Multiple Emulsions and Micro/Nano Particulates for Drug Delivery by Membrane Emulsification

Much attention has in recent years been paid to fine applications of drug delivery systems, such as multiple emulsions, micro/nano solid lipid and polymer particles (spheres or capsules). Precise control of particle size and size distribution is especially important in such fine applications. Membrane emulsification can be used to prepare uniform-sized multiple emulsions and micro/nano particulates for drug delivery. It is a promising technique because of the better control of size and size distribution, the mildness of the process, the low energy consumption, easy operation and simple equipment, and amendable for large scale production. This review describes the state of the art of membrane emulsification in the preparation of monodisperse multiple emulsions and micro/nano particulates for drug delivery in recent years. The principles, influence of process parameters, advantages and disadvantages, and applications in preparing different types of drug delivery systems are reviewed. It can be concluded that the membrane emulsification technique in preparing emulsion/particulate products for drug delivery will further expand in the near future in conjunction with more basic investigations on this technique.